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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static stretching (SS) of agonists and antagonists between sets on the total training volume (TTV) performed across multiple sets for the leg extension exercise. Twelve male subjects with experience in resistance training (RT) participated in this study. Subjects performed 10 repetition maximum (10RM) test and retest trials for the leg extension exercise. Four different protocols were randomly applied as follows: quadriceps stretching (AG); hamstrings stretching (AN); quadriceps and hamstrings stretching (AGN); and traditional control without stretching (TR). Significant differences (p≤0.05) were observed in the TTV between the AG (4855.42 ± 1279.38 kg) and AN (6002.08 ± 1805.18 kg), AGN (5977.50 ± 1778.49 kg), and TR (6206.04 ± 1796.15 kg) protocols. These results suggest that when practicing inter-set SS, it should be done for antagonist rather than agonist muscles when the intent is to maximize TTV.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the foam rolling technique and static stretching on perceptual and neuromuscular parameters following a bout of high-intensity functional training (HIFT), which consisted of 100 pull-ups, 100 push-ups, 100 sit-ups, and 100 air squats (Angie benchmark) in recreationally trained men (n = 39). Following baseline measurements (Feeling Scale, Visual Analogue Scale, Total Quality Recovery, Sit-and-Reach, Countermovement Jump, and Change-of-Direction t-test), the volunteers performed a single bout of HIFT. At the end of the session, participants were randomly assigned to one of three distinct groups: control (CONT), foam rolling (FR), or static stretching (SS). At the 24 h time-point, a second experimental session was conducted to obtain the post-test values. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Regarding power performance, none of the three groups reached pretest levels at 24 h point of the intervention. However, the CONT group still showed a greater magnitude of effect at the 24 h time-point (ES = 0.51, p ≥ 0.05). Flexibility presented the same recovery pattern as power performance (post × 24 h CONT = ES = 0.28, FR = ES = 0.21, SS = ES = 0.19). At 24 h, all groups presented an impaired performance in the COD t-test (CONT = ES = 0.24, FR = ES = 0.65, SS = ES = 0.56 p ≥ 0.05). The FR protocol resulted in superior recovery perceptions (pre × 24 h TQR = ES = 0.32 p ≥ 0.05). The results of the present study indicate that the use of FR and SS exercises may not be indicated when aiming to restore neuromuscular performance following a single bout of HIFT. The use of the FR technique during the cooldown phase of a HIFT session may be helpful in improving an individual's perception of recovery.

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Physical conditioning programs often apply high-intensity resistance training (HIRT), but there is a lack of research investigating the effects of using fixed or self-selected resting intervals between exercises on the performance, relative intensity, and affective perception during this modality of training. This study compared fixed versus self-selected rest intervals in HIRT sessions on cardiorespiratory responses, number of repetitions, and enjoyment perception in trained young men. Sixteen trained males (27.1 ± 3.9 years; 56.6 ± 7.5 mL.kg-1.min-1) performed HIRT circuits with 30-s and self-selected recovery interval. The duration of resting intervals was longer in HIRT performed with fixed than self-selected intervals (14.04 ± 5.82 s; p < 0.0001; ES = 3.2). Both sessions elicited similar relative HRR (79.4 ± 6.2 % vs. 81.6 ± 4.2 %; p = 0.14), VO2R (43.0 ± 12.2% vs. 47.7 ± 9.6%; p = 0.10), and enjoyment reflected by scores in the PACES questionnaire (107.9 ± 15.1 vs. 109.2 ± 12.8; p = 0.65). The total number of repetitions (403.4 ± 45.5 vs. 353.1 ± 27.4; p < 0.01, ES = 1.3) and caloric expenditure (154.4 ± 28.6 kcal vs. 121.4 ± 21.6 kcal; p < 0.001, ES = 0.13) were greater in HIRT performed with fixed vs. self-selected intervals. In conclusion, HIRT performed with fixed and self-selected rest intervals elicited similar relative intensity and enjoyment perception. However, the number of repetitions and caloric expenditure were greater in sessions performed with fixed 30-s.

