RESUMO

Early detection is a major strategy in breast cancer control and, for this reason, it is important to ensure access to investigation of suspected cases for care continuity and timely treatment. This study aimed to estimate the need for procedures of breast cancer early detection and assess their adequacy for providing care to screened and symptomatic women in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in 2019. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the provision of tests for breast cancer early detection, comparing the estimated need with the procedures performed in the SUS. Parameters provided by the Brazilian National Cancer Institute were used to estimate the population and the need for early detection tests. The number of procedures performed in 2019 was obtained from the Outpatient Information System of the SUS. A deficit in screening mammograms was observed in the country (-45.1%), ranging from -31.4% in the South Region to -70.5 % in the North Region. If this test was offered to the target population, the deficit in the country would reduce to -14.8% and there would be an oversupply in the South Region (6.2%). Diagnostic investigation procedures varied between the regions, with higher deficits in coarse needle biopsy (-90.8%) and breast lump biopsy/excision (-80.6%) observed in the Central-West Region, and the highest deficit in anatomopathological exams in the North Region (-88.5%). The comparison between the production and need for procedures of breast cancer early detection in Brazil and its regions identified deficits and inadequacies that must be better understood and addressed at the state and municipal levels.

A detecção precoce é uma das estratégias para o controle do câncer de mama e, para tanto, é fundamental garantir o acesso à investigação dos casos suspeitos para continuidade do cuidado e tratamento oportuno. Este estudo tem por objetivo estimar a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce dessa neoplasia e avaliar a sua adequação no atendimento às mulheres rastreadas e sintomáticas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no ano de 2019. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal para analisar a oferta de exames de detecção precoce do câncer de mama, comparando a necessidade estimada com os procedimentos realizados no SUS. Foram utilizados os parâmetros disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer para estimar a população e a necessidade de exames para a detecção precoce. No Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS, obteve-se o número de procedimentos realizados em 2019. Observou-se um déficit de mamografias de rastreamento no país (-45,1%), variando entre -31,4% na Região Sul a -70,5% na Região Norte. Se a oferta desse exame fosse direcionada para a população-alvo do rastreamento, o déficit no país reduziria para -14,8% e haveria sobreoferta no Sul (6,2%). Os procedimentos de investigação diagnóstica apresentaram variações entre as regiões, com maiores déficits de punção por agulha grossa (-90,8%) e biópsia/exérese de nódulo da mama (-80,6%) observados no Centro-oeste, e o maior déficit de exames anatomopatológicos no Norte (-88,5%). A comparação entre a produção e a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil identificou déficits e inadequações que devem ser melhor conhecidos e equacionados em nível estadual e municipal.

La detección temprana es una de las estrategias para el control del cáncer de mama y, para ello, es fundamental garantizar el acceso a la investigación de los casos sospechosos para la continuidad del cuidado y el tratamiento oportuno. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo estimar la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana de esta neoplasia y evaluar su adecuación en la atención a las mujeres rastreadas y sintomáticas en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño, en el año 2019. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal para analizar la oferta de pruebas para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama, comparando la necesidad estimada con los procedimientos realizados en el SUS. Se utilizaron los parámetros proporcionados por el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer para estimar la población y la necesidad de pruebas para la detección temprana. El número de procedimientos realizados en el 2019 se obtuvo del Sistema de Información Ambulatoria del SUS. Se observó un déficit de mamografías de tamizaje en el país (-45,1%), oscilando entre el -31,4% en la Región Sur y el -70,5% en la Región Norte. Si la oferta de esta prueba se dirigiera a la población objetivo del rastreo, el déficit en el país se reduciría al -14,8% y habría una sobreoferta en el Sur (6,2%). Los procedimientos de investigación diagnóstica presentaron variaciones entre regiones, observándose mayores déficits en punción con aguja gruesa (-90,8%) y biopsia/escisión de nódulo mamario (-80,6%) en el Centro-Oeste, y el mayor déficit de pruebas anatomopatológicas en el Norte (-88,5%). La comparación entre la producción y la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama en Brasil y en las regiones identificó déficits e insuficiencias que deben ser mejor conocidos y abordados a nivel estatal y municipal.

