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Introduction: The first permanent molars are the most affected due to age of eruption and their anatomical characteristics. Objective: to determine the prevalence of caries and premature loss of the first permanent molar in a group of grade school children 6 - 12 years of age, and to determine the level of prevention knowledge of the parents, in Vargas state, Venezuela. Materials and Methods: observational study with 182 children between 6 and 12 years old who underwent a clinical evaluation. The parents were asked about their knowledge regarding caries, methods of prevention and chronology of eruption of the child's first permanent molar. Study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry at Universidad Santa María. Results: 6.60% of children presented caries in tooth 16, 6.08% in tooth 26, 24.85% in the tooth 36 and 15.62% in tooth 46. Regarding premature loss, 0.55% had lost tooth 26, 4.95% tooth 36 and 4.40% tooth 46. None presented loss of tooth 16. It was observed that 90.11% of parents had knowledge about dental caries and 44.51% knew how to prevent them. However, only 12.09% knew the age of eruption of the first molar and only 7.69% knew that it has no predecessor. Conclusions: The highest percentage of caries was in tooth 36. The lower molars were the most commonly extracted. The majority of parents demonstrated to have little knowledge about caries and permanent first molars.

Introducción: Los primeros molares permanentes son los más afectados debido a la edad de erupción y a sus características anatómicas. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de caries y pérdida prematura del primer molar permanente en un grupo escolares de 6 ­ 12 años y el nivel de conocimiento en prevención de los padres, Estado Vargas, Venezuela. Materiales y Métodos: estudio observacional con 182 niños entre 6 y 12 años a los que se les realizó una evaluación clínica. Se interrogó a los padres sobre el nivel de conocimiento de la caries, métodos de prevención y cronología de erupción del primer molar permanente. Se contó con el aval de Bioética de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Santa María. Resultados: El 6,60% presentó caries en la UD 16, el 6,08% en la UD26, el 24,85% en la UD 36 y el 15,62% en la UD 46. Respecto a la pérdida prematura, el 0,55% había perdido la UD 26, el 4,95% la UD 36 y el 4,40% la UD 46. Ninguno presentó pérdida de la UD 16. Se observó que el 90,11% de los padres tenía conocimiento sobre la caries dental y el 44,51% conocía los medios para prevenirlas. Sin embargo, solo el 12,09% conocía la edad de erupción del primer molar y únicamente el 7,69% sabía que no tiene antecesor. Conclusiones: El mayor porcentaje de caries lo tuvo UD-36. Los molares inferiores fueron los más extraídos. La mayoría de los padres demostró poseer escasos conocimientos sobre caries y primeros molares permanentes.

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Objetivos: Determinar el Índice de Caries CPO-D, ceo-d y el Índice de Higiene Oral Simplificado en un grupo de pacientes autistas y controles sanos. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal donde se seleccionaron 34 autistas y 34 niños sanos de género masculino entre 4 y 13 años. Se determinó el índice CPOD y el IHO-S. Todos los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SPSS a través de la prueba de chi cuadradoy el test de Student para muestras independientes. Resultados: El 20,60 % de los pacientes autistas y el 73,50% de los controles presentaban caries (p≤0,001), siendo el Índice CPO-D de 1±1 y ceo-d de 0 en los pacientes autistas y 3±2 y 0 en los controles (p≤0,001). En relación al IHO-S, los valores fueron de 2,25±0,78 en los pacientes autistas y de 1.79±0,59 en los controles (p=0,008). Conclusiones: Los índices de caries fueron menores en los pacientes autistas y los Índices de Higiene Oral fueron mayores.

Objectives: To determine caries index and hygienein autistic patients. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Boys of 4-13 years, 34 autistics and 34 controls were selected. The DMFT and the IHO-S indexes were assessed. All data were analyzed with the statistical program SPSS by chi2 parametric tests and Student tests for independent samples. Results: 20.60% of autistic patients, and 73.05% controls had caries (p≤0.001), the DMFT index being 1±1 deft 0 and 3±2 / 0 respectively, (p≤0.001). In relation to the IHO-S, the values were 2.25±0.78 in autistic patients and 1.79±0.59 in control group (p≤0.008). Conclusions: Caries indexes were lower and Oral hygiene index were higher.

