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The dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella is a well-known paralytic shellfish toxin producer that forms harmful algal blooms, repeatedly causing damage to Chilean coastal waters. The causes and behavior of algal blooms are complex and vary across different regions. As bacterial interactions with algal species are increasingly recognized as a key factor driving algal blooms, the present study identifies several bacterial candidates potentially associated with Chilean Alexandrium catenella. This research narrowed down the selection of bacteria from the Chilean A. catenella culture using antibiotic treatment and 16S rRNA metabarcoding analysis. Subsequently, seawater from two Chilean coastal stations, Isla Julia and Isla San Pedro, was monitored for two years to detect Alexandrium species and the selected bacteria, utilizing 16S and 18S rRNA gene metabarcoding analyses. The results suggested a potential association between Alexandrium species and Spongiibacteraceae at both stations. The proposed candidate bacteria within the Spongiibacteraceae family, potentially engaging in mutualistic relationships with Alexandrium species, included the genus of BD1-7 clade, Spongiibbacter, and Zhongshania.

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Natural killer (NK) cells include different subsets with diverse effector capacities that are poorly understood in the context of parasitic diseases. Here, we investigated inhibitory and activating receptor expression on NK cells in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and explored their phenotypic and functional heterogeneity based on CD57 and NKG2C expression. The expression of CD57 identified NK cells that accumulated in CL patients and exhibited features of senescence. The CD57+ cells exhibited heightened levels of the activating receptor NKG2C and diminished expression of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A. RNA sequencing analyses based on NKG2C transcriptome have revealed two distinct profiles among CL patients associated with cytotoxic and functional genes. The CD57+NKG2C+ subset accumulated in the blood of patients and presented conspicuous features of senescence, including the expression of markers such as p16, yH2ax, and p38, as well as reduced proliferative capacity. In addition, they positively correlated with the number of days until lesion resolution. This study provides a broad understanding of the NK cell biology during Leishmania infection and reinforces the role of senescent cells in the adverse clinical outcomes of CL.

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This study evaluated the impact of different dietary levels and sources of copper on the growth performance of nursery piglets through a combination of systematic review and meta-analysis. The database for this study was created using articles selected from major electronic databases. Data analysis involved forest plots and analysis of variance using mixed-effects models. The database included 63 articles published between 1990 and 2021, comprising 21,113 piglets in 946 treatments. Positive effects of supranutritional levels of copper from both inorganic and organic sources on the growth performance of nursery piglets were detected using Forest plots and analysis of variance (p < 0.001). Using mixed models, it was observed that piglet performance is influenced by body weight (p < 0.001), age (p < 0.001), and copper intake (p < 0.001). Both organic and inorganic sources of copper at supranutritional levels (>81 mg Cu/kg of diet) improved the performance of nursery piglets, but levels higher than 201 mg Cu/kg of diet did not further improve growth performance compared to 80-200 mg Cu/kg of diet. The feed conversion was worse in piglets fed with inorganic Cu sources (p < 0.001). In conclusion, dietary Cu supplementation influenced the weight gain and feed conversion rate in weaned piglets, particularly during the first few weeks post-weaning. Levels of 81 and 200 mg Cu/kg improved growth performance, but no further benefits were obtained for higher levels.

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Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) have caused damage to the marine environment in Isla San Pedro in the Gulf of Corcovado, Chile. While rising water temperature and artificial eutrophication are the most discussed topics as a cause, marine bacteria is a recent attractive parameter as an algal bloom driver. This study monitored algal and bacterial compositions in the water of Isla San Pedro for one year using microscopy and 16S rRNA metabarcoding analysis, along with physicochemical parameters. The collected data were analyzed with various statistical tools to understand how the particle-associated bacteria (PA) and the free-living (FL) bacteria were possibly involved in algal blooms. Both FL and PA fractions maintained a stable bacterial composition: the FL fraction was dominated by Proteobacteria (α-Proteobacteria and γ-Proteobacteria), and Cyanobacteria dominated the PA fraction. The two fractions contained equivalent bacterial taxonomic richness (c.a. 8,000 Operational Taxonomic Units) and shared more than 50% of OTU; however, roughly 20% was exclusive to each fraction. The four most abundant algal genera in the Isla San Pedro water were Thalassiosira, Skeletonema, Chaetoceros, and Pseudo-nitzchia. Statistical analysis identified that the bacterial species Polycyclovorans algicola was correlated with Pseudo-nitzschia spp., and our monitoring data recorded a sudden increase of particle-associated Polycyclovorans algicola shortly after the increase of Pseudo-nitzschia, suggesting that P. algicola may have regression effect on Pseudo-nitzschia spp. The study also investigated the physicochemical parameter effect on algal-bacterial interactions. Oxygen concentration and chlorophyll-a showed a strong correlation with both FL and PA bacteria despite their assemblage differences, suggesting that the two groups had different mechanisms for interacting with algal species.