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ABSTRACT: Santana, HG, Paz, GA, Willardson, JM, de Araújo Farias, D, and Miranda, H. Effects of differing foam rolling periods on training volume and myoelectric responses of lower-body muscles. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3311-3318, 2022-Foam rolling (FR) is a practice that has increased in popularity before and after resistance training. The purpose of this study was to compare the acute effects of different foam rolling periods for the lower body muscles on subsequent performance, myoelectric activity and rating of perceived exertion in trained men. Fourteen men (26.2 ± 3.2 years, 178 ± 0.04 cm, 82.2 ± 10 kg and body mass index 25.9 ± 3.3kg/m -2 ) volunteered for this study. Four repetition maximum (4-RM) loads were determined for hexagonal bar deadlift and 45°-angled leg press during test and retest sessions over two nonconsecutive days. The experimental conditions included a traditional protocol (TP) with no prior foam rolling, and four other conditions that involved FR applied to the quadriceps, hamstrings and triceps surae for one set of 30 sec (P1), two sets of 30 sec (P2), three sets of 30 sec (P3), or four sets of 30 sec (P4).The resistance training consisted of five sets with 4-RM loads. The number of repetitions completed, the myoelectric activity of lower limbs were recorded, as well as the rating of perceived exertion for each protocol. There were no differences between the protocols in the total repetitions for the hexagonal bar deadlift and 45° angled leg press exercises. Similar results between protocols were also noted for muscle activity and rated perceived exertion (RPE). Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that the FR didn't provide effects on performance, myoelectric activity and rating of perceived exertion responses during high intensity resistance performance for lower limb exercises.

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Recent studies have observed that stretching applied to antagonist muscles can promote improvement in agonist muscle performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different numbers of interset proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching for the antagonists on the total number of repetitions completed for the agonists (quadriceps) in the leg extension exercise. Fourteen physically active individuals (age: 29.35 ± 10.5 years; body mass: 79.1 ± 11.34 kg; height: 170.4 ± 8.7 cm) participated in this study. The following experimental protocols were performed: 1) Traditional protocol (Traditional) - without previous stretching; 2) PNF with lesser duration (PNF1-3 sets of 20 secs.); 3) PNF with greater duration (PNF2-3 sets of 30 secs.). Within the experimental protocols (PNF1 and PNF2), stretching exercises for the antagonists were performed before and between the four sets of the unilateral leg extension exercise. All tests were performed on the dominant limb only. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the total number of repetitions for the PNF2 protocol versus the Traditional protocol (p = 0.026). However, there was no significant difference between the PNF1 protocol versus the Traditional protocol (p = 0.577). In conclusion, in the leg extension exercise, an extended duration of interset PNF stretching for the hamstrings, promoted greater contractile performance for the quadriceps as demonstrated by significantly greater total repetitions over four sets.

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OBJECTIVE: Police officers, particularly the ones who are trained to be on "special forces", perform a wide range of hazardous and physically demanding activities when aiming to protect and serve. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between lower limb and trunk muscle endurance with drop vertical jump (DVJ) height in a special military police force. METHODS: One hundred and three male military men (age: 36 ± 5.0 years; height: 1.76 ± 0.05 m; weight: 81.8 ± 9.7 kg) volunteered to take part in this study. SIX TESTS WERE PERFORMED: DVJ, McGill core battery (trunk flexion, trunk extension, and side bridge test-right and left), and single-leg squat repetitions. Correlations were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). The level of significance for all analyses was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Single-leg squat repetitions were positively associated with DVJ height, contact time and flight time (p = 0.00093∗∗, p = 0.00085∗∗, and p = 0.00098∗∗ respectively). No correlation was observed between trunk muscle endurance and DVJ. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it was concluded that greater endurance of the lower limb muscles, as demonstrated by the single leg squat, was associated with better performance in a DVJ. Individuals should consider incorporating single leg squats into their fitness program to develop muscular endurance and possibly perform better in the DVJ.

