RESUMO
The discharge of harmful dyes in water bodies is a serious pollution problem, dangerous for the ecosystem's equilibrium and human health. In this sense, the aim of this work was to determine the influence of electrolytes (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2) in the adsorption of Reactive Blue BF-5G dye, the most common dye used in industrial process for fabric colouring, using bovine bone char as the adsorbent. The bovine bone char was characterized by pH of point of zero charge (pHPZC), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffractometry (XDR). The characterization revealed a mesoporous structure (pore mean diameter of 94 Å and SBET â¼107â m2â g-1) with negative charge distribution at the surface (pHPZC = 3.8). The adsorption experiments revealed that the presence of KCl enhanced the material adsorption capacity (qmax = 195â mgâ g-1), that the Sips isotherm best fitted the experimental data (R2 > 0.9 except for KCl solution) and the adsorption process was mono- and multilayered. The kinetic adsorption experiments indicated that the inorganic electrolytes increased the initial adsorption velocity and the data was best modelled by the surface diffusional model (SDM), implying a resistance (aqueous > CaCl2 > NaCl > MgCl2 > KCl) to mass transfer at the surface of the pores which, in turn, prevented the dye diffusion to the interior of the adsorbent (qe = 71â mgâ g-1). Therefore, small quantities of KCl can be used to lower the mass transfer resistance and provide higher adsorption capacity with reduced time of operation, thus increasing the overall process efficiency.
RESUMO
Monoterpenes are the main components of essential oils. Some members of this chemical family present insecticidal activity. Triatoma infestans (Klug) is the main vector of Chagas disease in Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Perú. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of six monoterpenes (1,8-cineole, eugenol, linalool, menthol, α-terpineol, and thymol) on the locomotor and flushing out activity of T. infestans. A video tracking technique was used to evaluate the locomotor activity of nymphs exposed to different concentrations of these chemicals applied as films on filter paper. Papers treated with acetone alone were used as negative controls, while solutions of tetramethrin were applied as positive controls. Only linalool and menthol produced hyperactivation. Flushing out was assessed under laboratory conditions using a standardized aerosolization method. All monoterpenes were applied at 1.5 g/m3. 1,8-Cineole, α-terpineol, and thymol flushed out 10% or less nymphs. The average flushing out produced by eugenol was 36.7%. Values of median flushing out time (FT50) could only be calculated for linalool and menthol (16.67 and 42.98 min, respectively). The FT50 value for the positive control tetramethrin (applied at 0.006 g/m3) was 8.29 min. Following these results, the flushing out activity of a mixture of linalool and eugenol was evaluated. The FT50 of this 2:1 linalool:eugenol mixture was 40.73 min. Finally, flushing out assays performed in semifield conditions showed similar results to those obtained at the laboratory.
Assuntos
Controle de Insetos , Inseticidas , Monoterpenos , Piretrinas , Triatoma , Monoterpenos Acíclicos , Animais , Eugenol , Ninfa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triatoma/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Un tema de interés para la Terapia Ocupacional desde sus inicios, ha sido el cómo la persona distribuye el tiempo de sus actividades y a través de esto logra alcanzar el Equilibrio Ocupacional, reconociendo la importancia de éste para la salud del individuo. Sin embargo, un trabajador chileno actual se encuentra sometido a exigencias propias de su rol, que atentan directamente contra la consecución de dicho equilibrio, y por tanto, contra su salud. Atribuido esto principalmente a la gran cantidad de horas destinadas a su actividad productiva. En este documento se presenta un compilado de artículos que busca evidenciar la relación entre el estado de salud de los individuos y la duración de la jornada laboral, establecer aquellos estándares de jornada laboral con menor riesgo para la salud y además,mencionar las implicancias que la modificación de ésta puede tener para un país. Para cumplir dicho objetivo, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en forma virtual, a través del Sistema de Bibliotecas de la Universidad de Concepción (SIBUDEC), utilizando plataformas internacionales como Lilacs, Scielo , ProQuest, Pubmed y EBSCO. Complementando además, con la búsqueda directa de artículos en algunas revistas electrónicas. Finalmente, se reconoce que una jornada laboral de 8 horas diarias y entre 45 horas semanales, es lo máximo a lo que un trabajador debiera estar expuesto a su actividad laboral y se cuestiona si los parámetros de desarrollo económico debiesen ser el principal determinante para que un país tome la decisión de implementar este tipo de medidas.
