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BACKGROUND: The maintenance of marmosets in captivity may trigger various disorders. The objective of this study was to provide a radiographic evaluation of the forelimbs and hind limbs of marmosets rescued from illegal wildlife trade and maintained in captivity. METHODS: Fourteen marmosets were studied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Three marmosets were apparently normal. Of the eleven marmosets with radiographic changes in the hind limbs, five had pelvic narrowing and bilateral varus deviation of the femur, with one suggestive of rickets and another of osteomalacia. The other marmosets showed changes such as malunion of acetabular fracture, transtibial amputation, tibial antecurvatum, and knee osteoarthritis. Six marmosets showed alterations in the forelimbs such as radius fracture, scapulohumeral subluxation, and elbow joint incongruence. In conclusion, 78.57% of the marmosets had bone and/or joint changes detected by plain radiography, which were found predominantly in the hind limbs and without impediment to locomotion in captivity.

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The Brazilian Amazon is endemic for malaria and natural infections by Plasmodium spp. have been detected in Neotropical primates. Despite the diversity of primate species in the region, studies on infections by these agents are limited. The aim of the present study was to investigate the frequency of infection by Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum in free-born primates that were kept in captivity, in the western Amazon, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 98 Neotropical primates. Detection of P. vivax and P. falciparum DNA was performed using a semi-nested PCR, and the amplified products were sequenced. Plasmodium spp. DNA was detected in 6.12% (6/98) of the primates. P. vivax, and P. falciparum DNA was detected in 2.04% (2/98) and 4.08% (4/98) of these mammals, respectively. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results obtained from the semi-nested PCR. The presence of infected non-human primates (NHP) can be auxiliary in the maintenance of P. falciparum and P. vivax and may have implications for the malaria surveillance and control in the Brazilian Amazon. It is necessary to structure an efficient surveillance system for the aetiological agents of malaria that infect NHP and humans to reduce the risk of Plasmodium spp. introduction into new areas, to protect all susceptible species.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the stiffness of foetal lungs, liver, kidneys and placentomes by acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in ovine and to correlate obtained findings with foetal development. Twenty-four ewes were included, and tissue stiffness of foetal lung, liver, kidney and placentome was measured beginning with 10th gestational week by qualitative-quantitative ARFI elastography. A total of 33 healthy lambs were born. Qualitative elastographic analysis permitted to classify maternal and foetal tissues elasticity in decreasing order as follows: placentome, kidney, liver and lung. Regarding quantitative ARFI elastography data, shear wave velocity (SWV) of foetal lung and liver varied. The lung SWV decreased gradually from the 16th to the 21st gestational week (R2  = 0.80; p < 0.001), while liver SWV increased gradually from the 14th to 21st gestational week (R2  = 0.80; p < 0.001). In contrast, the kidneys and placentomes SWV's remained constant through gestation (p = 0.076; and 0.34). ARFI elastography was shown feasible for evaluation of maternal and foetal tissues stiffness in the ovine model. It can be used to demonstrate pulmonary and hepatic stiffness modifications during foetal development.

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The testicles are the primary sexual organs of male and their function is to produce sperm and sexual hormones. Disorders of the testicles are common in domestic cats. Therefore, detailed assessment of the testes is of great importance in veterinary medicine. Considering the recent advances in diagnostic imaging in companion animals, this review aims to describe the applicability elastography (qualitative and quantitative), Doppler, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and B-mode ultrasonography in testes evaluation in cats. B-mode ultrasonography of the testicles combined with haemodynamic analysis in real time by Doppler and contrast enhanced ultrasonography can assist as diagnostic tool in evaluating testicular abnormalities in sick cats. Furthermore, ARFI elastography is a new ultrasound method that evaluates tissue elasticity by elastogram and shear weave. Ultrasonographic study of the testes is a common diagnostic imaging procedure.

Los testículos son los principales órganos sexuales de los machos y su función es producir espermatozoides y hormonas sexuales. Los trastornos de estos órganos son comunes en gatos domésticos. La ultrasonografía convencional, combinada con el análisis hemodinámico en tiempo real por Doppler y ultrasonido contrastado son herramientas diagnósticas importantes para la evaluación de enfermedades testiculares en gatos. Además, La elastografía-ARFI es un método ecográfico actual que evalúa la elasticidad tisular por medio del elastograma y de la velocidad de propagación de las ondas de cizallamiento. El estudio ecográfico de los testículos es un procedimiento de diagnóstico por imágenes común.