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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to determine the oral status of a group of children with autism. STUDY DESIGN: An observational transversal study was carried out in 96 pediatric patients between the ages of 2 and 16 years old with a diagnosis of autism. The patients were assessed to determine the presence of caries with Index Caries (WHO criteria) and debris and calculus with the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, as well as the type of diet they followed. RESULTS: It was established that 41.7% of the patients had caries, with the result of an index of DMFT= 0.96 and dmft =2.41. In terms of the periodontal health 59.4% suffered from calculus. The OHI-S was 3.4. CONCLUSIONS: Children with autism exhibited a higher caries prevalence in primary teeth than in permanents. They also presented poor hygiene and an extensive presence of calculus.

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Objective: To assess and compare cortisol levels in urine before dentistry consultation in children with signs of anxiety and without it. Material and Methods: Participation of 36 children (18 boys and 18 girls) aged 3 - 10 years. They were divided into two groups: patients with anxiety and patients previously adapted to the visit according to the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. A urine sample was taken from each patient 10 minutes before the dentistry consultation. The samples were preserved in cold and were then analyzed by chemiluminescence to determine cortisol serum levels. The data were analyzed by using Mann-Whitney U test, with SPSS software. A 5% confidence level was used, taking p<0.05 values as statistically significant. Results: 18 patients (50%) were classified as anxious patients and 18 (50%) as no anxious. Urine mean cortisol levels in anxious patients were 16.55 ± 8.47 mcg/dL and 3.88 ± 2.08 mcg/dL, in children without stress signs. Statistical significance was observed when both groups were compared (p≤0.0001). Cortisol levels were higher in girls with signs of anxiety (19.74 ± 9.16 mcg/dL) versus boys under the same condition (13.37 ± 6.75 mcg/dL). With regard to the levels of cortisol according to the age group, the results were 13.28 ± 5.24 mcg/dl in the first group (3 to 5 years old), 14.67 ± 7.23 mcg/dl in the second (6 to 8 years old) and 30.13 ± 5.78 mcg/dl in the third (9 and 10 years old) in anxious patients. Conclusion: High serum cortisol levels are directly related with anxiety and stress signs in children before dentistry consultation.

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Abstract: spina bifida (SB) is a congenital malformation of the spinal cord associated with several vertebral abnormalities caused by incomplete neural tube closure. The aim of this study is to report on the oral health status of a sample of Venezuelan patients with SB. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was performed in 30 patients with SB to determine their oral health status and other variables of interest. Results: A 46.7 percent of the patients had a history of caries: 22 percent in the 1-4 year group, 71.4 percent in the 5-7 year group, and 100 percent in the 8-16 year group. The dmft and DMFT indices were 1.55 and 3.50, respectively. A 46.7 percent of the patients had gingivitis, 30 percent had dental calculus, with an OHI-S of 2. The 83 percent had Angle Class II and 17 percent, Angle Class I. A 40 percent had parafunctional habits such as digital suction, use of pacifiers and onicophagia. The 70 percent had deep palate. Conclusion: Patients with SB have specific oral characteristics and risk factors that must be taken into account in dental treatments to provide adequate care and improve their quality of life.

Resumen: la espina bífida (EB) es una malformación congénita de la médula espinal con alteraciones vertebrales simultáneas, debido al cierre incompleto del tubo neural. El objetivo de este trabajo es reportar el estado de salud bucal de una muestra de pacientes venezolanos con EB. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional de corte transversal donde se evaluaron 30 pacientes con EB para determinar su estado de salud bucal y otras variables de interés. Resultados: Un 46,7 por ciento de los pacientes presentó historia de caries, con un 22,2 por ciento en el grupo de 1-4 años, 71,4 por ciento en el grupo 5-7 años y del 100 por ciento en los pacientes de 8 a 16 años. El índice ceod fue de 1.55 y el COPD de 3.50. Un 46,7 por ciento presentó gingivitis, el 30 por ciento presentó cálculo dental, siendo el IHOS de 2. El 83 por ciento presentó clase II de Angle y el 17 por ciento clase I de Angle. El 40 por ciento tenía hábitos parafuncionales, siendo éstos, la succión digital, uso de pacificadores y la onicofagia. El 70 por ciento de los pacientes presentó paladar profundo. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con EB presentan características bucales particulares y factores de riesgo que deben ser considerados durante la consulta odontológica para brindarle una atención de adecuada y mejorar su calidad de vida.

