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Municipal solid waste management is a challenge for local authorities since mismanagement leads to environmental damage and social discontent. The objective of this study was to assess in an integrated manner the socio-environmental situation of a municipal landfill from México, using a design of mixed methods, which considered a quantitative evaluation of physicochemical and microbiological variables measured in leachates, surface and groundwater samples, soil and air, and a qualitative evaluation by in-depth interviews with the near-by inhabitants about their perception of the impacts of the landfill. The results show that leachates polluted the soil and surface water in a radius of up to 500 m from the landfill, but did not reach the groundwater, while the mean concentrations of PM10, Mn, and Ni measured in air samples at the landfill of 146 µg m-3, 0.12 µg m-3, 0.10 µg m-3, respectively, in the dry season and of Mn and Ni of 0.13 µg m-3 and 0.11 µg m-3, respectively, in the rainy season, surpassed permissible limits. From the residents perspective the landfill pollutes soil, water and air and it contributes to vehicle traffic and noise, promotes harmful fauna and disturbs the esthetic view. Air measurements coincide with social perception and in general, the applied mixed study design helped to assess in an integrated manner the socio-environmental concerns and to give advice to improve the current management of the landfill.

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Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados al consumo de tabaco en los estudiantes de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado en 481 estudiantes que completaron un cuestionario autoaplicado con características sociodemográficas, consumo de tabaco, actitudes y conocimientos acerca del tabaquismo. Los factores asociados se analizaron con un modelo de regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: La prevalencia de fumadores activos fue de 42.4%. Se presenta mayor prevalencia en estudiantes del primer año (44.3%), que en los de cuarto año (13.9%) de la carrera. Los factores asociados al consumo de tabaco fueron el ser hombre (OR = 1.7; IC 95% (1.0 - 3.0)), ver cigarros sueltos a la venta (OR = 9.4; IC 95% (3.8 - 23.0)), que todos los amigos fumen (OR = 6.0; IC 95% (1.3-27.7)), no estar de acuerdo con prohibiciones de publicidad, así como con lugares para no fumar (OR = 3.2; IC 95% (3.0-5.2)) y cuyos padres no saben si ellos fuman (OR = 6.9; IC 95% (3.2 - 14.6)). Conclusiones: Al avanzar el estudiante en su formación académica se disminuye el consumo de tabaco. Se recomienda la incorporación de temas específicos sobre los efectos del consumo de tabaco en la salud en los contenidos de las asignaturas del programa de Licenciatura en Enfermería, así como la capacitación de los estudiantes en programas de prevención, control y cesación del tabaquismo.

Objective: To determine factors associated with tobacco use among students in the baccalaureate nursing program of the State of Morelos Autonomous University. Methods: This a transversal study with 481 students who answered a self-administered questionnaire on issues of social and demographical characteristics and attitudes and knowledge towards tobacco use. Associated factors were analyzed through a multiple logistic regression model. Results: The overall active smoking prevalence was 42.2%. A higher figure was found in the first year students in comparison to senior students (44.3% vs 13.9%). Some associated factors were: being male (OR = 1.7; CI 95% (1.0 - 3.0)); watching cigarettes being sold (OR = 9.3; CI 95% (3.8 - 23.0)); having all friends being smokers (OR = 6.0; CI 95% (1.3 - 27.7)); being in disagreement with prohibition publicity and smoking-banned places (OR = 3.2; CI 95% (3.0 - 5.2)); and having parents unaware of their sons' smoking habits (OR = 6.9; CI 95% (3.3 - 14.6)). Conclusions: Although students tend to decrease their tobacco use while they progress along their careers, it is recommended to incorporate into nursing baccalaureate programs diverse topic discussions on the health impacts from tobacco smoking in order to train the students in its prevention, control, and withdrawal.

Objetivo: Determinar os fatores associados ao consumo de tabaco nos estudantes da Licenciatura de Enfermagem da Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em 481 estudantes que completaram um questionário auto-aplicado com caraterísticas sociodemográficas, consumo de tabaco, atitudes e conhecimentos acerca do tabagismo. Os fatores associados analisaram-se com um modelo de regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: A prevalência de fumadores ativos foi de 42.4%. Apresenta-se maior prevalência em estudantes do primeiro ano (44.3%), quanto nos de quarto ano (13.9%) da carreira. Os fatores associados ao consumo de tabaco foram: o ser homem (OR = 1.7; IC 95% (1.0-3.0)), ver cigarros fracionados à venda (OR = 9.3; IC 95% (3.8 - 23.0)), que todos os amigos fumem, (OR = 6.0; IC 95% (1.3-27.7)), não concordar com proibições de publicidade, assim como com lugares para não fumantes (OR = 3.2; IC 95% (3.0 - 5.2)) e cujos pais não sabem que eles fumam (OR = 6.9; IC 95% (3.3 - 14.6)). Conclusões: Ao avançar o estudante em sua formação académica diminui o consumo de tabaco. Recomenda-se a incorporação de temas específicos sobre os efeitos do consumo de tabaco na saúde dentro dos conteúdos das disciplinas do programa de Licenciatura em Enfermagem, assim como o treinamento dos estudantes em programas de prevenção, controle e suspensão de tabagismo.

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By Western blotting, we demonstrate high-level expression of NRAMP1 proteins in peripheral blood cells and granulomas of Mycobacterium bovis-infected bovines. Immunohistochemistry of granulomatous lesions showed heavily labeled epithelioid macrophages and Langhans cells. These data suggest that M. bovis infection enhances NRAMP1 expression and that active tuberculosis can occur despite this response.

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We report herein the synthesis of a novel DNA delivery system and in vitro evidence of its ability to transfect cell lines by binding to the high-affinity neurotensin receptor and subsequent internalization of ligand-receptor complexes. The targeting vehicle consisted of neurotensin crosslinked with poly-L-lysine via N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP). The SPDP-derivatives with either neurotensin or poly-L-lysine were purified by gel filtration. The conjugate resulting of the reaction of neurotensin-SPDP with HS-SPDP-poly-L-lysine was purified through Biogel A 1.5. The neurotensin-SPDP-poly-L-lysine conjugate was able to bind plasmidic DNAs (pSV2cat and pGreen Lantern-1) at optimal molar ratios of 1:5 and 1:6 (DNA: conjugate), respectively. The conjugate internalized those plasmids in the cell lines (N1E-115 and HT-29) bearing the high-affinity neurotensin receptor. Expression of the plasmid products, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and green fluorescent protein, was observed in such cell lines. Both internalization and expression of the plasmids transferred by the neurotensin-SPDP-poly-L-lysine conjugate were prevented by neurotensin (1 microM) and SR-48692 (100 nM), a specific antagonist of the high-affinity neurotensin receptor. The neurotensin-SPDP-poly-L-lysine conjugate was unable to transfect cell lines lacking the neurotensin receptor (COS-7 and L-929). In rat brain, the high-affinity neurotensin receptor is expressed by specific neurons such as those of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems. Therefore, the neurotensin-SPDP-poly-L-lysine conjugate could be a useful tool for gene delivery to those neuronal systems.

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