Assuntos
Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Oncologia/estatística & dados numéricos , Neoplasias/terapia , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Betacoronavirus , COVID-19 , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , América Latina/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Pandemias , Fatores de Risco , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
Background: Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires an international approach with national and local strategies. Our aim was to summarize a retrospective 10-year report of antibiotic resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in Mexico. Methods: A total of 46 centers from 22 states of Mexico participated. Databases of AMR from January 2009 to December 2018 were included for most species. The 10-year period was divided into five 2-year periods. Results: For Staphylococcus aureus, a decrease in resistance in all specimens was observed for erythromycin and oxacillin (p < 0.0001 for each). For Enterobacter spp., resistance to meropenem increased for urine specimens (p = 0.0042). For Klebsiella spp., increased drug resistance in specimens collected from blood was observed for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, tobramycin (p < 0.0001 for each), meropenem (p = 0.0014), and aztreonam (p = 0.0030). For Acinetobacter baumannii complex, high drug resistance was detected for almost all antibiotics, including carbapenems, except for tobramycin, which showed decreased resistance for urine, respiratory, and blood isolates (p < 0.0001 for each), and for amikacin, which showed a decrease in resistance in urine specimens (p = 0.0002). An increase in resistance to cefepime was found for urine, respiratory, and blood specimens (p < 0.0001 for each). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, aztreonam resistance increased for isolates recovered from blood (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: This laboratory-based surveillance of antibiotic resistance shows that resistance is increasing for some antibiotics in different bacterial species in Mexico and highlights the need for continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções Bacterianas/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Bacterianas/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , México , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana/métodos , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Aprovechando la realización de las XL Jornadas Nacionales de Biología Espol en la ciudad de Guayaquil, se realizó una sesión dedicada a la epidemiología del virus de papiloma humano (VPH) y del cáncer cervical. Esta sesión tuvo la participación de varios investigadores provenientes de diferentes zonas del Ecuador. El presente artículo tiene como objeto presentar un resumen de estas charlas, junto a un análisis de la información mostrada además de una reflexión sobre las preguntas que quedan aún por responder en cuanto al perfil epidemiológico de esta patología en el país.
Taking advantage of the realization of theXL National Conference on Espol Biology in the city of Guayaquil, a session was held dedicated to the epidemiology of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and cervical cancer. This session was attended by several researchers from different areas of Ecuador. The object of this article is to present a summary of these talks, together with an analysis of the information shown in addition to a reflection on the questions still to be answered regarding the epidemiological profile of this pathology in the country.
Assuntos
Humanos , Papillomaviridae , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Papillomavirus Humano 16 , Patologia , Pesquisadores , Epidemiologia , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico , Equador , Consórcios de Saúde , Povos IndígenasRESUMO
Objetivo: evaluar la mejor evidencia actual disponible para generar recomendaciones con respecto a la efectividad y seguridad del uso de tigeciclina en adultos con infección de piel y tejidos blandos (IPTB). Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, seleccionando los metaanálisis y experimentos clínicos controlados (ECCs), los cuales se valoraron utilizando la herramienta SIGN (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.), con el fin de generar tablas de evidencia según GRADE de los estudios de tigeciclina en la indicación de IPTB, para posteriormente utilizar un proceso Delphi modificado para calificar las diferentes recomendaciones. Resultados: la revisión sistemática se incluyeron 9 metaanálisis que incluyeron 5 estudios clínicos aleatorizados con 1873 pacientes, y de ellos 952 asignados al brazo de tigeciclina, no mostró inferioridad frente a los comparadores en curación clínica (RR= 0.76 IC95% 0,57 - 1.03), curación microbiológica (RR= 0.92 IC95% 0,61 - 1.38), eventos adversos serios RR 1,41 (IC95%0,97 a 2,35), ni mortalidad RR 1,9 (IC95%0,84 a 4,3). La tigeciclina puede relacionarse con mayor frecuencia de eventos adversos leves de origen gastrointestinal. Conclusión: en pacientes adultos con IPTB, se considera que el uso de tigeciclina en monoterapia en pacientes no críticamente enfermos es equivalente en eficacia a otras opciones terapéuticas antimicrobianas. Se debe considerar especialmente como terapia de ajuste en pacientes con infecciones polimicrobianas.
