RESUMO

The urinary volume and residual urine volume are pieces of information that can provide relevant clinical data for dogs and cats, especially those hospitalized. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate mathematical formulas described in human and veterinary literature to estimate urinary volume in dogs and experimental models. For this purpose, nine male dog cadavers and twelve experimental models were used to evaluate residual volume, small, medium, and large, using three different formulas. Data were obtained by three different examiners: two ultrasonographers and one nonultrasonographer. Each examiner recorded three longitudinal and transverse images, obtaining measurements of width, length, and height at each proposed volume. The measurements were then averaged, and the result was added to the formulas, thus estimating urinary volume. All three formulas achieved higher accuracy in estimating smaller volumes, with a gradual decrease as urinary volume increased. The error of all formulas was less than 10%, even when compared with evaluations in experimental models and dogs. There was variation in estimation between ultrasonographers and nonultrasonographer examiners; however, this variation was low, allowing for the assertion that both can apply the technique. Thus, it is concluded that estimating urinary bladder volume using mathematical formulas and 2D ultrasound is accurate and, therefore, an alternative and viable option for evaluating the urinary tract.

RESUMO

The diagnosis of umbilical infections in neonates can be obtained from clinical signs, but the intracavitary involvement of structures and associated complications can be underestimated, compromising the establishment of adequate therapeutic approaches or prognosis. This case report presents the clinical, imaging, pathological and microbiological aspects of an umbilical infection in calves. Physical examination of the animal identified apathy, low body score, increased volume in the umbilical region and joints. The abdominal palpation identified firm structures in topography of the arteries and umbilical vein. Imaging examinations of the abdomen and joints were performed. Multiple, hyperechogenic focal structures have been identified in the liver, as well as cylindrical and firm structures in topography of the arteries and umbilical vein. In the joints, osteolytic changes, periosteal reactions, subchondral sclerosis and formation of osteophytes were seen. Umbilical panvasculitis triggered arthritis and an infectious process in the liver, the case being assessed as having an unfavorable prognosis and the animal being referred for euthanasia. At necropsy, multifocal abscesses were observed in the pleura, ribs, omentum, spleen and liver. There was granulomatous exudate in the urinary vesicle. The affected joints presented thickening of the joint capsule with the presence of exudat

O diagnóstico das infecções umbilicais em neonatos pode ser obtido a partir do exame clínico, porém o compro-metimento intracavitário das estruturas e as complicações associadas podem ser subestimados, comprometendo o estabeleci-mento de condutas terapêuticas ou prognósticos adequados. Apresenta-se nesse trabalho os aspectos clínicos, imaginológicos e patológicos de uma infecção umbilical em bezerro. No exame físico do animal identificou-se apatia, baixo escore corporal, aumento de volume na região umbilical e articulações e, em palpação abdominal, estruturas firmes em topografia das artérias e veia umbilical. Na avaliação ultrassonográfica abdominal identificou-se estruturas focais múltiplas, hiperecogênicas no fígado e estrutura bem definida, com parede hipoecoica e lúmen hiperecoico, estendendo-se de lobo hepático até porção cranial do anel umbilical. Na radiografia das articulações foram vistas alterações osteolíticas, reação periosteal, esclerose e formação de osteófitos, além do aumento de volume e radiopacidade de tecido moles adjacentes com presença de áreas radiolucentes, indi-cando presença gasosa local. Os sinais clínicos e os achados imaginológicos demonstraram a ocorrência de panvasculite umbi-lical que desencadeou um quadro de poliartrite séptica e processos infecciosos em diversos órgãos. O estudo imaginológico permitiu identificar onfaloflebite, grave acometimento de parênquima hepático e artrites sépticas, sendo o caso avaliado como tendo um prognóstico desfavorável e o animal eutanasiado. O tratamento conservador com antibioticoterapia prolongada e/ou a retirada ou marsupialização dos remanescentes umbilicais infectados podem ser utilizados em casos de onfaloflebites ou onfaloarterites. No entanto, esse procedimento não foi adotado devido ao comprometimento hepático e aos achados radio-gráficos que demonstraram ocorrência de osteoartrite séptica.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The diagnosis of umbilical infections in neonates can be obtained from clinical signs, but the intracavitary involvement of structures and associated complications can be underestimated, compromising the establishment of adequate therapeutic approaches or prognosis. This case report presents the clinical, imaging, pathological and microbiological aspects of an umbilical infection in calves. Physical examination of the animal identified apathy, low body score, increased volume in the umbilical region and joints. The abdominal palpation identified firm structures in topography of the arteries and umbilical vein. Imaging examinations of the abdomen and joints were performed. Multiple, hyperechogenic focal structures have been identified in the liver, as well as cylindrical and firm structures in topography of the arteries and umbilical vein. In the joints, osteolytic changes, periosteal reactions, subchondral sclerosis and formation of osteophytes were seen. Umbilical panvasculitis triggered arthritis and an infectious process in the liver, the case being assessed as having an unfavorable prognosis and the animal being referred for euthanasia. At necropsy, multifocal abscesses were observed in the pleura, ribs, omentum, spleen and liver. There was granulomatous exudate in the urinary vesicle. The affected joints presented thickening of the joint capsule with the presence of exudat(AU)