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to determine some radiographic reference values for hip joint, femur and patella in maned wolves. Ten maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), five live (G1) and five cadavers (G2), were used. There were no statistically significant differences in the radiological measurements between right and left pelvic limbs of the G1 and G2, except for mechanical lateral proximal femoral angle (mLPFA) in both Groups. The comparison of the measurements between Groups showed difference only for mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA). Norberg angle values were 113.1° and 112.9° for G1 and G2. The values of femoral angle of inclination by Hauptman A and Hauptman B methods were 139.7° and 128.6° for G1, and 139.3° and 128.7° for G2. Femoral varus angle values were 5.5° for G1 and 3.9° for G2. The values of anatomic lateral distal femoral angle and anatomic lateral proximal femoral angle were 96.8° and 95.2° for G1, and 95.0° and 95.6° for G2. The values of mLDFA for G1 and G2 were 96.5° and 95.7°. The values of mLPFA were 95.8 (right) and 93.5 (left) for G1, and 95.7 (right) and 93.8 (left) for G2. The values of patellar ligament length, patellar length and L:P ratio were 4.6, 2.4 cm and 1.9 for G1, and 4.4, 2.3 cm and 1.8 for G2. In conclusion, the radiographic reference values described for the hip joint, the femur and the patella, may be useful in the diagnosis of diseases and deformities in maned wolves.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar, de forma retrospectiva, una población de gatos con fracturas de huesos largos en un período de seis años. Los datos significativos del gato (raza, sexo, edad, peso corporal); domiciliados o no, causa de lesión, el tiempo de ocurrencia; extremidades lesionadas y los huesos fracturados (húmero, radio/cúbito, fémur, tibia/peroné), el daño de los tejidos blandos (cerrado, abierto), y localización de la fractura (proximal, medio y distal tercero), la dirección de la línea de fractura en relación al eje del hueso longitudinal (transversal, oblicua, espiral) y el alcance de los daños (incompleto, completo, multi - fragmentaria) fueron evaluados. La prueba para comparar las proporciones variables que se utilizó, supone que las proporciones de cada categoría fueron iguales. Se consideraron valores significativos de p < 0,05 las diferencias. En conclusión, esta población estuvo constituida principalmente de gatos mestizos domiciliados, de menos de 12 meses de edad, de peso superior o igual a 2.kg, que han sido más frecuentemente afectados por fracturas completas y cerradas de fémur a causa de accidentes de tráfico.

The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess a population of cats with long-bone fractures over a six year period. Data about cat signalment (breed, sex, age, body weight); domiciled or not; cause of injury; time of occurrence; injured limbs and fractured bones (humerus, radius/ulna, femur, tibia/fibula); soft-tissue damage (closed, open); and fracture location (proximal, middle or distal one-third), direction of the fracture line in relation to the bone"s longitudinal axis (transverse, oblique, spiral) and extent of damage (incomplete, complete, multi-fragmentary) were evaluated. To compare the variable proportions was used G-test assumed that the proportions in each category were equal. The differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. A total of 141 cats were evaluated, 90.07% were crossbreed, 6.38% Siamese, and 3.55% Persian. The body weight was greater than or equal to 2.0 kg in 68.08% of the cases. The femur was the most affected bone (50.84%), followed by the tibia/fibula (29.05%), and radius/ulna (10.61%) and humerus (9.50%). The cats had from six to 180 months of age, being 58.16% up to 12-month-old. Motor vehicle accidents accounted for 42.55% of the causes, followed by dog bites (12.76 %), falls (4.25%), and accidents in general. The closed fractures (85.47%) were more frequent than open fractures (11.12%). In conclusion, this population was constituted mainly of domiciled crossbred cats, under 12 months of age, weighing more than or equal to 2.kg, that have been more frequently affectedby complete and closed fractures of the femur due to traffic-related accident.

