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PURPOSE: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) generates long-term sequelae, but studies investigating patients with chronic pain syndrome (CPS) are limited. This study aimed to establish the etiological factors of CPS in patients with post-COVID-19 conditions. METHODS: This was a case-control retrospective study. The predictor variables were sex, diabetes mellitus, obesity (predisposing factors), unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, impaired rehabilitation (disabling factors), repeated exposure to COVID-19 (precipitating factor), home isolation, stress overload, fear of dying, admission to intensive care unit, prone positioning, and use of medications (reinforcing factors). The outcome variable was the presence of CPS. FINDINGS: This study included 120 individuals. Prolonged days of isolation (p = 0.005), fear (p < 0.001), stress overload (p < 0.001), and impaired rehabilitation (p = 0.003) were significantly associated with CPS. CONCLUSIONS: A significant relationship was found between prolonged days of isolation, fear, stress overload, impaired rehabilitation, and CPS. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The study findings can assist nurses by promoting their knowledge of the causes of CPS and supporting the care planning needs of patients with post-COVID-19 conditions, in addition to promoting the use of the NANDA-International taxonomy.

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PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of Readiness for enhanced health literacy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus through the diagnostic accuracy of the defining characteristics. METHODS: A diagnostic accuracy study on the diagnosis of Readiness for enhanced health literacy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was conducted using the latent class analysis model. The sample comprised 180 individuals attending a referral outpatient clinic in Maranhão, Brazil. The data analysis was conducted in the R Core Team software. FINDINGS: The prevalence of the nursing diagnosis was 55.23%. The main defining characteristics were expresses desire to enhance health communication with healthcare providers and expresses desire to enhance the understanding of health information to make healthcare choices. All defining characteristics showed significant specificity values. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate diagnoses contribute to individualized care plans for patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The diagnosis Readiness for enhanced health literacy should be considered in implementing care plans, including interventions to reduce complications in the health status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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BACKGROUND: In December 2019, an outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), occurred in the city of Wuhan, China. On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern. In October 2021, with the advancement of the disease, the World Health Organization defined the post-COVID-19 condition. The post-COVID-19 condition occurs in individuals with a history of probable or confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, usually 3 months after the onset of the disease. The chronicity of COVID-19 has increased the importance of recognizing caregivers and their needs. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review following international guidelines to map the models of support for caregivers and patients with the post-COVID-19 condition. The searches were conducted in electronic databases and the grey literature. The Population, Concept, and Context framework was used: Population: patients with the post-COVID-19 condition and caregivers; Concept: models of caregiver and patient support; and Context: post-COVID-19 condition. A total of 3258 records were identified through the electronic search, and 20 articles were included in the final sample. RESULTS: The studies approached existing guidelines and health policies for post-COVID-19 condition patients and support services for patients and home caregivers such as telerehabilitation, multidisciplinary care, hybrid models of care, and follow-up services. Only one study specifically addressed the home caregivers of patients with this clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS: The review indicates that strategies such as telerehabilitation are effective for training and monitoring the patient-family dyad, but the conditions of access and digital literacy must be considered.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between health literacy and the adherence to the pharmacological treatment of Brazilians with arterial hypertension. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 234 participants who responded an on-line sociodemographic and clinical characterization questionnaire, in addition to evaluation of health literacy and of the adherence to their pharmacological treatment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and difference and correlation tests. RESULTS: People with post-graduation, who were actively working and did not smoke, had better health literacy results. Elders and those who were retired or lived on government subsidies adhered better to the medication treatment. There was a correlation between the numerical dimension (rs=0.189; p=0.004) and the global health literacy result (r2=0.170; p=0.009) with the adherence. CONCLUSIONS: A better numerical and global understanding of health literacy was associated with better adherence to arterial hypertension medication treatment.