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The advanced stage at diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) may be related to individual factors, socioeconomic conditions, and healthcare service availability. The objective of the study was to analyze the prevalence of advanced stage CRC at the time of diagnosis and its association with individual, contextual, socioeconomic, and healthcare service indicators. An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing cases of malignant neoplasms of the colon and rectum in individuals of both sexes, aged between 18 and 99 years, diagnosed between 2010 and 2019 in Brazil (n = 69,047). Data were collected from the Hospital Cancer Registry (HCR), Atlas of Human Development in Brazil, and from the National Registry of Health Institutions (NRHI). A Multilevel Poisson Regression model with random intercept was used. The prevalence of advanced stage CRC at diagnosis was 65.6%. Advanced stage was associated with older age groups prevalence ratio (PR) 4.40 and younger age groups (PR 1.84), low Human Development Index (HDI) (PR 1.22), and low density of family health strategy teams (PR 1.10). The study highlights the unequal distribution of social determinants of health in the diagnosis CRC in Brazil, revealing the need to evaluate and redirect public policies aimed at improving early detection and prevention of CRC in the country.

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INTRODUCTION: In the absence of evidence on the effect of mammographic screening on overall mortality, comparing the number of deaths avoided with the number of deaths caused by screening would be ideal, but the only existing models of this type adopt a very narrow definition of harms. The objective of the present study was to estimate the number of deaths prevented and induced by various mammography screening protocols in Brazil. METHODS: A simulation study of cohorts of Brazilian women screened, considering various age groups and screening interval protocols, was performed based on life tables. The number of deaths avoided and caused by screening was estimated, as was the absolute risk reduction, the number needed to invite for screening-NNS, the net benefit of screening, and the ratio of "lives saved" to "lives lost". Nine possible combinations of balances between benefits and harms were performed for each protocol, in addition to other sensitivity analyses. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The most efficient protocol was biennial screening from 60 to 69 years of age, with almost three times more deaths avoided than biennial screening from 50 to 59 years of age, with a similar number of deaths avoided by biennial screening from 50 to 69 years of age and with the greatest net benefit. Compared with the best scenario of annual screening from 40 to 49 years of age, the NNS of the protocol with biennial screening from 60 to 69 years of age was three-fold lower. Even in its best scenario, the addition of annual screening from 40 to 49 years of age to biennial screening from 50 to 69 years of age results in a decreased net benefit. However, even in the 50-69 year age group, the estimated reduction in breast cancer mortality for Brazil was half that estimated for the United Kingdom.

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Resumo: A detecção precoce é uma das estratégias para o controle do câncer de mama e, para tanto, é fundamental garantir o acesso à investigação dos casos suspeitos para continuidade do cuidado e tratamento oportuno. Este estudo tem por objetivo estimar a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce dessa neoplasia e avaliar a sua adequação no atendimento às mulheres rastreadas e sintomáticas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no ano de 2019. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal para analisar a oferta de exames de detecção precoce do câncer de mama, comparando a necessidade estimada com os procedimentos realizados no SUS. Foram utilizados os parâmetros disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer para estimar a população e a necessidade de exames para a detecção precoce. No Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS, obteve-se o número de procedimentos realizados em 2019. Observou-se um déficit de mamografias de rastreamento no país (-45,1%), variando entre -31,4% na Região Sul a -70,5% na Região Norte. Se a oferta desse exame fosse direcionada para a população-alvo do rastreamento, o déficit no país reduziria para -14,8% e haveria sobreoferta no Sul (6,2%). Os procedimentos de investigação diagnóstica apresentaram variações entre as regiões, com maiores déficits de punção por agulha grossa (-90,8%) e biópsia/exérese de nódulo da mama (-80,6%) observados no Centro-oeste, e o maior déficit de exames anatomopatológicos no Norte (-88,5%). A comparação entre a produção e a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil identificou déficits e inadequações que devem ser melhor conhecidos e equacionados em nível estadual e municipal.