O trabalho teve por objetivos analisar, retrospectivamente, uma determinada população de gatos com fraturas dos ossos longos, por um período de oito anos. Foram pesquisados dados sobre a identificação do animal (raça, sexo, idade, peso); se domiciliado ou não; causa da lesão; tempo da ocorrência; membros (torácico e/ou pélvico) e ossos acometidos (úmero, rádio/ulna, fêmur, tíbia/fíbula); comprometimento de partes moles (fechada, exposta); e tipo de fratura quanto à região (terço proximal, médio e distal), orientação da linha de fratura relativa ao eixo ósseo (transversa, oblíqua, espiral) e extensão do dano (incompleta, completa, multifragmentar). Para comparar as proporções das variáveis avaliadas foi usado teste G assumindo proporções esperadas iguais. O limite de significância estatística foi p 0,05. Um total de 188 gatos foi avaliado, sendo 89,33% sem raça definida, 5,85% da raça Siamês e 4,78% da raça Persa. A idade dos gatos variou de 6 a 180 meses, sendo 60,63% até 12 meses de idade. O peso corpóreo foi maior ou igual a 2,0 kg em 68,08% dos casos. Entre as causas: 40,95% por acidentes por veículos motorizados, seguido por mordidas (9,04%), quedas (4,78%), e acidentes em geral (5,31%). O fêmur foi o osso mais afetado (53,81%), seguido pela tíbia/fíbula (28,38%), e rádio/ulna (9,74%) e úmero (8,05%). As fraturas fechadas (84,74%) foram a mais frequentes que as expostas (11,44%). Baseado nos dados obtidos foi possível concluir que a população estudada constitui-se principalmente de gatos domiciliados, sem raça definida, com menos de 12 meses de idade, peso maior ou igual a 2,0 kg e que são mais frequentemente acometidos por fraturas fechadas e completas do fêmur devido ao atropelamento.

Assuntos

RESUMO

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar, de forma retrospectiva, una población de gatos con fracturas de huesos largos en un período de seis años. Los datos significativos del gato (raza, sexo, edad, peso corporal); domiciliados o no, causa de lesión, el tiempo de ocurrencia; extremidades lesionadas y los huesos fracturados (húmero, radio/cúbito, fémur, tibia/peroné), el daño de los tejidos blandos (cerrado, abierto), y localización de la fractura (proximal, medio y distal tercero), la dirección de la línea de fractura en relación al eje del hueso longitudinal (transversal, oblicua, espiral) y el alcance de los daños (incompleto, completo, multi - fragmentaria) fueron evaluados. La prueba para comparar las proporciones variables que se utilizó, supone que las proporciones de cada categoría fueron iguales. Se consideraron valores significativos de p < 0,05 las diferencias. En conclusión, esta población estuvo constituida principalmente de gatos mestizos domiciliados, de menos de 12 meses de edad, de peso superior o igual a 2.kg, que han sido más frecuentemente afectados por fracturas completas y cerradas de fémur a causa de accidentes de tráfico.(AU)

The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess a population of cats with long-bone fractures over a six year period. Data about cat signalment (breed, sex, age, body weight); domiciled or not; cause of injury; time of occurrence; injured limbs and fractured bones (humerus, radius/ulna, femur, tibia/fibula); soft-tissue damage (closed, open); and fracture location (proximal, middle or distal one-third), direction of the fracture line in relation to the bone"s longitudinal axis (transverse, oblique, spiral) and extent of damage (incomplete, complete, multi-fragmentary) were evaluated. To compare the variable proportions was used G-test assumed that the proportions in each category were equal. The differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. A total of 141 cats were evaluated, 90.07% were crossbreed, 6.38% Siamese, and 3.55% Persian. The body weight was greater than or equal to 2.0 kg in 68.08% of the cases. The femur was the most affected bone (50.84%), followed by the tibia/fibula (29.05%), and radius/ulna (10.61%) and humerus (9.50%). The cats had from six to 180 months of age, being 58.16% up to 12-month-old. Motor vehicle accidents accounted for 42.55% of the causes, followed by dog bites (12.76 %), falls (4.25%), and accidents in general. The closed fractures (85.47%) were more frequent than open fractures (11.12%). In conclusion, this population was constituted mainly of domiciled crossbred cats, under 12 months of age, weighing more than or equal to 2.kg, that have been more frequently affectedby complete and closed fractures of the femur due to traffic-related accident.(AU)