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El síndrome de Möebius es una alteración congénita caracterizada por parálisis de los pares craneales debido a una atrofia de sus núcleos, principalmente se ven afectados el nervio facial y el nervio abducens causando parálisis facial y limitación del movimiento ocular. Otros nervios craneales también se ven afectados lo que trae anomalías dentales y esqueletales. Puede a su vez, estar asociado a malformaciones de las extremidades superiores e inferiores como sindactilia y pie equinovaro. Su etiología es aún desconocida, pero se relaciona a un problema vascular que afecta el desarrollo de los núcleos de los pares craneales. El objetivo de esta investigación es describir las característi as del Síndrome de Möebius y reportar 3 casos clínicos que acudieron a consulta odontológica.

A síndrome de Möebius é uma alteração congénita caracterizada por a paralisia dos pares cranianos, devido à atrofia dos seus núcleos. O nervo facial e o nervo abducente são os mais afetados, causando paralisia facial e limitação de movimento do olho. Outros nervos cranianos também são afetados, causando anomalias dentárias e esqueléticas. Ao mesmo tempo, a síndrome pode ser associada a malformações das extremidades superiores e inferiores, como a sindactilia e o pé torto equinovaro. A sua etiologia é ainda desconhecida, mas está relacionada com um problema vascular que afecta o desenvolvimento dos núcleos dos pares cranianos. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever as características da Síndrome de Möebius, e relatar 3 casos clínicos de pacientes que buscaram por consulta odontológica.

The Moebius syndrome is a congenital disorder characterized by a paralysis of the cranial pairs, due to an atrophy of their nuclei. The facial nerve and the abducens nerve are the most affected, causing facial paralysis and limitations of the ocular movement. Other cranial nerves are also affected, which consequence is dental and skeletal anomalies. At the same time, it can be associated to malformations of upper and lower extremities, such as webbed fingers and toes and club foot. Its etiology is still unknown, but is related to a vascular problem that affects the development of the nuclei of the cranial pairs. The objective of this research is to describe the characteristics of the Moebius Syndrome, and report 3 clinical case studies that attended a dental consultation.

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Periodontal disease is a chronic multifactor pathology, characterized by the progressive destruction of the dental structures support tissues. Patients with some type of disability have a higher predisposition to develop periodontal disease, due to bad hygiene, product of their motor and psychological deficiencies, and to their systemic alterations that difficult the defense against periodontopathogenic microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the periodontal status of a group of children with special needs, and a control group. 47 patients with mental retardation and Down syndrome from three special education centers, and 31 healthy patients of ages ranging from 6 to 15 years, were dentally evaluated, to determine their plaque index, gingival index, and the presence of calculus. After gathering the data and tabulating the results, a 1.08 plaque index was determined, and a gingival index of 1.03, corresponding to a mild gingivitis in the study group. On the other hand, on the group of regular patients, there was a 1.08 PI and a 0.96 GI. Calculus percentage was similar on both groups. However, a large percentage of children with mild gingival inflammation was observed in the group of special patients (53.19 percent,) compared to the control group (29 percent).