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Objetivo: evaluar la implementación de un juego educativo para el reconocimiento temprano de la enfermedad cerebrovascular aguda en personas con diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial. Materiales y métodos: estudio con diseño cuasiexperimental, tipo antes-después, realizado con un grupo de 213 adultos con hipertensión y/o diabetes, bajo la modalidad acción educativa, entre junio de 2018 y junio de 2020. Las sesiones de acción se realizaron en cuatro Unidades Básicas de Salud. Esta actividad se realizó en dos momentos: primero, la construcción y validación de una tecnología sanitaria en forma de juego educativo; segundo, la implementación de acciones. Resultados: la mayoría de los participantes eran mujeres (70,89%),con una edad media de 60,29 años. El 86,38% de los participantes logró reconocer tres o más signos y síntomas de accidente cerebrovascular y el 93,89% comenzó a identificar los principales factores de riesgo de esta enfermedad. Una gran proporción de los participantes presentaron un logro de aproximadamente 95% al realizar la posprueba. Sin embargo, no se registró una diferencia estadística significativa entre las medias obtenidas en los grupos durante la preprueba y la posprueba (p=0,9967). Conclusiones: la implementación del juego educativo propició un aumento en los puntajes obtenidos por los participantes sobre el reconocimiento temprano de la enfermedad cerebrovascular aguda y sus factores de riesgo, según muestran las evaluaciones realizadas antes y después del juego.

Objetivo: avaliar a implementação de um jogo educacional para reconhecer precocemente a doença cerebrovascular aguda em pessoas com diabetes mellitus e hipertensão arterial. Materiais e métodos: estudo com desenho quase experimental, do tipo antes e depois, realizado com 213 adultos com hipertensão e/ou diabetes, na modalidade de ação educativa, no período de junho de 2018 a junho de 2020. As sessões de ação foram realizadas em quatro Unidades Básicas de Saúde. Essa atividade foi realizada em dois momentos: primeiro, construção e validação de uma tecnologia em saúde na formade um jogo educacional; segundo, implementação de ações. Resultados: amaioria dos participantes erado sexo feminino (70,89%), com média de idade de 60,29 anos. Dos participantes,86,38% conseguiram reconhecer três ou mais sinais e sintomas de acidente vascular cerebral, assim como 93,89% passaram a identificar os principais fatores de risco para esta doença. A maioria dos participantes apresentou um aproveitamento de aproximadamente 95% ao realizar o pós-teste. No entanto, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias obtidas dos grupos no pré-teste e no pós-teste (p=0,9967). Conclusões: a implementação do jogo educacional levou a um aumento nas notas obtidas pelos participantes sobre o reconhecimento precoce da doença cerebrovascular aguda e de seus fatores de risco, entre as avaliações realizadas antes e depois do jogo.

Objective: To assess the implementation of an educational game for the early recognition of acute cerebrovascular disease in people with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Materials and methods: Quasi-experimentalstudy, before-and-after type, conducted with 213 adults with hypertension and/or diabetes, under the educational action modality, from June 2018 toJune2020. The action sessions were carried out at fourBasic Health Units in two moments: first, construction and validation of a health technology in the form of an educational game; and second, the implementation of actions. Results:Most participants were women (70.89%),with a mean age of 60.29 years. Of the total number of individuals, 86.38% were able to recognize three or more signs and symptoms of stroke, while93.89% began to identify the main risk factors for this disease. A big share of the participants presented an achievement of approximately 95% when performing the post-test. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the means obtained between the groups during the pre-test and the post-test (p=0.9967). Conclusions: The implementation of the educational game led to an increase in the scores obtained by participants regarding the early recognition of acute cerebrovascular disease and its associated risk factors, as shown by the assessments performed before and after the game.

