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Objetives: The adoption of vaccines was a crucial factor in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic. However, vaccination rates between rural and urban areas varied greatly. In this paper, our objective is to understand the individual and institutional factors associated with the uptake of vaccines in remote rural areas in Colombia. Methods: We interviewed a random sample of 800 households (1,592 individuals) in remote rural areas of Antioquia (Colombia) during February 2022 when vaccinations were available. Then, we use a linear probability model to explain the uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. Results: The results indicate that the probability of having at least the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine is positively associated with access to information, trust in police and army, and the perceived risk of contracting COVID-19. Trust in the church is negatively related to vaccination. Conclusion: Institutions can play a critical role in the management of pandemics. Timely information on the risks associated with the disease and perceived riskiness are key factors that mobilize the population to take the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Vacinas contra COVID-19 , COVID-19 , População Rural , Humanos , Colômbia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto Jovem , Adolescente , ConfiançaRESUMO
The aim of this paper is to present the results obtained by the Latin-American and Caribbean personal dosimetry services that participated, with the support of IAEA, in the 2020-Eurados whole-body dosemeter intercomparison for photon radiation. All participant services in this study use thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) systems except one that uses optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosemeters. Data analysis shows that 93.4% of the results are within the acceptance range, according to International ISO Standard ISO 14146: 2018. The evaluation of the trumpet curves shows that only three laboratories presented a few dosemeters results outside the limits of acceptability. Participation in this Eurados intercomparison exercise gave the Latin American and Caribbean laboratories the opportunity to show compliance with their own quality management system, to compare results with other participants and to develop plans for improving their dosimetry systems. It also gave the assurance that occupational doses are being measured properly and following the international standards in the regions.
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Exposição Ocupacional , Monitoramento de Radiação , Proteção Radiológica , Humanos , Região do Caribe , América Latina , Exposição Ocupacional/análise , Doses de Radiação , Monitoramento de Radiação/métodos , Proteção Radiológica/métodosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Probiotics are effective for treating acute infectious diarrhoea caused by bacteria, but there are inconsistent results for the effectiveness of probiotics for diarrhoea caused by viruses. In this article we want to determine whether Sb supplementation has an effect on acute inflammatory viral diarrhoea diagnosed with the multiplex panel PCR test. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii (Sb) as a treatment in patients diagnosed with viral acute diarrhoea. METHODS: From February 2021 to December 2021, 46 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of viral acute diarrhoea diagnosed with the polymerase chain reaction multiplex assay were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Patients received paracetamol 500 mg as a standard analgesic and 200 mg of Trimebutine as an antispasmodic treatment plus 600 mg of Sb (n = 23, 1 × 109/100 mL Colony forming unit) or a placebo (n = 23) orally once daily for eight days. The improvement in and severity of symptoms were measured using a symptom diary, the Patient Global Impression and the Patient Global Impression of Change scales (days 4 and 8), both answered and recorded by the patient. RESULTS: Of the 46 patients who completed treatment, 24 (52%) were men and 22 (48%) were women. The average age was 35.6 ± 12.28 years (range 18 to 61 years). The average duration of the evolution of illness at the time of diagnosis was 0.85 ± 0.73 days (maximum 2 days). On day 4 after the diagnosis, 20% reported pain and 2% reported fever, but on day 8, no patient reported pain or fever. On day 4, 70% of patients in the Sb group and 26% in the placebo group reported improvement (P = 0.03), based on the Patients' Global Impression of Change scale, which assesses patient's rating of overall improvement. These findings suggest that 3 to 4 days of treatment with Sb helped to improve symptoms of diarrhoea caused by a virus. CONCLUSION: Treatment with Sb on acute inflammatory diarrhoea of viral aetiology shows no changes regarding the severity of the symptoms; nevertheless, it seems to impact improvement positively. TRIAL REGISTRATION: 22CEI00320171130 dated on 16/12/2020, NCT05226052 dated on 07/02/2022.