O trabalho teve por objetivos analisar, retrospectivamente, uma determinada população de gatos com fraturas dos ossos longos, por um período de oito anos. Foram pesquisados dados sobre a identificação do animal (raça, sexo, idade, peso); se domiciliado ou não; causa da lesão; tempo da ocorrência; membros (torácico e/ou pélvico) e ossos acometidos (úmero, rádio/ulna, fêmur, tíbia/fíbula); comprometimento de partes moles (fechada, exposta); e tipo de fratura quanto à região (terço proximal, médio e distal), orientação da linha de fratura relativa ao eixo ósseo (transversa, oblíqua, espiral) e extensão do dano (incompleta, completa, multifragmentar). Para comparar as proporções das variáveis avaliadas foi usado teste G assumindo proporções esperadas iguais. O limite de significância estatística foi p 0,05. Um total de 188 gatos foi avaliado, sendo 89,33% sem raça definida, 5,85% da raça Siamês e 4,78% da raça Persa. A idade dos gatos variou de 6 a 180 meses, sendo 60,63% até 12 meses de idade. O peso corpóreo foi maior ou igual a 2,0 kg em 68,08% dos casos. Entre as causas: 40,95% por acidentes por veículos motorizados, seguido por mordidas (9,04%), quedas (4,78%), e acidentes em geral (5,31%). O fêmur foi o osso mais afetado (53,81%), seguido pela tíbia/fíbula (28,38%), e rádio/ulna (9,74%) e úmero (8,05%). As fraturas fechadas (84,74%) foram a mais frequentes que as expostas (11,44%). Baseado nos dados obtidos foi possível concluir que a população estudada constitui-se principalmente de gatos domiciliados, sem raça definida, com menos de 12 meses de idade, peso maior ou igual a 2,0 kg e que são mais frequentemente acometidos por fraturas fechadas e completas do fêmur devido ao atropelamento.(AU)

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BACKGROUND: A prime concern of the gait analysis in a heterogeneous group of dogs is the potential influence of factors such as individual body size, body mass, type of gait, and velocity. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate in a heterogeneous group of dogs a possible correlation of the stride frequency with kinetic and temporospatial variables, as well as the percentage of body weight distribution (%BWD), and compare symmetry index (SI) between trotting and walking dogs. Twenty-nine clinically healthy dogs moving in a controlled velocity were used. The dogs were organized into two groups based on duty factor. Group 1 comprised 15 walking dogs, aged from 9 months to 8 years and weighing about 22.3 kg. Group 2 had 14 trotting dogs, aged from 1 to 6 years and weighing about 6.5 kg. The kinetic data and temporospatial parameters were obtained using a pressure-sensing walkway. The velocity was 0.9-1.1 m/s. The peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), gait cycle time, stance time, swing time, stride length, and percentages of body weight distribution among the four limbs were determined. For each variable, the SIs were calculated. Pearson's coefficient was used to evaluate correlation between stride frequency and other variables, initially in each group and after including all animals. RESULTS: Except for the %BWD (approximately 60% for the forelimbs and 40% for the hind limbs), all other parameters differed between groups. Considering each Group individually a strong correlation was observed for most of the temporospatial parameters, but no significant correlation occurred between stride frequency and PVF, and stride frequency and %BWD. However, including all dogs a strong correlation was observed in all temporospatial parameters, and moderate correlation between stride frequency and VI, and weak correlation between stride frequency and PVF. There was no correlation between stride frequency and %BWD. Groups 1 and 2 did not differ statistically in SIs. CONCLUSIONS: In a heterogeneous group of dogs conducted at a controlled velocity, the %BWD and most of SIs presented low variability. However, %BWD seems to be the most accurate, since factors such as the magnitude of the variables may influence the SIs inducing wrong interpretation. Based on results obtained from correlations, the standardization of stride frequency could be an alternative to minimize the variability of temporospatial parameters.

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Squirrel monkeys (genus Saimiri) are agile, arboreal primates that are seldom captured in the wild due to their small body size (<1 kg) and large, non-cohesive social groups (40-50 individuals). However, long-term studies on these primates often require captures and permanent identification of individuals, in order to monitor their behavior and health. Here we report on a novel trapping method successfully used to capture Saimiri collinsi, in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Our objective was to capture as many individuals as possible from one social group of approximately 50 individuals, ranging over 150 ha of terra firme forest. Captures occurred in November and December 2013. We habituated animals to feed on a large platform located in a 123.5 m(2) area enclosed by a green net (3 m high). Multiple individuals could freely enter and exit the area via four ropes affixed from surrounding trees to the platform. Once individuals were feeding inside the netted area on selected trapping days, the ropes were dropped remotely, eliminating their escape routes. We successfully trapped 21 different individuals of the social group (14 adults and 7 immatures) with this method. We conclude that this is a conceptually simple, effective method for trapping squirrel monkeys in most habitats, and possibly other small arboreal primates that live in large social groups. The present method was more effective than previous methods utilized to capture squirrel monkeys in the field, and has the advantages of: allowing for safe capture of several individuals simultaneously; enabling re-captures; releasing of animals as a group at the site of capture; use of soft netting which facilitates safe capture of the monkeys.