Objective: To assess current best evidence available to generate recommendations regarding the effectiveness and safety of tigecycline use in adults with skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs). Materials and methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted by selecting meta-analyzes and controlled clinical trials (CCTs), which were assessed using the SIGN tool (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network) in order to generate evidence tables according to GRADE of studies of tigecycline in the SSTIs indication, and then using a modified Delphi Method to score the different recommendations. Results: Nine meta-analyzes were included compounded by five randomized clinical trials with a sample size of 1873 patients, where 952 patients were assigned to tigecycline. The group of patients with tigecycline showed no inferiority to the comparator in clinical cure (RR = 0.76 95% CI 0.57 - 1.03), microbiologic cure (RR = 0.92 95% CI 0.61 - 1.38), serious adverse events RR 1, 41 (95% CI 0.97 to 2.35) or mortality RR 1.9 (95% CI 0.84 to 4.3). Tigecycline may be related to increased frequency of minor adverse events of gastrointestinal origin. Conclusion: In adult patients with SSTIs, it is considered that the use of tigecycline in monotherapy in non-critically ill patients is equivalent in effectiveness to other antimicrobial treatment options. It should be especially considered as an adjustment therapy in patients with polymicrobial infections.
Assuntos
Humanos , Infecções dos Tecidos Moles , Tigeciclina , Pele , Infecções Bacterianas , Metanálise , Tigeciclina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
D-propoxyphene is a commonly prescribed opiate analgesic. Its use is limited by unwanted side effects at high doses and tolerance development after chronic administration. Dipyrone (also known as metamizol) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug extensively used in Latin America and Europe. The objective of this work was to evaluate the antinociceptive efficacy of a dipyrone/D-propoxyphene combination and the development of tolerance to its repeated administration in the tail flick test in rats. Male Wistar rats (200+/-20 g) were i.v. injected twice daily (8 h apart) with 0.31 mg/kg D-propoxyphene, 400 mg/kg dipyrone, or the combination of these drugs, at the same doses, until complete tolerance was observed. A time course of the effects for each administration was determined. At the doses tested, D-propoxyphene and dipyrone produced mild antinociception per se. Repeated administration resulted in complete tolerance to their antinociceptive effects by the sixth dose. The D-propoxyphene/dipyrone combination produced more antinociception than expected by the sum of individual drug effects. With this treatment, tolerance developed at the 15th administration. In animals already tolerant to D-propoxyphene or dipyrone alone, subsequent administration of the combination partially restored the antinociceptive effect. These results suggest that the use of this combination provides advantages over single drug therapies.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/farmacologia , Dextropropoxifeno/farmacologia , Dipirona/farmacologia , Analgésicos Opioides/administração & dosagem , Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/administração & dosagem , Anti-Inflamatórios não Esteroides/efeitos adversos , Dextropropoxifeno/administração & dosagem , Dextropropoxifeno/efeitos adversos , Dipirona/administração & dosagem , Dipirona/efeitos adversos , Esquema de Medicação , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Tolerância a Medicamentos , Injeções Intravenosas , Masculino , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Medição da Dor , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The allergic asthma is the reversible chronic inflammatory process at the airways, secondary to exaggerate reply to the allergens exposition, its treatment includes: avoiding the exposure to allergens, pharmacology therapy and the specific immunotherapy with allergens (ITA), which is based on the growing dosages of the extract allergenic; the objectives are to modify the immune response and to improve the allergic disease. The ITA can fail due to causes attributable to the patient, vaccine-inherent causes and/or factors related to the allergic disease. OBJECTIVE: To determine the main causes of specific immunotherapy with allergens' failure in our hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the present study 126 records of patients with allergic asthma treated in the extern consultation service of the clinical immunology and allergy department of the CMN 20 de Noviembre, ISSSTE, were reviewed from January 1996 to December 2001. RESULTS: It was found that specific immunotherapy with allergens, failed in 32 (23%) patients. Main causes of failure were: 1) withdrawal in the vaccine application in 19 (59%) patients; 2) high serum levels of IgE. The co-morbidities that contribute to poor responses to the treatment were: obesity, gastroesofageal reflux and chronic rhynosinusitis. CONCLUSIONS: Specific immunotherapy with allergens is an alternative method of allergic asthma's treatment which has been approved by national and international medical consensus. Main causes of failure in our hospital are the abandon of treatment and high serum levels of IgE, as well as the existence of other conditions.