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Enterite , Probióticos , Saccharomyces boulardii , Saccharomyces , Masculino , Humanos , Adulto , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto Jovem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do Tratamento , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Diarreia/terapia , Diarreia/microbiologia , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Método Duplo-CegoRESUMO
The Brussels sprout (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera) is a cruciferous vegetable with high health-promoting value and Mexico is one of the most valuable exporters worldwide (Data Mexico 2023). From September to November 2021, white mold symptoms (Rimmer et al. 2007) were observed in Brussels sprouts (cv. Confidant) fields in Tonatico, Estado de México, Mexico. Irregular, necrotic lesions were observed on leaves, whereas abundant white mycelium, and later black sclerotia were produced outside and inside of stems. Disease incidence ranged from 20 to 40% in five fields. For fungal isolation, symptomatic stem pieces were surface sterilized with 2% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, rinsed in sterilized distilled water twice, placed on PDA medium, and incubated at 25°C in darkness for 3 days. Sclerotinia-like colonies were consistently obtained and six isolates were purified by the hyphal-tip method. Fungal colonies were white and fluffy. Irregular, black, and small (3 to 6 mm diameter) sclerotia were produced at the edge of colonies after 5 days of incubation. The morphological characters were consistent with those of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Saharan and Mehta 2008). Two representative isolates were selected for molecular analysis and pathogenicity tests. The isolates were deposited in the Culture Collection of Phytopathogenic Fungi at the Colegio Superior Agropecuario del Estado de Guerrero under the accession numbers CSAEG50 and CSAEG51. For molecular identification, genomic DNA was extracted, and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified by PCR and sequenced using the primer pair ITS5/ITS4 (White et al. 1990). The sequences were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. OQ878510 and OQ878511). BLASTn searches in GenBank showed 100% identity with the available sequences of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (accession nos. OQ891471, OQ891472, HQ833448, and MT177216). A phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood method placed isolates CSAEG50 and CSAEG51 in the same clade as S. sclerotiorum. Pathogenicity tests were performed by inoculating 10 healthy Brussels sprout seedlings (cv. Confidant) grown in pots. A mycelial plug was directly placed on the stem of each plant. Five uninoculated Brussels sprout seedlings were used as control. All plants were placed in a moist chamber at 25°C with a 12-h photoperiod for 2 days. White mold symptoms appeared on inoculated plants after 3 days, whereas control plants remained symptomless. The fungi were reisolated from the infected plants and found to be morphologically identical to the isolates used for inoculation, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Pathogenicity test was performed twice with similar results. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum has been previously reported to infect Brussels sprouts in the USA (Campbell 1947). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing white mold of Brussels sprouts in Mexico. The disease is widely distributed in Brussels sprouts fields in the central region of Mexico, therefore additional studies are needed to develop effective disease-management strategies.
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The one-dimensional cutting-stock problem (1D-CSP) consists of obtaining a set of items of different lengths from stocks of one or different lengths, where the minimization of waste is one of the main objectives to be achieved. This problem arises in several industries like wood, glass, and paper, among others similar. Different approaches have been designed to deal with this problem ranging from exact algorithms to hybrid methods of heuristics or metaheuristics. The African Buffalo Optimization (ABO) algorithm is used in this work to address the 1D-CSP. This algorithm has been recently introduced to solve combinatorial problems such as travel salesman and bin packing problems. A procedure was designed to improve the search by taking advantage of the location of the buffaloes just before it is needed to restart the herd, with the aim of not to losing the advance reached in the search. Different instances from the literature were used to test the algorithm. The results show that the developed method is competitive in waste minimization against other heuristics, metaheuristics, and hybrid approaches.