O diagnóstico das infecções umbilicais em neonatos pode ser obtido a partir do exame clínico, porém o compro-metimento intracavitário das estruturas e as complicações associadas podem ser subestimados, comprometendo o estabeleci-mento de condutas terapêuticas ou prognósticos adequados. Apresenta-se nesse trabalho os aspectos clínicos, imaginológicos e patológicos de uma infecção umbilical em bezerro. No exame físico do animal identificou-se apatia, baixo escore corporal, aumento de volume na região umbilical e articulações e, em palpação abdominal, estruturas firmes em topografia das artérias e veia umbilical. Na avaliação ultrassonográfica abdominal identificou-se estruturas focais múltiplas, hiperecogênicas no fígado e estrutura bem definida, com parede hipoecoica e lúmen hiperecoico, estendendo-se de lobo hepático até porção cranial do anel umbilical. Na radiografia das articulações foram vistas alterações osteolíticas, reação periosteal, esclerose e formação de osteófitos, além do aumento de volume e radiopacidade de tecido moles adjacentes com presença de áreas radiolucentes, indi-cando presença gasosa local. Os sinais clínicos e os achados imaginológicos demonstraram a ocorrência de panvasculite umbi-lical que desencadeou um quadro de poliartrite séptica e processos infecciosos em diversos órgãos. O estudo imaginológico permitiu identificar onfaloflebite, grave acometimento de parênquima hepático e artrites sépticas, sendo o caso avaliado como tendo um prognóstico desfavorável e o animal eutanasiado. O tratamento conservador com antibioticoterapia prolongada e/ou a retirada ou marsupialização dos remanescentes umbilicais infectados podem ser utilizados em casos de onfaloflebites ou onfaloarterites. No entanto, esse procedimento não foi adotado devido ao comprometimento hepático e aos achados radio-gráficos que demonstraram ocorrência de osteoartrite séptica.(AU)