Abstract: Early detection is a major strategy in breast cancer control and, for this reason, it is important to ensure access to investigation of suspected cases for care continuity and timely treatment. This study aimed to estimate the need for procedures of breast cancer early detection and assess their adequacy for providing care to screened and symptomatic women in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in 2019. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the provision of tests for breast cancer early detection, comparing the estimated need with the procedures performed in the SUS. Parameters provided by the Brazilian National Cancer Institute were used to estimate the population and the need for early detection tests. The number of procedures performed in 2019 was obtained from the Outpatient Information System of the SUS. A deficit in screening mammograms was observed in the country (-45.1%), ranging from -31.4% in the South Region to -70.5 % in the North Region. If this test was offered to the target population, the deficit in the country would reduce to -14.8% and there would be an oversupply in the South Region (6.2%). Diagnostic investigation procedures varied between the regions, with higher deficits in coarse needle biopsy (-90.8%) and breast lump biopsy/excision (-80.6%) observed in the Central-West Region, and the highest deficit in anatomopathological exams in the North Region (-88.5%). The comparison between the production and need for procedures of breast cancer early detection in Brazil and its regions identified deficits and inadequacies that must be better understood and addressed at the state and municipal levels.

Resumen: La detección temprana es una de las estrategias para el control del cáncer de mama y, para ello, es fundamental garantizar el acceso a la investigación de los casos sospechosos para la continuidad del cuidado y el tratamiento oportuno. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo estimar la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana de esta neoplasia y evaluar su adecuación en la atención a las mujeres rastreadas y sintomáticas en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño, en el año 2019. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal para analizar la oferta de pruebas para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama, comparando la necesidad estimada con los procedimientos realizados en el SUS. Se utilizaron los parámetros proporcionados por el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer para estimar la población y la necesidad de pruebas para la detección temprana. El número de procedimientos realizados en el 2019 se obtuvo del Sistema de Información Ambulatoria del SUS. Se observó un déficit de mamografías de tamizaje en el país (-45,1%), oscilando entre el -31,4% en la Región Sur y el -70,5% en la Región Norte. Si la oferta de esta prueba se dirigiera a la población objetivo del rastreo, el déficit en el país se reduciría al -14,8% y habría una sobreoferta en el Sur (6,2%). Los procedimientos de investigación diagnóstica presentaron variaciones entre regiones, observándose mayores déficits en punción con aguja gruesa (-90,8%) y biopsia/escisión de nódulo mamario (-80,6%) en el Centro-Oeste, y el mayor déficit de pruebas anatomopatológicas en el Norte (-88,5%). La comparación entre la producción y la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama en Brasil y en las regiones identificó déficits e insuficiencias que deben ser mejor conocidos y abordados a nivel estatal y municipal.

RESUMO

O rastreamento mamográfico destina-se a mulheres assintomáticas e é essencial informá-las sobre os seus benefícios e riscos, dentre os quais a exposição à radiação ionizante. O objetivo desse artigo é analisar como a informação sobre o risco da radiação no rastreamento mamográfico é apresentada em materiais de comunicação em saúde para as mulheres. Foi realizada uma análise documental de materiais informativos de sites governamentais e de repositório de ferramentas de apoio à decisão. Foram avaliados 11 sites governamentais, 128 endereços eletrônicos, 100 imagens e 12 ferramentas de apoio à decisão e selecionados 14 materiais para análise. Observou-se pouca informação sobre os riscos da exposição à radiação e tendência a ressaltar os benefícios do rastreamento. A forma de apresentar o risco foi variada e poucos o quantificam. Reconhece-se a dificuldade implícita a essa temática e a importância de se considerar o letramento em cada contexto. Contudo, é preciso ampliar a comunicação com a mulher sobre o rastreamento do câncer de mama, na atenção primária à saúde, valorizando a tomada de decisão compartilhada com o profissional de saúde como princípio ético a ser assegurado.

Mammographic screening is aimed at asymptomatic women and it is essential to inform them about its benefits and risks, including exposure to ionizing radiation. The purpose of this article is to analyze how information on radiation risk in mammography screening is presented in health communication materials for women. A documentary analysis on materials from government websites and from a decision aids repository was carried out. A total of 11 governmental websites, 128 electronic addresses, 100 images and 12 decision support tools were evaluated and 14 materials were selected for analysis. There was little information on risks of radiation exposure and a tendency to emphasize the benefits of screening. The way of presenting the risk was varied and few quantified it. The difficulty implicit in this theme and the importance of considering literacy in each context are recognized. However, it is necessary to increase communication with women about breast cancer screening, in primary health care, valuing shared decision-making with the health professional as an ethical principle to be ensured.