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O hemograma e as dosagens bioquímicas são exames rotineiramente utilizados na avaliação da saúde dos animais domésticos, incluindo os búfalos. Na região Amazônica pesquisas nessa temática ainda são escassas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer intervalos de referência para hematologia e bioquímica sanguínea de Bubalus bubalis criados na Amazônia Oriental e avaliar os efeitos da idade e do sexo sobre os valores bioquímicos e hematológicos obtidos. Foram utilizados 73 animais da raça Murrah, divididos em três grupos, o grupo 1 (G1, n=22) com animais de dois a oito meses, grupo 2 (G2, n=23) com animais de nove a dois anos e o grupo 3 (G3, n=28) com animais com mais de dois anos. Os hemogramas e as análises bioquímicas foram realizados em equipamentos automatizados. Os intervalos de referência foram estabelecidos conforme as recomendações do Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Para avaliar o efeito do sexo e da idade foram utilizados os testes de Tukey, e Kruskal-Wallis, sendo as diferenças consideradas significativas quando P<0,05. Houve influencia da idade sobre os valores de hemácias (He), hematócrito (Ht), hemoglobina (Hb), leucócitos, linfócitos, eosinófilos, neutrófilos, plaquetas, volume plaquetário médio (VPM), índices hematimétricos (Volume Globular Média - VGM, Hemoglobina Corpuscular Média - HCM, e Coeficiente de variação eritrocitário - RDW) e relação neutrófilo:linfócito (N:L). O sexo influenciou o valor do VGM e do índice de amplitude de distribuição do tamanho da plaqueta (PDW) que foram maiores (P<0,05) nas fêmeas, enquanto o RDW foi maior nos machos. Na comparação dos parâmetros bioquímicos entre as faixas etárias, verificou-se que a idade influenciou a atividade das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e fosfatase alcalina (FA) e as concentrações de creatinina, proteínas totais e bilirrubina direta. As concentrações de creatinina e bilirrubina direta foram significativamente maiores nos animais da maior faixa etária. O sexo influenciou a atividade da AST e a concentração de bilirrubina direta, que foram maiores (P<0.05) nos machos. Os valores hematológicos e bioquímicos estabelecidos podem ser utilizados como referência para búfalos criados na Amazônia Oriental.(AU)

Complete blood cell count and biochemical testing are exams routinely used in assessing the health of domestic animals, including buffaloes. In the Amazon region, research on this subject is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to establish reference intervals for hematology and blood chemistry of Bubalus bubalis raised in eastern Amazon and evaluate the effects of age and sex on biochemical and hematological values. Seventy-three (n=73) Murrah buffaloes were divided into three groups, group 1 (G1, n=22): animals from two to eight months, group 2 (G2, n=23): animals from nine months to two years and group 3 (G3, n=28): animals over two years. Blood counts and biochemical analyzes were performed on automated equipment. The reference intervals were established as recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to evaluate the effect of gender and age, with differences considered significant when P <0.05. There was influence of age on the values of red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin , leukocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, platelets, mean platelet volume (MPV), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (HCM), Red Blood Cell Distribution Width (RDW) and the proportion of neutrophil: lymphocyte (N:L). The gender affected MCV and the Platelets Distribution Width (PDW), which were higher (P<0.05) in females, while RDW was higher in males. Comparing the biochemical parameters among age groups, it was found that age influenced the activity of the enzymes aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the concentrations of creatinine, total protein and direct bilirubin. Creatinine concentrations and direct bilirubin were significantly higher in animals of older age. The gender affected the activity of AST and the concentration of direct bilirubin, which were higher (P <0.05) in males. Hematological and biochemical values set in this study can be used as a reference for buffaloes bred in eastern Amazon.(AU)

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