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RESUMO

Background: Plasmacytoma is a neoplasm originating in plasma cells, derived from B lymphocytes. Extramedullary presentation is the most common form of plasmacytoma, mainly in the skin and rarely in other tissues, including the vertebral canal. Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) occurs more frequently in senile dogs and rarely in cats and some dog breeds have predisposition for this type of neoplasm. The aim of this study was to report plasmacytoma in a dog located adjacent to the thoracic vertebrae. Case: An approximately 5-year-old mongrel male with sudden paraplegia resulting from upper motor neuron injury was admitted to a University Hospital. The dog presented a six-centimeter diameter mass in the dorsal region, adjacent to the thoracic vertebrae. The leucogram presented mild leukopenia by eosinopenia and lymphopenia. Myelogram associated with epidurography showed a fill failure in the contrast column between the seventh and ninth thoracic vertebrae, and there were no osteolysis points in the thoracic vertebrae, adjacent to the neoplastic mass. The evaluation of the intervertebral spaces between the fourth to ninth thoracic vertebrae presented no increase in radiopacity, nor alterations in the size of intervertebral spaces, indicating intervertebral disc extrusion. The laterolateral radiographs showed an alignment of the vertebrae and vertebral canal, without presence of bone neoformations on the ventral face of the vertebral bodies. The animal was euthanized and fragments of mass were collected for histological analysis. Macroscopic findings presented a non-encapsulated well-delimited mass, with color ranging from white to reddish. Microscopically, there was proliferation of moderately differentiated round cells in bone and muscle tissues, arranged in mantle…(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Plasmacytoma is a neoplasm originating in plasma cells, derived from B lymphocytes. Extramedullary presentation is the most common form of plasmacytoma, mainly in the skin and rarely in other tissues, including the vertebral canal. Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) occurs more frequently in senile dogs and rarely in cats and some dog breeds have predisposition for this type of neoplasm. The aim of this study was to report plasmacytoma in a dog located adjacent to the thoracic vertebrae. Case: An approximately 5-year-old mongrel male with sudden paraplegia resulting from upper motor neuron injury was admitted to a University Hospital. The dog presented a six-centimeter diameter mass in the dorsal region, adjacent to the thoracic vertebrae. The leucogram presented mild leukopenia by eosinopenia and lymphopenia. Myelogram associated with epidurography showed a fill failure in the contrast column between the seventh and ninth thoracic vertebrae, and there were no osteolysis points in the thoracic vertebrae, adjacent to the neoplastic mass. The evaluation of the intervertebral spaces between the fourth to ninth thoracic vertebrae presented no increase in radiopacity, nor alterations in the size of intervertebral spaces, indicating intervertebral disc extrusion. The laterolateral radiographs showed an alignment of the vertebrae and vertebral canal, without presence of bone neoformations on the ventral face of the vertebral bodies. The animal was euthanized and fragments of mass were collected for histological analysis. Macroscopic findings presented a non-encapsulated well-delimited mass, with color ranging from white to reddish. Microscopically, there was proliferation of moderately differentiated round cells in bone and muscle tissues, arranged in mantle

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RESUMO

Background: Pneumomediastinum is a rare entity characterized by the introduction of air into the mediastinum. Primaryor spontaneous pneumomediastinum may occur in the absence of any disease whereas secondary pneumomediastinummay be due to a number of precipitating factors. The clinical picture is severe and the onset is acute. The present reportdescribes the clinical presentation, treatment, and the findings of a forensic investigation of a case of generalized subcutaneous emphysema secundary to pneumomediastinum in a newborn kitten.Case: A newborn kitten was presented to a veterinary climic with a history of generalized air accumulation in the subcutaneous tissue of acute onset which was noted whenever the animal suckled. Clinical care and radiographic examination wereperformed. Radiographic findings included areas of radiolucency within the subcutis suggestive of generalized subcutaneousemphysema. In the thoracic cavity, there was ventral displacement of the thoracic trachea and increased radiolucency inthe cranial mediastinum suggestive of pneumomediastinum. There was loss of definition of the cervical trachea suggestive of tracheal rupture. Based on the radiographic findings, the clinician decided to aspirate the air accumated within thesubcutis using a needle and a syringe. However, this emphysema rapidly formed after the subcutaneous air was aspirated.Euthanasia was elected due to the poor prognosis and the animal was submitted for necropsy. Main gross findings includedtraumatic intercostal laceration adjacent to the lungs under the axilla and tracheal perforation. Tracheal perforation resultedin persistent air leakage from the trachea causing pneumomediastinum which evolved into generalized subcutaneous emphysema causing the animal to inflate as air became trapped within the subcutis imparting a blown up appearance to thecat. Microscopically pulmonary collapse was observed...(AU)