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The sustainable management of water and soil resources for agricultural purposes is related to the ability to store and mobilize available water for crops, particularly under a spatial analysis. The objective of the study was to design and evaluate a methodology for spatial analysis of resistance to soil penetration and infiltration on loamy-clay textures. The basic methodological principles included sampling grid planning, data capture at defined points, data fitting to empirical models, data processing, and spatial representation. A defining moment was evaluated for an established feijoa crop with permanent production. With a georeferenced rectangular sampling grid of 40m x 40m, an area of 1.36 ha was covered. Penetration resistance was measured with a penetrometer, covering 4 depths per node (sampled point). Infiltration was evaluated with ring infiltrometers. The results allowed validation of the methodology implemented through a single processing environment through RStudio. Resistance to penetration sensitively affected the variation in infiltration rates, adjusting planning activities for irrigation activities. The methodological proposal was designed to reduce processing times and graphic responses, tabulated, and integrated with a single script in the R tool, compared to traditional geostatistical techniques, which articulate the implementation of multiple tools for the generation of results.
La gestión sostenible de los recursos agua y suelo, con fines agrícolas, tiene relación con la capacidad para almacenar y movilizar agua disponible para los cultivos, particularmente, bajo un análisis espacial. El objetivo del estudio fue diseñar y evaluar una metodología de análisis espacial de la resistencia a la penetración e infiltración del suelo sobre texturas franco-arcillosas. Los principios básicos metodológicos incluyeron planificación de grilla de muestreo, captura de datos en puntos definidos, ajuste de datos a modelos empíricos, procesamiento y representación espacial de datos. Se evaluó un momento definido para un cultivo de feijoa establecido con producción permanente. Con una grilla de muestreo rectangular georreferenciada de 40m x 40m, se abarcó una superficie de 1,36 ha. La resistencia a penetración, se midió con un penetrómetro, cubriendo 4 profundidades por nodo (punto muestreado). La infiltración fue evaluada con anillos infiltrómetros. Los resultados permitieron validar la metodología implementada, mediante un entorno de procesamiento único, a través de RStudio. La resistencia a la penetración afectó sensiblemente la variación en las tasas de infiltración, ajustando actividades de planeación de actividades de riego. La propuesta metodológica fue diseñada para disminuir tiempos de procesamiento y respuestas gráficas, tabuladas e integradas en un único script en la herramienta R, comparado con técnicas tradicionales geoestadísticas, que articulan la implementación de múltiples herramientas para la generación de resultados.
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Resumen: Introducción: Los tumores pulmonares congénitos son patologías poco frecuentes; asimismo, cuando requieren intervención quirúrgica, el médico anestesiólogo se enfrenta a un reto en el manejo de estos pacientes. Presentación del caso: En este artículo describimos el caso y el manejo anestésico de un recién nacido de 37.5 semanas de gestación (SDG) y 26 días de vida extrauterina, programado para toracotomía posterolateral izquierda más lobectomía inferior izquierda y colocación de catéter venoso central bajo anestesia combinada (anestesia general balanceada más bloqueo caudal con bupivacaína y morfina). Conclusiones: Las consideraciones anestésicas para los procedimientos quirúrgicos en neonatos y/o pacientes pediátricos se convierten en un reto para el anestesiólogo, debido a la inmadurez de algunos de los sistemas, se considera que la técnica anestésica idónea para el adecuado manejo de los pacientes neonatales sigue siendo la técnica combinada. El anestesiólogo debe mantener en mente dicha técnica así como los eventos y/o efectos secundarios que se puedan derivar de la misma y de este modo instaurar de manera oportuna el tratamiento pertinente.
Abstract: Introduction: Congenital lung tumors are rare pathologies, likewise when surgical intervention is required, the anesthesiologist faces a challenge in the anesthetic management of these patients. Presentation of the case: The following article describes the case of a 26-day-old newborn child scheduled for left posterolateral thoracotomy plus lower left lobectomy and central venous catheter placement under combined anesthesia (balanced general anesthesia plus caudal block with bupivacaine and morphine). Conclusions: Anesthetic considerations for surgical procedures in neonates and/or pediatric patients become a challenge for the anesthesiologist, due to the immaturity of some of the systems, thus considering that the ideal anesthetic technique for the proper management of in neonatal patients, the combined technique continues, with epidural blocks for the management of peri- and postoperative pain. The anesthesiologist must keep in mind this technique as well as the events and/or side effects that may derive from it, thus establishing the pertinent treatment in a timely manner.