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ABSTRACT: This study evaluated different meta-analytical approaches tousing citric and ascorbic acids in the performance of nursery piglets. The study included 24 publications between 1985 and 2018 (mode 1998), totaling 4215 nursery piglets. The Higgins index indicated high heterogeneity (98.5%) among the studies concerning citric acid (96.9%) and ascorbic acid (91.4%). In variances and forest plot analysis, using citric and ascorbic acids and their analogs was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on piglet weight gain. In the meta-analysis approach proposed by LOVATTO et al. (2007) and SAUVANT et al. (2008), there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of the addition of citric and ascorbic acids on piglet performance. Numerically, was observed an increased ADG (Δ > 0) related to acids (supplemented over control treatments) in 59.7% (ascorbic acid) and 46.6% (citric acid) of the ADG comparisons. The effect of ascorbic supplementation on the respective control treatment of the overall nursery period was on average 0.98%, 1.07%, and -1.3% for ADFI, ADG, and FCR, respectively. Citric acid supplementation to the respective control treatment of the overall nursery period was on average 1.67%, 4.40%, and -2.29% for ADFI, ADG, and FCR. Adding citric and ascorbic acids in diets for nursery piglets does not alter performance regardless of the meta-analysis method used.

RESUMO: Neste estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar diferentes abordagens de sistematização e meta-análise sobre o uso de ácidos cítrico e ascórbico no desempenho de leitões de creche. O estudo incluiu 24 publicações entre 1985 e 2018 (moda 1998), totalizando 4215 leitões de creche. O índice de Higgins indicou alta heterogeneidade entre os estudos envolvendo ácido cítrico (96,9%) e ácido ascórbico (91,4%). Na análise por forest plot a adição de ácido ascórbico em dietas de leitões não melhora (P > 0.05) o ganho de peso de leitões em creche. Na abordagem de meta-análise proposta por LOVATTO et al. (2007) e SAUVANT et al. (2008) não houve efeito significativo (P > 0.05) da adição de ácidos cítrico e de ascórbico no desempenho dos leitões. Numericamente, observou-se aumento do ganho de peso (Δ > 0) relacionado aos ácidos (suplementado em relação aos tratamentos controle) observado em 59.7% (acido ascórbico) e 46.6% (ácido cítrico) das comparações do ganho de peso diário. A suplementação de ácido ascórbico em relação ao tratamento controle no período total de creche teve variação de 0,98%, 1,07% e -1,3% para ADFI, ADG e FCR, respectivamente. A adição de ácido cítrico em relação ao tratamento controle teve variação de 1,67%, 4,40% e -2,29 para ADFI, ADG e FCR. A adição de ácidos cítrico e ascórbico em dietas para leitões de creche não altera o desempenho, independentemente da abordagem de meta-análise utilizada.

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This study evaluated different meta-analytical approaches tousing citric and ascorbic acids in the performance of nursery piglets. The study included 24 publications between 1985 and 2018 (mode 1998), totaling 4215 nursery piglets. The Higgins index indicated high heterogeneity (98.5%) among the studies concerning citric acid (96.9%) and ascorbic acid (91.4%). In variances and forest plot analysis, using citric and ascorbic acids and their analogs was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on piglet weight gain. In the meta-analysis approach proposed by LOVATTO et al. (2007) and SAUVANT et al. (2008), there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of the addition of citric and ascorbic acids on piglet performance. Numerically, was observed an increased ADG (Δ > 0) related to acids (supplemented over control treatments) in 59.7% (ascorbic acid) and 46.6% (citric acid) of the ADG comparisons. The effect of ascorbic supplementation on the respective control treatment of the overall nursery period was on average 0.98%, 1.07%, and -1.3% for ADFI, ADG, and FCR, respectively. Citric acid supplementation to the respective control treatment of the overall nursery period was on average 1.67%, 4.40%, and -2.29% for ADFI, ADG, and FCR. Adding citric and ascorbic acids in diets for nursery piglets does not alter performance regardless of the meta-analysis method used.