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O testículo desempenha importante papel na determinação sexual secundária dos mamíferos, porém os cães têm sido pouco investigados quanto ao desenvolvimento testicular e suas anormalidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever aspectos morfológicos do testículo de cães natimortos. Foram coletados 20 testículos de 10 cães natimortos, fixados em solução de formol a 10% e avaliados por microscopia óptica. A túnica albugínea apresentou espessura de 96,20±49,57µm. O diâmetro dos cordões testiculares foi de 69,40±13,67µm e a porcentagem dos cordões por volume testicular foi de 27,20. Os números de células germinativas e sustentação por corte transversal de cordão foram 2,11±0,70 e 16,60±1,99, respectivamente. O número total de células germinativas por testículo foi de 1.437.680,75±460.404,90 e os diâmetros das células germinativas e de seus núcleos foram de 12,97±2,93µm e 8,79±1,70µm, respectivamente. Os cordões testiculares ocuparam aproximadamente » do volume testicular, sendo compostos pelas células de sustentação e as germinativas. Estas últimas se apresentaram pouco numerosas, com citoplasma abundante, pouco corado e núcleo grande.

The testis plays an important role in secondary sex determination in mammals, but the dogs have been little investigated for the testicular development and his abnormalities. The objective of this work was to describe morphologic aspects of testes from stillborn dogs. Twelve testes from 10 puppies of stillborn dogs were collected, fixed in formol and evaluated by light microscopy. The tunica albuginea showed a thickness of 96.2049.57 m. The diameter of the testicular cord was 69.4013.76 m and the percent of testicular cords by testicular volume was 27.20%. Numbers of germ and supporting cells by cross section of the cord were 2.110.70 and 16.601.99, respectively. The total number of germ cells by testis was 1,437,680.75460,404.90 and diameters of germ cells and their nuclei were 12.972.93m and 8.791.70 m. Testicular cords occupied approximately » of the testicular volume, being composed by the supporting and germ cells. The latter showed to be not very numerous, with abundant and not much stained cytoplasm, having a large nucleus.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Background: Pneumomediastinum is a rare entity characterized by the introduction of air into the mediastinum. Primaryor spontaneous pneumomediastinum may occur in the absence of any disease whereas secondary pneumomediastinummay be due to a number of precipitating factors. The clinical picture is severe and the onset is acute. The present reportdescribes the clinical presentation, treatment, and the findings of a forensic investigation of a case of generalized subcutaneous emphysema secundary to pneumomediastinum in a newborn kitten.Case: A newborn kitten was presented to a veterinary climic with a history of generalized air accumulation in the subcutaneous tissue of acute onset which was noted whenever the animal suckled. Clinical care and radiographic examination wereperformed. Radiographic findings included areas of radiolucency within the subcutis suggestive of generalized subcutaneousemphysema. In the thoracic cavity, there was ventral displacement of the thoracic trachea and increased radiolucency inthe cranial mediastinum suggestive of pneumomediastinum. There was loss of definition of the cervical trachea suggestive of tracheal rupture. Based on the radiographic findings, the clinician decided to aspirate the air accumated within thesubcutis using a needle and a syringe. However, this emphysema rapidly formed after the subcutaneous air was aspirated.Euthanasia was elected due to the poor prognosis and the animal was submitted for necropsy. Main gross findings includedtraumatic intercostal laceration adjacent to the lungs under the axilla and tracheal perforation. Tracheal perforation resultedin persistent air leakage from the trachea causing pneumomediastinum which evolved into generalized subcutaneous emphysema causing the animal to inflate as air became trapped within the subcutis imparting a blown up appearance to thecat. Microscopically pulmonary collapse was observed...

