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BACKGROUND: Breathing exercises, such as diaphragmatic breathing and pursed-lips breathing, play a role in some individuals with COPD and might be considered for those patients who are unable to exercise. However, in the literature are reports of some adverse effects of diaphragmatic breathing in patients with COPD. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of diaphragmatic breathing and diaphragmatic breathing combined with pursed-lips on chest wall kinematics, breathlessness, and chest wall asynchrony in subjects with COPD, and also to assess whether the combination of both exercises reduces the adverse effects of diaphragmatic breathing while maintaining its benefits. METHODS: Seventeen subjects with COPD, mean ± SD, 65 ± 7 y of age, with a history of smoking and clinical stability without hospitalization or symptoms of exacerbation in the past 4 wk, were evaluated. On day 1, participants' characteristics were collected, and they learned diaphragmatic breathing and its combination with pursed-lips breathing. On day 2, the participants were evaluated by optoelectronic plethysmography with the participants in the seated position while performing breathing exercises. RESULTS: Diaphragmatic breathing and diaphragmatic breathing plus pursed-lips breathing promoted a significant increase in chest wall tidal volume and its compartments as well as a reduction in breathing frequency compared with quiet breathing. No significant changes were observed in dyspnea or end-expiratory volume of the chest wall. A significant increase in asynchrony (inspiratory-expiratory phase ratio) was observed during diaphragmatic breathing and diaphragmatic breathing plus pursed-lips breathing compared with quiet breathing, with no differences observed between the exercises. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the increase in asynchrony, both breathing exercises were able to improve chest wall volumes without affecting dyspnea. The combination of exercises maintained the benefits but did not reduce the adverse effects of diaphragmatic breathing.

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BACKGROUND: Obesity is a worldwide health problem that may also induce respiratory dysfunction. Literature linking weight loss and maximum respiratory pressures is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate longitudinally the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) of morbidly obese individuals before and after gastric bypass surgery, and to compare them to a control group matched by sex and age. METHODS: A vacuum manometer (GeRar®, SP, Brazil) was used to assess the MIP and MEP of 30 morbidly obese participants (24 women), aged 32±8 years and with body mass index (BMI) of 43±4 kg/m², both before and then one and six months after gastric bypass surgery. After an average of 36 months, 17 patients were reevaluated. A control group of 30 individuals with normal lung function (aged 30±8 with a BMI of 22±2 kg/m²) was also studied. An unpaired t-test and ANOVA for repeated measures were used for statistical analysis, with p<0.05 considered as significant. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the baseline evaluation between the two groups. A significant increase was found in MIP after approximately 36 months of surgery in the obese group. A significant decrease in MEP was observed after one month, as well as a significant increase after 36 months compared with one and six months post-surgery. CONCLUSION: The data showed a significant long-term increase in MIP, as well as a significant decrease in MEP after one month followed by a return to pre-operative values, which indicates that gastric bypass surgery has a positive influence on the strength of inspiratory muscles.

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BACKGROUND: Obesity is a worldwide health problem that may also induce respiratory dysfunction. Literature linking weight loss and maximum respiratory pressures is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate longitudinally the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) of morbidly obese individuals before and after gastric bypass surgery, and to compare them to a control group matched by sex and age. METHODS: A vacuum manometer (GeRar®, SP, Brazil) was used to assess the MIP and MEP of 30 morbidly obese participants (24 women), aged 32±8 years and with body mass index (BMI) of 43±4 kg/m², both before and then one and six months after gastric bypass surgery. After an average of 36 months, 17 patients were reevaluated. A control group of 30 individuals with normal lung function (aged 30±8 with a BMI of 22±2 kg/m²) was also studied. An unpaired t-test and ANOVA for repeated measures were used for statistical analysis, with p<0.05 considered as significant. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the baseline evaluation between the two groups. A significant increase was found in MIP after approximately 36 months of surgery in the obese group. A significant decrease in MEP was observed after one month, as well as a significant increase after 36 months compared with one and six months post-surgery. CONCLUSION: The data showed a significant long-term increase in MIP, as well as a significant decrease in MEP after one month followed by a return to pre-operative values, which indicates that gastric bypass surgery has a positive influence on the strength of inspiratory muscles.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A obesidade é um problema de saúde em todo o mundo e pode causar disfunção respiratória. A literatura que associa a perda de peso corporal às pressões respiratórias máximas (PRM) é inconclusiva. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, longitudinalmente, a pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) e a pressão expiratória máxima (PEmáx) de pacientes com obesidade mórbida antes e após gastroplastia redutora e compará-los a um grupo controle pareado por sexo e idade. MÉTODO: Um manovacuômetro (GeRar®, SP, Brasil) foi utilizado para avaliar PImáx e PEmáx de 30 participantes obesos (24 mulheres e seis homens, 32±8 anos), com índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 43±4 kg/m², antes da gastroplastia redutora e após um e seis meses. Após 36 meses, em média, foram reavaliados 17 obesos. Como grupo controle, foram avaliados 30 indivíduos com função pulmonar normal, 30±8 anos, e IMC de 22±2 kg/m². Para análise estatística, utilizou-se teste t de Student para grupos independentes e ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Um p<0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na avaliação inicial entre os dois grupos. Houve aumento significativo após 36 meses de cirurgia no grupo com obesidade em relação à PImáx. Em relação à PEmáx, houve diminuição significativa após um mês e aumento significativo após 36 meses, quando comparada com um e seis meses de cirurgia. CONCLUSÕES: Os dados demonstraram aumento significativo da PImáx em longo prazo, bem como redução significativa da PEmáx após um mês, seguido de um retorno aos valores de pré-operatório, indicando influência positiva da gastroplastia redutora sobre a força dos músculos inspiratórios.

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This study evaluated the breathing pattern of 30 obese patients [32 ± 9 years old; body mass index (BMI): 42.72 ± 4.10 kg/m(2)] before and after bariatric surgery and compared them with 30 control individuals (31 ± 8 years old, BMI: 21.99 ± 2.22 kg/m(2)). Measurements were performed using calibrated respiratory inductive plethysmography. Six months after bariatric surgery, obese patients exhibited a significant reduction in tidal volume (V(T)), minute ventilation (V(E)) and inspiratory duty cycle (T(I)/T(TOT)) compared with pre-surgical values. The control group had a higher breathing frequency, V(E) and phase angle (PhAng). There were no significant differences in V(T)/T(I), percentage of rib cage motion (%RC) or abdominal motion (%AB). Obese patients exhibited changes in their breathing pattern and asynchrony after bariatric surgery without any changes in thoracoabdominal motion. Certain aspects of the breathing pattern of obese patients became more similar to those of the controls after surgery.

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