RESUMO
The purpose of this paper is to report the dramatic changes in the point prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the adult population of Jamaica following education intervention. The initial prevalence in the 15-and-over age group was determined by a two-stage stratified random sampling design in 1993. In 1997, the University of the West Indies Diabetes Outreach Project thru its public service arm, the Diabetes Association of Jamaica, developed and implemented a Peer Facilitators Diabetes Education Programme. This effort has realized an increased patient and public education as well as concomitant increased patient compliance and a reduction in related complications. The Jamaica Health and Lifestyle Survey 2008 examined, using a stratified, random, two-stage cluster sample survey, and a nationally representative sample of 2848 Jamaicans aged 15-74. The most dramatic outcome is the decrease in the prevalence from 17.9% to 7.9% in the adult population, age 15+.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Diabetes Mellitus/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the major carriers of cholesterol in the blood. It attracts particular attention because, in contrast with other lipoproteins, as many physiological functions of HDL influence the cardiovascular system in favourable ways unless HDL is modified pathologically. The functions of HDL that have recently attracted attention include anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. High anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of HDL are associated with protection from cardiovascular disease. Atheroprotective activities, as well as a functional deficiency of HDL, ultimately depend on the protein and lipid composition of HDL. Further, numerous epidemiological studies have shown a protective association between HDL-cholesterol and cognitive impairment. Oxidative stress, including lipid peroxidation, has been shown to be the mediator of the pathologic effects of numerous risk factors of Alzheimer's disease. Lifestyle interventions proven to increase HDL- cholesterol levels including "healthy" diet, regular exercise, weight control, and smoking cessation have also been shown to provide neuro-protective effects. This review will focus on current knowledge of the beneficial effects of HDL-cholesterol as it relates to cardiovascular diseases, breast and lung cancers, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, as well as its neuroprotective potential in reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangue , Desnutrição/sangue , Aspirina/uso terapêutico , Sedimentação Sanguínea , Viscosidade Sanguínea , Comorbidade , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/epidemiologia , Agregação Eritrocítica , Fibrinolíticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Desnutrição/epidemiologia , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/uso terapêutico , Organização Mundial da SaúdeRESUMO
Capsicum frutescens has been used to treat diabetes mellitus by traditional healers in Jamaica. Purification experiments employing thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography led to the extraction of the active principle, capsaicin. Purified capsaicin caused a decrease in blood glucose levels to 4.91 +/- 0.52 (n = 6) mmol/dL versus 6.40 +/- 0.13 mmol/dL (n = 6) for the control (p < 0.05) at 2.5 h in an OGTT in dogs. There was a concomitant elevation in plasma insulin levels (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it can be stated that capsaicin is the major constituent of Capsicum frutescens that is responsible for the hypoglycaemic episodes seen in the dogs. It is also apparent that the latter is mediated by insulin release.
Assuntos
Capsaicina/farmacologia , Capsicum , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Fitoterapia , Animais , Glicemia/efeitos dos fármacos , Capsaicina/administração & dosagem , Capsaicina/química , Capsaicina/uso terapêutico , Cromatografia , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/prevenção & controle , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Cães , Hipoglicemiantes/administração & dosagem , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Insulina/sangue , Extratos Vegetais/administração & dosagem , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
High blood pressure (hypertension) takes a toll on the heart and blood vessels. So does diabetes mellitus. When both are present in the same individual, it stands to reason that there must be an increase in the risk of cardiovascular problems
Assuntos
Humanos , Hipertensão , Diabetes Mellitus , Doenças CardiovascularesRESUMO
To develop informative tools for the study of population affinities in African Americans, we sequenced the hypervariable segments I and II (HVS I and HVS II) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 96 Sierra Leoneans; European Americans; rural, Gullah-speaking African Americans; urban African Americans living in Charleston, South Carolina; and Jamaicans. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) exhibiting ethnic affinities, and developed restriction endonuclease tools to screen these SNPs. Here we show that three HVS restriction site polymorphisms (RSPs), EcoRV, FokI, and MfeI, exhibit appreciable differences in frequency (average delta = 0.4165) between putative African American parental populations (i.e., extant Africans living in Sierra Leone and European Americans). Estimates of European American mtDNA admixture, calculated from haplotypes composed of these three novel RSPs, show a cline of increasing admixture from Gullah-speaking African American (m = 0.0300) to urban Charleston African American (m = 0.0689) to West Coast African American (m = 0.1769) populations. This haplotype admixture in the Gullahs is the lowest recorded to date among African Americans, consistent with previous studies using autosomal markers. These RSPs may become valuable new tools in the study of ancestral affinities and admixture dynamics of African Americans.
Assuntos
População Negra/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , África/etnologia , California , Europa (Continente)/etnologia , Feminino , Genética Populacional , Humanos , Jamaica , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , Masculino , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Dinâmica Populacional , South CarolinaRESUMO
This book is the first of its kind and will provide much needed information about the toxins that are present in fifty of the most poisonous plants here, with data on their effects on the body and very importantly, the antidotes that are needed
Assuntos
Humanos , Intoxicação por Plantas/complicações , Países em Desenvolvimento , Intoxicação/terapia , Região do CaribeRESUMO
This book is the first of its kind and will provide much needed information about the toxins that are present in fifty of the most poisonous plants here, with data on their effects on the body and very importantly, the antidotes that are needed