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OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between handgrip strength and body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A total of 75 postmenopausal women were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome participated in this study. Muscle strength was assessed via a hydraulic grip strength dynamometer; physical fitness tests included a timed-up-and-go, arm curl test, and 30-s chair stand. Body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance, from which estimates of fat mass, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and visceral fat area were determined. Fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were measured via blood sample analyses. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using handgrip strength as the dependent variable and using body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers as independent variables. RESULTS: The results revealed that 52% of the total sample were classified as obese, 37.3% as overweight, and only 10.7% as normal weight. Significant correlations were present between handgrip strength and fat-free mass (p=0.002; R=0.590), mean blood pressure (p=0.002; R=0.450), and arm curl (p=0.001; R=0.795). CONCLUSION: This study showed that handgrip strength was predictive of fat-free mass, blood pressure, and upper limb strength performance.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between handgrip strength and body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. METHODS: A total of 75 postmenopausal women were diagnosed with metabolic syndrome participated in this study. Muscle strength was assessed via a hydraulic grip strength dynamometer; physical fitness tests included a timed-up-and-go, arm curl test, and 30-s chair stand. Body composition was assessed via bioelectrical impedance, from which estimates of fat mass, body fat percentage, fat-free mass, and visceral fat area were determined. Fasting plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were measured via blood sample analyses. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted using handgrip strength as the dependent variable and using body composition, physical fitness, and biomarkers as independent variables. RESULTS: The results revealed that 52% of the total sample were classified as obese, 37.3% as overweight, and only 10.7% as normal weight. Significant correlations were present between handgrip strength and fat-free mass (p=0.002; R=0.590), mean blood pressure (p=0.002; R=0.450), and arm curl (p=0.001; R=0.795). CONCLUSION: This study showed that handgrip strength was predictive of fat-free mass, blood pressure, and upper limb strength performance.

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ABSTRACT: Behenck, C, Sant'Ana, H, Pinto de Castro, JB, Willardson, JM, and Miranda, H. The effect of different rest intervals between agonist-antagonist paired sets on training performance and efficiency. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 781-786, 2022-The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of different rest intervals (RIs) between agonist-antagonist paired sets (APS) on training performance and efficiency. Eighteen recreationally trained men (age: 21.5 ± 2.1 years, body mass: 74.5 ± 10.4 kg, height: 1.75 ± 0.04 m, body mass index: 24.4 ± 3.7 kg·m-2) completed 4 sessions. During each session, a 10-repetition maximum load was used for 3 APS of Bench Row + Bench Press and Lat Pull-down + Overhead Press with RI between APS sequences of 1, 2, 3 minutes (min) or self-selected RI (SRI). Total training volume (TTV), session time and efficiency were measured in all sessions. The 1-minute RI resulted in significantly less TTV vs. the other conditions (p = 0.000). The 2-minute RI resulted in significantly less TTV vs. the 3-minute RI (p = 0.002), but the SRI was not significantly different vs. the 3-minute RI. For session time, the 1-minute RI was significantly less (p = 0.000) and the 3-minute RI was significantly greater (1-minute and 2-minute RI, p = 0.000; SRI, p = 0.010) than the other conditions. Therefore, the efficiency of the 1-minute RI was significantly greater vs. the other conditions (3-minute RI and SRI, p = 0.000; 2-minute RI, p = 0.001) and the 2-minute RI was significantly greater vs. the 3-minute RI (p = 0.001). There were no significant differences in TTV, session time, and efficiency between the 2-minute RI and SRI conditions. In conclusion, the 2-minute RI and SRI conditions may present a better cost-effectiveness. It is suggested that self-selected RI can provide better performance, whereas 2-minute RI may enable greater efficiency.

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Abstract Aim: To assess the postural control performance of football 5-a-side (FFS) players, comparing them with sighted players. Methods: Eight FFS players and 7 sighted futsal players were included. Postural control tests included feet together stance (FTS) and single-leg stance (SLS) tasks, performed on rigid and foam surfaces. Sighted players performed the tests with open (EO) and closed (EC) eyes. Area of displacement (Area) and average velocity (Vavg) were calculated from the center of pressure time-series coordinates. Results: On both surfaces conditions, a significant difference between visually impaired football 5-a-side players and sighted EO players was observed during FTS (higher Vavg for visually impaired football 5-a-side players; p < 0.04) and SLS (higher Area and Vavg for visually impaired football 5-a-side players; p < 0.01). No differences between visually impaired football 5-a-side players and sighted EC players were found. Differences between sighted EO vs. sighted EC were observed during FTS on the foam surface, and in SLS on both surface conditions (p < 0.03). Conclusion: FFS players' postural control performance is similar to sighted players with EC but worse than sighted players with EO, suggesting their postural control performance can be simply explained in terms of visual restriction.

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