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Coronavirus disease 2019 is a worldwide health challenge. Liver steatosis diagnosis based on imaging studies has been implicated in poor outcomes of COVID-19 pneumonia, but results are inconsistent. The Dallas Steatosis Index (DSI) is an available calculator developed to identify patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We hypothesized that it would be associated with in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit admission (ICU), and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We conducted a retrospective cohort study on inpatients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia between February 26 and April 11, 2020. We computed the DSI on admission, and patients with high DSI were considered with NAFLD. We employed logistic regression to study the association between NAFLD, mortality, ICU admission, and IMV. We studied the association between liver steatosis on computed tomography (CT) and these outcomes, and also between Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) based on CT findings and risk factors and the outcomes. 470 patients were included; 359 had NAFLD according to the DSI. They had a higher frequency of type 2 diabetes (31% vs 14%, p < 0.001), obesity (58% vs 14%, p < 0.001), and arterial hypertension (34% vs 22%, p = 0.02). In univariable analysis, NAFLD was associated with mortality, ICU admission, and IMV. Liver steatosis by CT and MAFLD were not associated with any of these outcomes. In multivariable logistic regression, high DSI remained significantly associated with IMV and death. High DSI, which can be easily computed on admission, was associated with IMV and death, and its use to better stratify the prognosis of these patients should be explored. On the other hand, liver steatosis by CT and MAFLD were not associated with poor outcomes.
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COVID-19 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , COVID-19/complicações , Estudos de Coortes , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Humanos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/complicações , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) leaf sheath blight was observed for the first time in Sinaloa, Mexico in the summer of 2020. Fungal isolates were obtained from symptomatic tissue in potato dextrose agar. Fusarium spp. were associated with symptomatic plants in 10 sampling sites under field conditions. No root and stalk rot was observed during the sampling period. Analysis of fragments of the translation elongation factor alpha and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit genes indicated that all isolates belong to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC). Five groups were delineated from this complex: F. thapsinum, F. verticillioides, Fusarium sp. (four isolates), Fusarium sp. 4 (Fus4), and Fusarium sp. (Fus16), which is closely related to Fusarium madaense. The morphological characteristics (colony color and morphometry of conidia) of isolates with sequence similarities to those of F. thapsinum and F. verticillioides were in the expected range for these species. The morphology of isolates Fus7a, Fus7b, Fus11, and Fus17, as well as Fus4 and Fus16, were similar to those of the FFSC, specially to F. andiyazi and F. madaense. Inoculations of sorghum with representative isolates of F. thapsinum, F. verticillioides and the unidentified Fusarium species resulted in reddish brown lesions similar to those observed under field conditions; the original isolates inoculated were reisolated fulfilling the Koch's postulates. Although leaf sheaths on sorghum plants were heavily damaged, root and stalk rot were not observed in the greenhouse inoculations or under field conditions. Future research should focus on determining the identity of the unknown Fusarium spp. to design control measures for the disease. This is the first report of Fusarium spp. causing sorghum leaf sheath blight in Mexico.
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Fusarium , Sorghum , Grão Comestível/microbiologia , México , Filogenia , Sorghum/microbiologiaRESUMO
The Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Problem (FJSP) is a combinatorial problem that continues to be studied extensively due to its practical implications in manufacturing systems and emerging new variants, in order to model and optimize more complex situations that reflect the current needs of the industry better. This work presents a new metaheuristic algorithm called the global-local neighborhood search algorithm (GLNSA), in which the neighborhood concepts of a cellular automaton are used, so that a set of leading solutions called smart-cells generates and shares information that helps to optimize instances of the FJSP. The GLNSA algorithm is accompanied by a tabu search that implements a simplified version of the Nopt1 neighborhood defined in Mastrolilli & Gambardella (2000) to complement the optimization task. The experiments carried out show a satisfactory performance of the proposed algorithm, compared with other results published in recent algorithms, using four benchmark sets and 101 test problems.