Neste estudo, o objetivo foi avaliar diferentes abordagens de sistematização e meta-análise sobre o uso de ácidos cítrico e ascórbico no desempenho de leitões de creche. O estudo incluiu 24 publicações entre 1985 e 2018 (moda 1998), totalizando 4215 leitões de creche. O índice de Higgins indicou alta heterogeneidade entre os estudos envolvendo ácido cítrico (96,9%) e ácido ascórbico (91,4%). Na análise por forest plot a adição de ácido ascórbico em dietas de leitões não melhora (P > 0.05) o ganho de peso de leitões em creche. Na abordagem de meta-análise proposta por LOVATTO et al. (2007) e SAUVANT et al. (2008) não houve efeito significativo (P > 0.05) da adição de ácidos cítrico e de ascórbico no desempenho dos leitões. Numericamente, observou-se aumento do ganho de peso (Δ > 0) relacionado aos ácidos (suplementado em relação aos tratamentos controle) observado em 59.7% (acido ascórbico) e 46.6% (ácido cítrico) das comparações do ganho de peso diário. A suplementação de ácido ascórbico em relação ao tratamento controle no período total de creche teve variação de 0,98%, 1,07% e -1,3% para ADFI, ADG e FCR, respectivamente. A adição de ácido cítrico em relação ao tratamento controle teve variação de 1,67%, 4,40% e -2,29 para ADFI, ADG e FCR. A adição de ácidos cítrico e ascórbico em dietas para leitões de creche não altera o desempenho, independentemente da abordagem de meta-análise utilizada.

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SignificanceOur full-scale comparison of Africa and South America's lowland tropical tree floras shows that both Africa and South America's moist and dry tree floras are organized similarly: plant families that are rich in tree species on one continent are also rich in tree species on the other continent, and these patterns hold across moist and dry environments. Moreover, we confirm that there is an important difference in tree species richness between the two continents, which is linked to a few families that are exceptionally diverse in South American moist forests, although dry formations also contribute to this difference. Plant families only present on one of the two continents do not contribute substantially to differences in tree species richness.

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Resumo Fundamento O tecido adiposo epicárdico (TAE) é aumentado em comorbidades comuns na insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Dessa forma, o TAE teria o potencial de mediar efeitos que levam à deterioração da função cardíaca. Objetivos Esta metanálise tem o objetivo de investigar se a quantidade de TAE em todos os tipos de IC e cada tipo de IC são significativamente diferentes dos pacientes de controle. Métodos Esta metanálise seguiu as diretrizes da Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (Metanálise de estudos observacionais em epidemiologia). A pesquisa foi realizada nos bancos de dados MEDLINE, Embase e Lilacs até novembro de 2020. Dois autores realizaram a triagem, a extração de dados e a avaliação de qualidade. Um p-valor <0,05 foi definido como estatisticamente significativo. Resultados Foram incluídos oito estudos observacionais, compreendendo 1248 pacientes no total, dos quais 574 eram de controle, 415 tinham IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) e 259 tinham IC com fração de ejeção de faixa média ou preservada (ICFEfm ou ICFEP). A quantidade de TAE não era diferente entre todos os tipos de IC e o grupo de controle (DMP = -0,66, IC 95%: -1,54 a 0,23, p =0,14) . Analisando cada fenótipo de IC separadamente, pacientes com ICFER tinham TAE reduzido em comparação aos pacientes de controle (DMP = 1,27, IC 95%: - 1,87 a -0,67, p <0,0001), enquanto os pacientes com ICFEfm ou ICFEP tiveram TAE aumentado em comparação aos pacientes de controle (DMP = 1,24, IC 95%: 0,99 a 1,50, p <0,0001). Conclusão A quantidade de TAE não era significativamente diferente entre todos os tipos de IC e o grupo de controle. Em pacientes com ICFER o volume de TAE era reduzido, enquanto em pacientes com ICFEP e ICFEfm, a quantidade de TAE era significativamente aumentada. Número de registro PROSPERO: CRD42019134441.