A topic of relevance for occupational therapy from their bases, has been how the person distributes the time of their activities and through this reach Occupational Balance, recognizing its importance to the health of the human. However, a current Chilean worker is under its own role demands, which directly threaten the scope of this balance, and therefore their health . Attributed this mainly to the large number of hours devoted to its production. This document shows a compilation of articles that seek to demonstrate the relationship between health status of individuals and the length of the workday, set those workday standards with less risk to health, and also to mention the implications that amending this can have on a country. For this, a literature review was conducted virtually, through the Library System of the Universidad de Concepción (SIBUDEC) using international platforms like Lilacs, Scielo, ProQuest and EBSCO. Well complemented by direct search for items on some electronic journals. Finally it is recognized that a working day of 8 hours per day and 45 hours per week is the most that a worker should be exposed to their work and questions whether the parameters of economic development slated to be the primary determinant for a country to take the decision to implement such measures.
Assuntos
Humanos , Legislação Trabalhista , Terapia Ocupacional , Categorias de Trabalhadores , Condições de Trabalho , Carga de TrabalhoRESUMO
Fusarium proliferatum is a member of the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) involved in the maize ear rot together with Fusarium verticillioides, which is a very closely related species. Recently, different studies have detected natural fumonisin contamination in wheat kernels and most of them have shown that the main species isolated was F. proliferatum. Fusarium strains obtained from freshly harvested durum wheat samples (2008 to 2011 harvest seasons) from Argentina were characterized through a phylogenetic analysis based on translation elongation factor-1 alpha (EF-1α) and calmodulin (CaM) genes, determination of mating type alleles, and evaluation of fumonisin production capability. The strains were identified as F. proliferatum (72%), F. verticillioides (24%) and other Fusarium species. The ratio of mating type alleles (MAT-1 and MAT-2) obtained for both main populations suggests possible occurrence of sexual reproduction in the wheat fields, although this seems more frequent in F. proliferatum. Phylogenetic analysis revealed greater nucleotide variability in F. proliferatum strains than in F. verticillioides, however this was not related to origin, host or harvest year. The fumonisin-producing ability was detected in 92% of the strains isolated from durum wheat grains. These results indicate that F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides, among the fumonisin producing species, frequently contaminate durum wheat grains in Argentina, presenting a high risk for human and animal health.
Assuntos
Fumonisinas/metabolismo , Fusarium/genética , Genes Fúngicos/genética , Variação Genética , Triticum/microbiologia , Argentina , Calmodulina/genética , Fumonisinas/análise , Fusarium/química , Fusarium/classificação , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Genes Fúngicos Tipo Acasalamento/genética , Fator 1 de Elongação de Peptídeos/genética , FilogeniaRESUMO
This study evaluated the effects of dietary organic selenium (Se) on viability of chilled boar semen. Twelve boars were divided into three groups: control (CON), 0.3 mg kg(-1) sodium selenite; inorganic (INO), 0.5 mg kg(-1) sodium selenite and organic (ORG), 0.5 mg kg(-1) Se yeast. The experiment was conducted within 10 weeks, and analysis was performed fortnightly, in storage semen by 72 h. No effect was observed on motility; however, straightness and linearity percentages were higher (P < 0.05) in the animals receiving CON diet compared with INO group. Percentages of cells with both plasma and acrosomal intact membranes, lipidic membrane peroxidation and mitochondrial membrane potential were similar on all treatments. Animals receiving CON diet presented higher (P < 0.05) values of ATP when compared with INO group. The PHGPx was higher (P < 0.05) in animals that received ORG in comparison with INO group. In conclusion, organic selenium supplementation increases PHGPx but does not improve chilled semen viability in 72 h.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Suplementos Nutricionais , Glutationa Peroxidase/efeitos dos fármacos , Selênio/farmacologia , Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Acrossomo/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Masculino , Fosfolipídeo Hidroperóxido Glutationa Peroxidase , Análise do Sêmen , Preservação do Sêmen , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatozoides/enzimologia , SuínosRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of three parities of gilts treated or not treated with gonadotropin to induce puberty. Sixty gilts received 600 IU of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) followed by 2.5 mg of porcine luteinizing hormone (LH) 72 h later. Fifty-nine other gilts were exposed only to a mature boar for 15 min twice daily. Artificial insemination (AI) was performed at 0, 12 and 24 h after the detection of oestrus, and gestation was confirmed by ultrasound after 35 days. Sows were inseminated at the first post-weaning oestrus. The total numbers of piglets born, piglets