La enfermedad periodontal es una patología crónica y multifactorial donde ocurre una progresiva destrucción de los tejidos de soporte de las estructuras dentales. El desarrollo de la enfermedad periodontal está dado inicialmente por la presencia de placa dental que aunado a factores inmunológicos, hormonales y celulares conllevan a un desarrollo más rápido o agresivo. Los pacientes que presentan algún tipo de discapacidad, tienen una predisposición mayor a desarrollar enfermedad periodontal debido a la mala higiene por sus deficiencias motoras y psíquicas y a sus alteraciones sistémicas que dificultan la defensa ante los microorganismos periodontopatógenos. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar y comparar el estatus periodontal de un grupo de niños con necesidades especiales y un grupo control. 47 pacientes con Retardo mental y Síndrome de Down pertenecientes a tres centros de educación especial y 31 pacientes sanos con edades comprendidas entre 6 y 15 años fueron evaluados odontológicamente, determinándose el índice de placa, el índice gingival y la presencia de cálculo. Posterior a la obtención y tabulación de los resultados, se determinó un índice de placa de 1.08 que se corresponde con la presencia de una placa adherida leve y un índice gingival de 1.03 que se corresponde con una gingivitis leve en el grupo de estudio. Por el contrario, en el grupo de pacientes regulares se obtuvo 1.08 de IP y 0.96 de IG. El porcentaje de cálculo fue similar en ambos grupos, 48.94 por ciento en el grupo de estudio y 45.16 por ciento en el grupo sano. Sin embargo, se observó un alto porcentaje de niños con inflamación gingival moderada en el grupo de pacientes especiales (53.19 por ciento) comparado con el grupo control (29 por ciento).

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INTRODUCTION: Oral diseases in psychiatric patients are usually a result of bad oral hygiene and psychopharmaceutical side-effects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to detect the most prevalent oral lesions in patients hospitalized in a psychiatric institution in Caracas, Venezuela with the confirmed diagnosis of psychiatric illness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A transversal study consisted of 65 hospitalized patients with psychiatric disorders out of whom 50 were males and 15 females. Patients were aged from 19 to 80 years, mean age 50.2 years. Data on oral lesions were obtained within history and clinical examination of the oral cavity. Other medical data were collected from medical documentation. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 17.0. RESULTS: 56.92% of patients had caries in at least one tooth, 29.23% presented gingivitis and 56.92% periodontal disease. In relation to Temporomandibular joint, 36.92% presented articular sounds and 10.76% muscular pain. Between the most prevalent parafunctional habits were found cigarette habit, bruxism, onychophagia and cheek bite. CONCLUSION: Results imply that psychiatric patients are more frequently involved with oral lesions than healthy persons. It is necessary to organize specific preventive and educational oral health programmes with these patients, in a multidisciplinary group. Key words:Phychiatric patients, schizophrenia, medication, periodontal diseases.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research is to evaluate the retention of sealants of resin and resin-modified ionomeric glass pits and fissures, on first permanent molars of special patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample was comprised by 32 children. The ages were between 7 and 18 years. The sealing procedure was made with the relative isolation of the molars to be sealed, through the use of cotton rolls. Two molars were sealed with Clinpro Sealant 3M Dental and the others with Vitremer. Checking of the sealants was made after 3 and 6 months of their placement, evaluating with 3 values: TR: Totally Restrained; PR: Partially Restrained; and CL: Completely Lost. RESULTS: 67.18% of the resinous sealants, and 70.31% of the glass ionomer sealants were successful after three months. After six months, 57.81% of the resin-based sealants and 51.56% of the glass ionomer sealants were successful. When performing the Chi-square statistical analysis (P<0.05) no statistical significance was observed after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: The retention of the resin sealant was similar to that of the glass ionomer cement at the end of six months and the retention of sealants on maxillary teeth was higher than on mandibular teeth. Key words:Sealant, glass ionomer, retention, caries, special needs.

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Möbius syndrome is a congenital condition, the etiology when is not associated with misoprostol is not well defined. Signs and symptoms include difficulty swallowing, speech problems, drooling, strabismus, limitation of eye movement and more importantly, the facial blankness that these individuals have, result of the facial paralysis, due to atrophy of the cranial nerves that are involved in this condition. The ability to express emotions is affected and are considered "children without a smile." There is currently no treatment to solvent the birth defects, the treatment options for reduce these alterations is the surgical option that has as main objective to restore muscle function through various techniques, used as required, the possibilities of applying them, is taking into consideration the outcome of the procedure to execute. Among the surgical techniques used mainly: the lengthening myoplasty of the temporal muscle,muscle transfers, cross-facial grafting, neurorrhaphy and nerve transposition, of which latter are the best performers, giving the patient a more natural, in as far as regards expression and function. Key words:Möbius syndrome, surgery, smile, facial nerve, muscle transfer, transfer nerve, temporalis muscle.