Abstract Background Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is increased in comorbidities common in heart failure (HF). In this sense, EAT could potentially mediate effects that lead to an impaired cardiac function. Objectives This meta-analysis aims to investigate if the amount of EAT in all-types of HF and each HF phenotype is significantly different from control patients. Methods This meta-analysis followed the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. The search was performed in the MEDLINE, Embase, and Lilacs databases until November 2020. Two authors performed screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. A p-value <0.05 was defined as statistically significant. Results Eight observational studies were included, comprehending 1,248 patients in total, from which 574 were controls, 415 had HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and 259 had HF with mid-range or preserved ejection fraction (HFmrEF or HFpEF). The amount of EAT was not different between all types of HF and the control group (SMD = -0.66, 95% CI: -1.54 to 0.23, p =0.14). Analyzing each HF phenotype separately, patients with HFrEF had a reduced EAT when compared to the controls (SMD= -1.27, 95% CI: - 1.87 to -0.67, p <0.0001), while patients with HFmrEF or HFpEF showed an increased EAT when compared to controls (SMD= 1.24, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.50, p <0.0001). Conclusion The amount of EAT was not significantly different between all types of HF and the control group. In patients with HFrEF, the EAT volume was reduced, whereas in HFpEF and HFmrEF, the amount of EAT was significantly increased. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019134441.

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BACKGROUND: Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is increased in comorbidities common in heart failure (HF). In this sense, EAT could potentially mediate effects that lead to an impaired cardiac function. OBJECTIVES: This meta-analysis aims to investigate if the amount of EAT in all-types of HF and each HF phenotype is significantly different from control patients. METHODS: This meta-analysis followed the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. The search was performed in the MEDLINE, Embase, and Lilacs databases until November 2020. Two authors performed screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. A p-value <0.05 was defined as statistically significant. RESULTS: Eight observational studies were included, comprehending 1,248 patients in total, from which 574 were controls, 415 had HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and 259 had HF with mid-range or preserved ejection fraction (HFmrEF or HFpEF). The amount of EAT was not different between all types of HF and the control group (SMD = -0.66, 95% CI: -1.54 to 0.23, p =0.14). Analyzing each HF phenotype separately, patients with HFrEF had a reduced EAT when compared to the controls (SMD= -1.27, 95% CI: - 1.87 to -0.67, p <0.0001), while patients with HFmrEF or HFpEF showed an increased EAT when compared to controls (SMD= 1.24, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.50, p <0.0001). CONCLUSION: The amount of EAT was not significantly different between all types of HF and the control group. In patients with HFrEF, the EAT volume was reduced, whereas in HFpEF and HFmrEF, the amount of EAT was significantly increased. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019134441.

FUNDAMENTO: O tecido adiposo epicárdico (TAE) é aumentado em comorbidades comuns na insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Dessa forma, o TAE teria o potencial de mediar efeitos que levam à deterioração da função cardíaca. OBJETIVOS: Esta metanálise tem o objetivo de investigar se a quantidade de TAE em todos os tipos de IC e cada tipo de IC são significativamente diferentes dos pacientes de controle. MÉTODOS: Esta metanálise seguiu as diretrizes da Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (Metanálise de estudos observacionais em epidemiologia). A pesquisa foi realizada nos bancos de dados MEDLINE, Embase e Lilacs até novembro de 2020. Dois autores realizaram a triagem, a extração de dados e a avaliação de qualidade. Um p-valor <0,05 foi definido como estatisticamente significativo. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos oito estudos observacionais, compreendendo 1248 pacientes no total, dos quais 574 eram de controle, 415 tinham IC com fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFER) e 259 tinham IC com fração de ejeção de faixa média ou preservada (ICFEfm ou ICFEP). A quantidade de TAE não era diferente entre todos os tipos de IC e o grupo de controle (DMP = -0,66, IC 95%: -1,54 a 0,23, p =0,14) . Analisando cada fenótipo de IC separadamente, pacientes com ICFER tinham TAE reduzido em comparação aos pacientes de controle (DMP = 1,27, IC 95%: - 1,87 a -0,67, p <0,0001), enquanto os pacientes com ICFEfm ou ICFEP tiveram TAE aumentado em comparação aos pacientes de controle (DMP = 1,24, IC 95%: 0,99 a 1,50, p <0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: A quantidade de TAE não era significativamente diferente entre todos os tipos de IC e o grupo de controle. Em pacientes com ICFER o volume de TAE era reduzido, enquanto em pacientes com ICFEP e ICFEfm, a quantidade de TAE era significativamente aumentada. Número de registro PROSPERO: CRD42019134441.

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