born alive, stillborn, mummified foetuses, as well as pregnancy and farrowing rates were evaluated for each of the three parities. Culling rates, farrowing intervals and weaning-to-oestrous intervals (WEI) were also analysed. Mean age at puberty and oestrous manifestation were not significantly different between treatments (p = 0.0639; 179.20 ± 17.52 compared with 173.96 ± 16.94, 91.66% compared with 94.92%) across the experimental period. However, females that underwent puberty induction showed modest increases both in the number of total pigs born and in the number of piglets born alive. In conclusion, puberty induction through exogenous gonadotropin administration in field conditions did not induce a more concentrated first oestrous manifestation, but trended to a modest increase in the number of pigs born alive in the first parity and a reduced culling rate during the first gestation.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/farmacologia , Hormônio Luteinizante/farmacologia , Paridade/fisiologia , Maturidade Sexual/efeitos dos fármacos , Suínos/fisiologia , Animais , Ciclo Estral , Feminino , Inseminação Artificial/veterinária , GravidezRESUMO
El presente estudio fue realizado en la Unidad de Pacientes Críticos adultos, del Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (UPC-HCPUC), durante el año 2012, donde se exploraron las características del paciente crítico, para obtener un perfil de salud global durante su estadía en la UPC, con el fin de determinar si sería posible realizar una intervención desde la Terapia Ocupacional que fuese un aporte a esta unidad.Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, observacional en la UPC médico quirúrgica durante 25 días. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron caracterizar al paciente crítico de esta unidad, como un sujeto con alta probabilidad de presentar compromiso de conciencia, edema en mano, limitación de rango de movimiento articular (ROM) en muñeca y dedos, y carencia de estímulos que evoquen su realidad previa a la hospitalización. Finalmente, a partir del análisis del perfil del paciente crítico de la UPC HCPUC y del contexto al que se encuentra expuesto, se concluye que la intervención temprana de Terapia Ocupacional podría disminuir y prevenir la aparición de algunos signos asociados al paciente crítico, comprobándose la hipótesis, que dadas las características de este paciente, sería posible realizar una intervención desde la Terapia Ocupacional.
This study was conducted in The Unit Critics adult patients, Clinical Hospital of the Catholic University of Chile (UPC HCPUC), in 2012, where the characteristics of critical patients were explored to obtain a profile of global health while in the UPC, in order to determine whether it would be possible to make an intervention from occupational therapy to be a contribution to this unit.A prospective, observational study in medical UPC-surgery for 25 days. The results allowed to characterize critical patients of this unit, as a subject with high probability of impairment of consciousness, edema in hand, limitation of joint range of motion (ROM) in the wrist and fingers, and lack of stimuli that evoke your reality prior to hospitalization.Finally, from the analysis of the profile of critical patient - HCPUC UPC and the context to which it is exposed, it is concluded that early intervention occupational therapy could reduce and prevent the appearance of certain signs associated with critical patient, checking hypothesized that given the characteristics of this patient, it would be an intervention from Occupational Therapy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cuidados Críticos , Estado Terminal , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva , Terapia Ocupacional , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
The effect on locomotor activity, the repellency, and the knock-down produced by 10 monoterpene alcohols were evaluated on first-instar nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans, vectors of Chagas disease. A video tracking technique was used to evaluate locomotor activity and repellency by exposure to papers impregnated with monoterpenes. Eugenol on R. prolixus and (S)-cis-verbenol on T. infestans did not modify the locomotor activity. The remaining monoterpenes produced hyperactivity on both species, although the concentration required was at least a 1,000 times higher than that of deltamethrin (positive control). Carvacrol, eugenol, and geraniol resulted as repellent as N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (positive control) for both species. A similar result was observed for almost every monoterpene on T. infestans. Knock-down effect was evaluated by exposing the nymphs in closed recipients. The order of increasing toxicity on R. prolixus was (KT50 values in min): geraniol (213.7) < alpha-terpineol (164.5) < linalool (124.2) < carvacrol (111.6) < eugenol (89.8) < thymol (78.9), and on T. infestans: alpha-terpineol (289.8) < eugenol (221.3) < carvacrol (164.2) < linalool (154.9) < thymol (96.7). All monoterpenes were less toxic than the positive control, dichlorvos (3.6 min for R. prolixus and 3.9 min for T. infestans). After 7 h of exposure, (-)-carveol, citronellol, and menthol (on both species) and geraniol (on T. infestans) produced < 50% of knock-down. After these results, it is worthwhile to explore more deeply the potential of these compounds as tools for controlling Chagas disease vectors.
