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AIM: To determine the professional profile and the work conditions of nurses working in intensive care units (ICU) in Colombia, Argentina, Peru and Brazil. BACKGROUND: ICUs require a differentiated professional profile to provide quality care, and appropriate working conditions, leading to a transformation of care and management practices. DESIGN: Descriptive multicentre cross-sectional observational study. METHODS: An online survey was applied to identify both the characteristics of the professional profile and the working conditions. 1,427 ICU nursing professionals were included. RStudio statistical software was used for the analysis of the information. Descriptive statistics were used for the presentation of the results. The STROBE checklist for cross-sectional studies was used in this study. RESULTS: Only 33.6% of the professionals had a specialisation degree in intensive care. The skills that were most frequently put into practice were communication (68.5%) and care management (78.5%). The most predominant nurse-to-patient ratios were 1:2, and greater than 1:6. 59.1% of the nurses had an indefinite term contract, 38.8% worked 48 hours per week and 49.8% had rotating shifts. Only 50.4% of them received incentives. The average salary ranged between 348 and 1,500 USD. 64.5% of the participants were satisfied with their job. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to strengthen nurses' professional profile by promoting both postgraduate education and the development of troubleshooting and teamwork skills. It is necessary to standardise the nurse-to-patient ratio, improve wages and increase incentives to achieve greater job satisfaction. RELEVANCE TO PRACTICE: The knowledge and the improvement of both the professional profile and the work conditions of nurses working in intensive care units will improve the quality of the care given to critical patients and, therefore, the quality of health outcomes.

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In this study, amphiphilic polymers were investigated as biomaterials that can control dexamethasone (DXM) release. Such materials present interfacial properties in the presence of water and an oily phase that can result in lyotropic liquid crystalline systems (LLCS). In addition, they can form colloidal nanostructures similar to those in living organisms, such as bilayers and hexagonal and cubic phases, which can be exploited to solubilize lipophilic drugs to sustain their release and enhance bioavailability. It was possible to obtain lamellar and hexagonal phases when combining polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether (CETETH-20) polymer with oleic acid (OA), N-methylpyrrolidone (P), isopropyl myristate (IM), and water. The phases were characterized by polarized light microscopy (PLM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), rheological, textural, and bioadhesion analyses followed by an in vitro release assay. All samples showed elastic behavior in the rheology studies and hexagonal samples containing P and IM showed the highest adhesiveness. The drug release profile of all LLCS presented an average lag time of 3 h and was best fitted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Weibull models, with controlled release governed by a combination of diffusion and erosion mechanisms. These systems are potential carriers for DXM and can be explored in several routes of administration, providing potential advantages over conventional pharmaceutical forms.

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Predecir la magnitud y la velocidad de absorción de una sustancia es crucial en el diseño de medicamentos. En este campo se han empleado distintas metodologías, como modelos in vitro o ensayos in situ o in vivo en animales. Este trabajo analiza modelos matemáticos empleados para estudiar la absorción intestinal y analizar la influencia de tensioactivos en la permeabilidad intestinal; predecir la fracción de dosis absorbida; caracterizar parámetros de absorción pasiva y activa; y establecer correlaciones entre parámetros obtenidos in vitro e in situ. Cuanto más complejo es el modelo tanto mejor se correlaciona con los valores en humanos, pero resultan más difíciles de implementar. Los modelos in vitro resultan bastante adecuados para predecir la absorción cuando se produce por difusión pasiva, pero deficitarios cuando se produce por transporte activo. Se pone de manifiesto la necesidad de continuar desarrollando modelos que permitan el escalado a humanos...

Predicting drug rate and extent from the gastrointestinal tract is a key step in the process of new drug design and development. To predict oral absorption different approaches, like in vitro methods or in situ or in vivo animal experiments, have been used. We will analyse some of the mathematical models that have been applied: (a) to study intestinal drug absorption and the influence of surfactants on intestinal permeability, (b) to predict oral fraction absorbed, (c) to characterize active and passive transport parameters, and (d) correlations between in vitro and in situ results. More complex models lead to better correlations with human values, but these systems have a lower throughput, so there is a need to develop models that allow scaling up from the in vitro data. In vitro systems perform well for estimating passive diffusion absorption but more research is necessary with regard to carrier-mediated absorption processes...

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