Assuntos

RESUMO

O testículo desempenha importante papel na determinação sexual secundária dos mamíferos, porém os cães têm sido pouco investigados quanto ao desenvolvimento testicular e suas anormalidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever aspectos morfológicos do testículo de cães natimortos. Foram coletados 20 testículos de 10 cães natimortos, fixados em solução de formol a 10% e avaliados por microscopia óptica. A túnica albugínea apresentou espessura de 96,20±49,57µm. O diâmetro dos cordões testiculares foi de 69,40±13,67µm e a porcentagem dos cordões por volume testicular foi de 27,20. Os números de células germinativas e sustentação por corte transversal de cordão foram 2,11±0,70 e 16,60±1,99, respectivamente. O número total de células germinativas por testículo foi de 1.437.680,75±460.404,90 e os diâmetros das células germinativas e de seus núcleos foram de 12,97±2,93µm e 8,79±1,70µm, respectivamente. Os cordões testiculares ocuparam aproximadamente » do volume testicular, sendo compostos pelas células de sustentação e as germinativas. Estas últimas se apresentaram pouco numerosas, com citoplasma abundante, pouco corado e núcleo grande.(AU)

The testis plays an important role in secondary sex determination in mammals, but the dogs have been little investigated for the testicular development and his abnormalities. The objective of this work was to describe morphologic aspects of testes from stillborn dogs. Twelve testes from 10 puppies of stillborn dogs were collected, fixed in formol and evaluated by light microscopy. The tunica albuginea showed a thickness of 96.2049.57 m. The diameter of the testicular cord was 69.4013.76 m and the percent of testicular cords by testicular volume was 27.20%. Numbers of germ and supporting cells by cross section of the cord were 2.110.70 and 16.601.99, respectively. The total number of germ cells by testis was 1,437,680.75460,404.90 and diameters of germ cells and their nuclei were 12.972.93m and 8.791.70 m. Testicular cords occupied approximately » of the testicular volume, being composed by the supporting and germ cells. The latter showed to be not very numerous, with abundant and not much stained cytoplasm, having a large nucleus.(AU)

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O botulismo é uma intoxicação atribuída à ingestão de carne deteriorada ou crua, provocada por potentes toxinas de Clostridium botulinum, que causam tetraparesia flácida ascendente em cães. São sete tipos: A, B, C(?,?), D, E, F e G, com predomínio do C e D nos animais. Embora seja considerado raro na maioria dos países desenvolvidos, ele ainda pode ser encontrado com certa frequência. Este trabalho relata dez casos de botulismo canino tipo C, oriundos de área urbana e rural, atendidos entre os meses de maio de 2009 e outubro de 2010 em clínicas particulares, na cidade de Petrolina, Pernambuco. No presente trabalho, foram analisados a abordagem do histórico, os sinais clínicos, o diagnóstico laboratorial e o tratamento. Foi utilizada a técnica de inoculação em camundongo na identificação da toxina botulínica, que se mostrou sensível neste trabalho.

Botulism is a poisoning caused by ingestion of potent toxins of Clostridium botulinum, causing upward flaccid quadriplegia in dogs. There are seven types of botulism: A, B, C (?, ?), D, E, F and G, with the predominance of C and D in animals, attributed to the ingestion of raw or decaying meat. Although considered rare in most developed countries, it can still be found with some frequency. This article reports ten cases of canine type C botulism, originating from urban and rural areas and seen between the months of May 2009 and October 2010 in private veterinary practices in the city of Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. The approach of anamnesis, clinical signs, and laboratory diagnosis were analyzed. The technique of inoculation in mice was used for the identification of the botulinum toxin, which has shown to be sensitive in this work.

El botulismo es una intoxicación que suele producirse por el consumo de carne en mal estado o cruda, provocada por la ingestión de potentes toxinas de Clostridium botulinum, que en los perros causan una tetraparesia fláxida ascendente. En los animales existen siete tipos de toxinas: A, B, C (?,?), D, E, F e G, con predominio de la C y D. A pesar de ser considerada una enfermedad de aparición rara en los países desarrollados, la misma puede ser encontrada con cierta frecuencia. Este trabajo relata diez casos de botulismo canino tipo C, originados en áreas urbanas y rurales, que fueron atendidos entre mayo de 2009 y octubre de 2010 en clínicas particulares de la ciudad de Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brasil. En este trabajo se analizaron el histórico del paciente, sus signos clínicos, exámenes de laboratorio y el tratamiento. Se utilizó una técnica de inoculación en ratones, que fue sensible para la identificación de la toxina botulínica.

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