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Climate variations cause public health problems, but the literature is still scarce on studies involving health interventions against climate-sensitive diseases. The objective of this review was to identify health interventions for the prevention of such diseases. We conducted a scoping review using the JBI Methodology. Six large research databases were searched (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Lilacs, Embase, and Cochrane). The following inclusion criterion was used: studies addressing health interventions to prevent climate-sensitive diseases or consequences of climate on people's health. The exclusion criteria consisted of thesis, dissertations, conference proceedings, studies with unclear information/methodology, and studies not addressing climate-related health interventions. No language or date restrictions were applied. Of 733 studies identified and screened by title and abstract, 55 studies underwent full-text screening, yielding 13 studies for review. The health interventions identified were classified into three levels of management. The macro level included the use of epidemiological models, renewable energy, and policies sensitive to climate change. The meso level comprised interventions such as the creation of environmental suitability maps, urban greening, chemoprophylaxis, water security plans, and sanitation projects, among other measures. Some interventions are at the intersection, such as educational campaigns and the modification of artificial larvae sites. Finally, the micro level contained interventions such as the inspection of window screens and the use of light-colored clothing and repellents. The health interventions at the macro, meso, and micro levels and the intersection may serve as a basis for public managers to implement appropriate interventions against climate-sensitive diseases.

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OBJECTIVE: to analyze the accuracy of the defining characteristics of hypothermia in patients on hemodialysis. METHODS: a diagnostic accuracy study was assembled within a cross-sectional study with 124 patients from two dialysis centers. A latent class model was used for data analysis. RESULTS: the nursing diagnosis hypothermia was present in 13 (10.48%) study participants. The most prevalent defining characteristics were hypoxia (100%), decrease in blood glucose level (83.1%), hypertension (65.3%), piloerection (45.2%), and skin cool to touch (41.1%). The defining characteristics acrocyanosis (99.96%) and cyanotic nail beds (99.98%) had a high sensitivity. Acrocyanosis (91.8%), skin cool to touch (64.8%), and peripheral vasoconstriction (91.8%) had high specificity. CONCLUSION: specific and sensitive indicators of hypothermia work as good clinical indicators for confirming this diagnosis in patients on hemodialysis. The study findings can assist nurses in their clinical reasoning for a correct inference of hypothermia.

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Nurses play an important role in healthcare, and the Nursing Outcomes Classification is a key tool for the standardization of care. This study aims to validate the nursing outcome "Neurological Status" for patients with cerebrovascular diseases. A methodological study was performed in four phases. In Phase 1, the relevance of the indicators was evaluated by seven specialists and the modified kappa coefficient and content validity index were calculated. In Phase 2, conceptual and operational definitions were formulated. In addition, their content was validated with a focus group in Phase 3. In Phase 4, the results were applied in clinical practice and convergence with the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale was verified. The reliability was measured by Cronbach's alpha. Of the 22 initial indicators, 6 were excluded. The focus group suggested changes in the definitions and the exclusion of two indicators. In Phase 4, only 13 indicators were validated due to the impossibility of measuring intracranial pressure. A strong correlation between the two scales and agreement among all the indicators were observed. Following the specialists' review, the nursing outcome was reliable and clinically validated with 13 indicators: consciousness, orientation, language, central motor control, cranial sensory and motor function, spinal sensory and motor function, body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, eye movement pattern, pupil size, pupil reactivity, and breathing pattern.

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OBJECTIVES: to identify cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents and verify correlations between these variables and biochemical markers, and between blood pressure percentiles, Body Mass Index, and biochemical markers. METHODS: a cross-sectional study, conducted at a Brazilian school, from August to September 2019, including 205 participants who were interviewed. After the interview, anthropometric assessments, including weight, height, arm circumference, blood pressure checking, and blood collection for laboratory tests were performed. Descriptive and inferential analysis using the chi-square test was conducted. RESULTS: a total of 18.5% had blood pressure percentiles >95%, 25.4% were overweight, and 25.9% were at very high cardiovascular risk. Statistically significant associations were found between cardiovascular risk and sex, Body Mass Index and blood pressure percentiles, and between blood pressure percentiles and triglycerides. CONCLUSIONS: high prevalence of risk factors among school adolescents reinforces the need for interventions for cardiovascular risk reduction in this population.

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