RESUMO

OBJETIVE: to analyze breast cancer screening monitoring indicators in the female population using the Brazilian National Health System, from 2018 to 2019. METHODS: this was a descriptive study based on Cancer Information System (SISCAN) data; screening indicators were calculated following deterministic linkage of the mammography and histopathology databases. RESULTS: in 2018, 807,430 women aged 50 to 69 years were screened for breast cancer, 91% of whom had a benign result, 1.8% probably benign, 6.7% inconclusive results and 0.5% results suggestive of cancer; the positive mammogram rate was 9.0%; biopsy was estimated to be indicated for 1.6% of the women, 33.9% of whom had a malignant result, and the cancer confirmation rate was 5.4 per 1,000 women. CONCLUSION: high benign lesion loss to follow-up was identified; the positive mammogram rate was lower than the international parameter, but the cancer detection rate was adequate and the percentage of inconclusive mammograms was acceptable.

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Objetivo: analisar indicadores de monitoramento do rastreamento do câncer de mama na população feminina usuária do Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil, no período 2018-2019. Métodos: estudo descritivo, a partir do Sistema de Informação do Câncer; foram calculados indicadores de rastreamento após relacionamento determinístico das bases de dados de mamografia e histopatologia. Resultados: em 2018, 807.430 mulheres na faixa etária de 50-69 anos foram rastreadas, e dessas, 91% apresentaram resultado benigno, 1,8% provavelmente benigno, 6,7% inconclusivo e 0,5% sugestivo de câncer; a taxa de mamografia positiva foi de 9,0%; estimou- -se indicação de biópsia para 1,6% das mulheres, resultado maligno para 33,9% delas, e taxa de confirmação de câncer de 5,4 por 1 mil mulheres. Conclusão: identificou-se elevada perda de seguimento das lesões benignas; a taxa de mamografias positivas foi inferior ao parâmetro internacional; contudo, a taxa de detecção de câncer foi adequada, e o percentual de mamografias inconclusivas, aceitável.

Objetivo: analizar indicadores del tamizaje de cáncer de mama en población femenina atendida por Sistema Único de Salud Brasileño, de 2018-2019. Métodos: estudio descriptivo basado en Sistema de Información del Cáncer (Siscan). Los indicadores de detección se calcularon después de vinculación determinista de bases de datos de mamografía e histopatología. Resultados: en 2018, 807.430 mujeres de 50-69 años examinaram cáncer de mama. De estos, 91% tuvo resultado benigno, 1,8% probablemente benigno, 6,7% resultado no concluyente y 0,5% sugestivo de cáncer. La tasa de mamografías positivas fue 9,0%. Se estimó indicación de biopsia en 1,6% de las mujeres, resultado maligno en 33,9% y tasa de confirmación de cáncer de 5,4 por 1.000 mujeres. Conclusión: se identificó alta pérdida de seguimiento de las lesiones benignas. La tasa de mamografías positivas fue inferior al parámetro internacional, pero la tasa de detección de cáncer fue adecuada y el porcentaje de mamografías no concluyentes aceptable.

Objetive: to analyze breast cancer screening monitoring indicators in the female population using the Brazilian National Health System, from 2018 to 2019. Methods: this was a descriptive study based on Cancer Information System (SISCAN) data; screening indicators were calculated following deterministic linkage of the mammography and histopathology databases. Results: in 2018, 807,430 women aged 50 to 69 years were screened for breast cancer, 91% of whom had a benign result, 1.8% probably benign, 6.7% inconclusive results and 0.5% results suggestive of cancer; the positive mammogram rate was 9.0%; biopsy was estimated to be indicated for 1.6% of the women, 33.9% of whom had a malignant result, and the cancer confirmation rate was 5.4 per 1,000 women. Conclusion: high benign lesion loss to follow-up was identified; the positive mammogram rate was lower than the international parameter, but the cancer detection rate was adequate and the percentage of inconclusive mammograms was acceptable.

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As a middle-income country, Brazil has one of the largest public health systems worldwide, which deals with free and universal access to health care. Regarding cervical cancer, the country possesses a large infrastructure for the screening of premalignant and malignant lesions, but yet based on old technology, having Papanicolaou as the major screening method, followed by colposcopy and treatment. Also, large disparities in access are present, which makes effectiveness of screening and treatment in different regions of the country highly unequal. In this review, we describe and evaluate the current screening, treatment and prophylactic (HPV vaccination) strategies to combat cervical cancer in Brazil, and discuss potential incorporation of more recent technologies in these areas in the country to pave its way toward cervical cancer elimination.