Assuntos
Alérgenos/uso terapêutico , Asma/terapia , Dessensibilização Imunológica , Adulto , Asma/epidemiologia , Asma/imunologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Refluxo Gastroesofágico/epidemiologia , Humanos , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Ambulatório Hospitalar/estatística & dados numéricos , Pacientes Desistentes do Tratamento/estatística & dados numéricos , Seleção de Pacientes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sinusite/epidemiologia , Falha de TratamentoRESUMO
La artroplastía total de rodilla (ATR) es el tratamiento de elección para la artrosis severa, la cual se maniefiesta con dolor importante e incpacidad funcional, al realizar este tratamiento se debe estar seguro de que es el indicado y conciente de las complicaciones que se pueden presentar. Se revisaron los expedientes de pacientes operados de artroplastía total de rodilla en el servicio de cirugía articular del Instituto Nacional de Ortopedia, analizando las complicaciones presentadas y el tramite con el que se resolvieron éstas. Se revisaron un total de 151 expedientes en donde sumaron 187 prótesis totales de rodilla colocadas en el periodo comprendido de enero de 1990 a diciembre de 1995 con un seguimiento mínimo de 2 meses y máximo de 5 años, encontrando 34 complicaciones entre aflojamiento, infecciones, artrofibrosis, afecciones patelares, fracturas, hematoma, trombofleblitis y ruptura de ligamento cruzado anterior, resolviéndolas con tratamientos que fueron desde la artroscopía hasta la artrodesis. Las complicaciones de la artroplastía total de rodilla independientemente del modelo de que se trate, se presentan con cierta frecuencia en centros hospitalarios en donde se colocan periódicamante, por lo que se deben identificar las causas de éstas para evitarlas y en caso de que se presenten saber cómo resolverlas. Las complicaciones de la ART en esta serie son del 18.8 por ciento, porcentaje ligeramente por encima de las reportadas en la literatura mundial; las causas más frecuentes de complicación con la mala indicación de la cirugía y las fallas en la técnica quirúrgica, por lo que se debe capacitar bien al ortopedista que tenga contacto con este tipo de procedimiento
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Ortopedia , Artroplastia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Operatórios , Joelho/cirurgia , Prótese do Joelho/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Con el objetivo de establecer el perfil antigénico del sistema eritrocitario Rh-Hr, se estudiaron a 177 cónyugues de mujeres Rh negativo. En 15 casos (8.5 por ciento), fueron Rh negativo y 162 casos (91.5 por ciento) fueron Rh positivo. Con respecto a la cigocidad probable al antígeno D, en 100 casos (56.5 por ciento) son homocigotos , en 62 casos (35 por ciento), son hetoocigostos y 15 cónyuges (8.5 por ciento) Rh negativo. El fenotipo probable, de acuerdo a la frecuencia porcentual de casos, fueron DCCee (R1/r) en 48 cónyuges (27.1 por ciento), DCCee (R1/R1), con 46 casos (26 por ciento), DCcEe (R1/R2) en 36 casos (20.3 por ciento), DccEe (R2/r) con 14 casos (7.9 por ciento), DccEE (R2/R2) en 13 casos (7.3 por ciento), DCCEe (R1/RZ) y Dccee (Ro/r) con 2 casos cada uno (1.1 por ciento) y DCcEE (R2/RZ) con un sólo caso (0.5 por ciento). En los cónyuges Rh negativo, la más frecuente con 14 casos (7.9 por ciento) fue el fenotipo dcce (r/r y con el fenotipo dccEe (r"/r), se encontró sólo un caso (0.56 por ciento). La frecuencia génica de la población r/r (Rh negativo), mostró diferencia significativa (p < 0.025) con respecto a la frecuencia esperada de los sujetos Rh negativos en la población del Valle de México.