Assuntos
Controle de Insetos/métodos , Repelentes de Insetos/farmacologia , Monoterpenos/farmacologia , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Rhodnius/efeitos dos fármacos , Triatoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Álcoois/farmacologia , Animais , Ninfa/efeitos dos fármacos , Ninfa/fisiologia , Rhodnius/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Rhodnius/fisiologia , Especificidade da Espécie , Triatoma/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Triatoma/fisiologia , Gravação de VideoteipeRESUMO
This study was conducted to assess the effects of dietary energy in late pregnancy and hormone therapy at weaning on plasma metabolite profile, litter performance, reproductive parameters, and embryo viability in the second pregnancy. A total of 23 first-parity sows at 75 d of pregnancy were randomly allocated to 4 treatments. Treatments were factorial (2 × 2) combinations of 2 nutritional strategies [standard-energy feed (SEF) and high-energy feed (HEF)] and 2 hormone therapies [600 IU eCG and 2.5 mg swine LH 72 h later (HO) and no hormone (WH)]. Sows were weighed weekly from 75 d of pregnancy until 3 d before farrowing; 1 d after farrowing; 7, 14, and 21 d into lactation; and at weaning. Back fat (BF) was measured at 75 d of pregnancy, 3 d before farrowing, and at weaning. Average daily gain and ADFI were also calculated. Plasma metabolites were analyzed after 82, 89, 96, and 103 d of pregnancy, at farrowing, and after 7, 14, and 21 d of lactation. Embryo viability was assessed after 4.55 d of second pregnancy. During pregnancy, HEF-treated sows displayed greater BW (P < 0.05) compared with SEF-treated females, but no differences were observed during lactation. There were no differences in BW of the piglets caused by the treatments. High-energy-treated females showed superior BF (P > 0.05) in all periods; however, significant differences were detected only at the prefarrowing measurement (P < 0.05). No differences in ADFI were observed during lactation. The SEF group showed positive ADG, whereas the HEF group showed negative ADG (0.216 vs. -0.266 kg/d for SEF and HEF, respectively; P < 0.05). High-energy-treated sows presented greater concentrations of total cholesterol after 89 and 103 d of pregnancy and greater concentrations of high-density lipid cholesterol (HDL) after 89 and 96 d. At farrowing and 14 and 21 d of lactation, NEFA concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in the HEF group. After hormone treatment, no differences were observed on weaning-to-estrus intervals and estrus duration. Greater mobilization of body reserves observed in the HEF group during lactation did not affect reproductive performance negatively, suggesting that metabolic status was adequate for the first lactational catabolism.
Assuntos
Gonadotropina Coriônica/metabolismo , Ingestão de Energia , Hormônio Luteinizante/metabolismo , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Sus scrofa/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Análise Química do Sangue/veterinária , Composição Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Gonadotropina Coriônica/administração & dosagem , Dieta/veterinária , Desenvolvimento Embrionário/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Cavalos , Injeções Intramusculares/veterinária , Tamanho da Ninhada de Vivíparos/efeitos dos fármacos , Hormônio Luteinizante/administração & dosagem , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Materna , Paridade/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidez , Sus scrofa/embriologia , DesmameRESUMO
O emprego de hormônios na fêmea suína objetiva a sincronização do estro à puberdade em marrãs e a sincronização do estro para o emprego da técnica da inseminação artificial em tempo fixo. Na sincronização do estro à puberdade, atenção especial deve estar voltada ao manejo da marrã, pois, além de representar de 30 a 40% do plantel de matrizes, vários fatores envolvidos no manejo afetam a vida útil reprodutiva, influenciando,assim, o rebanho como um todo. O presente trabalho vem abordar alguns aspectos relacionados aos hormônios no ciclo estral, com atenção voltada à importância da sincronização do estro, visando, no complexo interativo do manejo reprodutivo, a uma vida útil reprodutiva ideal, fruto do melhor aproveitamento da matriz no plantel e consequente homogeneização da produção.p
The use of hormones in the swine female, aims the estrus synchronization at puberty in gilts and the estrus synchronization to the technique of artificial insemination at fixed time. Special attention must be given to the puberty estrus synchronization on the gilts management, because, besides representing 30 to 40% of the breeding herd, there are many factors involved that may affect their reproductive lifetime. The presenting article describes some aspects in relation to the hormones in estrous cycle, mainly estrus synchronization that influenced reproductive lifetime, to the better usage of the female management in the breeding herd and finally in direction to the production homogeneity