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This survey analyzed data obtained through a questionnaire on the clinical approaches used by veterinarians to treat dogs with epileptic seizures. We found that neurological examinations were performed by 12% of the respondents, blood tests by 85%, and computed tomography by 72%. In addition, serology for infectious disease detection was mentioned by 30% of the respondents, and 72% did not classify epileptic seizures. According to the answers, the treatment of choice was phenobarbital in 100% of cases which was combined with potassium bromide in 19%. Moreover, 51% of the respondents mentioned that they monitored the serum phenobarbital levels. The study results showed disagreements on the conduct and care recommended by the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force consensus.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a conduta clínica de médicos veterinários no atendimento de cães apresentando crises epilépticas por meio de um questionário. 12% afirmaram realizar exame neurológico, enquanto 85% realizam exames hematológicos; 72% solicitam tomografia computadorizada e 30% pedem sorologias para investigação de doenças infecciosas. Todos os veterinários prescrevem fenobarbital para o tratamento. O brometo de potássio foi citado por 19% dos entrevistados em associação ao fenobarbital. A dosagem sérica de fenobarbital é realizada por 51% dos entrevistados. Os resultados apontaram que não houve homogeneidade na conduta preconizada pelas diretrizes científicas sobre o tema.

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Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below to femorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.[...](AU)

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Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below to femorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.[...]

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Background: A spayed-female mixed breed dog was presented due to 2 years reduced visual acuity in the left eye. The investigation revealed corneal melanosis, keratoconjunctivis sicca and loss of facial sensation in the same side. The aim of this report is to describe an unilateral idiopathic sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis and keratitis as consequence of corneal innervation loss was established. Unilateral sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis is a very rare lesion in dogs and causes are unclear. Case: A 5-year-old spayed-female mixed breed dog was presented with a history of two years reduced visual acuity in the left eye. The Schirmer tear test values (without use of topical anesthetic) were 11 and 17 mm/min in the left and right eye respectively. Fluorescein tests were negative for both eyes. All postural reactions and spinal reflexes were normal. Cranial nerve evaluation identified symmetrical facial muscles (temporalis, masseter), indicating no muscle atrophy and normal motor nucleus of the fifth nerve. Absent sensation at the upper and lower lips margins, cornea, eyelids (medial and lateral canthi) and sensation in left nasal side were noted. No palpebral reflex was noticed, but there was spontaneous blinking of eyelids, which indicated normal facial nerve function. All other cranial nerve reflexes including menace response, oculocephalic, and gag reflexes were normal. The owner declined further workup, including cerebrospinal fluid analysis and images studies. According to the clinical presentation and neurological findings, presumptive diagnosis of unilateral idiopathic sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis was established. The dog was observed over 18 months without any clinical improvement. The Schirmer tear test showed same values (12 mm/min) and the melanosis remained unchanged.Discussion: Lesions that affected trigeminal nerve, trigeminal ganglion, or trigeminal tract in the pons and medulla caused facial hypoalgesia or analgesia...(AU)

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Background: A spayed-female mixed breed dog was presented due to 2 years reduced visual acuity in the left eye. The investigation revealed corneal melanosis, keratoconjunctivis sicca and loss of facial sensation in the same side. The aim of this report is to describe an unilateral idiopathic sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis and keratitis as consequence of corneal innervation loss was established. Unilateral sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis is a very rare lesion in dogs and causes are unclear. Case: A 5-year-old spayed-female mixed breed dog was presented with a history of two years reduced visual acuity in the left eye. The Schirmer tear test values (without use of topical anesthetic) were 11 and 17 mm/min in the left and right eye respectively. Fluorescein tests were negative for both eyes. All postural reactions and spinal reflexes were normal. Cranial nerve evaluation identified symmetrical facial muscles (temporalis, masseter), indicating no muscle atrophy and normal motor nucleus of the fifth nerve. Absent sensation at the upper and lower lips margins, cornea, eyelids (medial and lateral canthi) and sensation in left nasal side were noted. No palpebral reflex was noticed, but there was spontaneous blinking of eyelids, which indicated normal facial nerve function. All other cranial nerve reflexes including menace response, oculocephalic, and gag reflexes were normal. The owner declined further workup, including cerebrospinal fluid analysis and images studies. According to the clinical presentation and neurological findings, presumptive diagnosis of unilateral idiopathic sensory trigeminal nerve paralysis was established. The dog was observed over 18 months without any clinical improvement. The Schirmer tear test showed same values (12 mm/min) and the melanosis remained unchanged.Discussion: Lesions that affected trigeminal nerve, trigeminal ganglion, or trigeminal tract in the pons and medulla caused facial hypoalgesia or analgesia...

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El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar, de forma retrospectiva, una población de gatos con fracturas de huesos largos en un período de seis años. Los datos significativos del gato (raza, sexo, edad, peso corporal); domiciliados o no, causa de lesión, el tiempo de ocurrencia; extremidades lesionadas y los huesos fracturados (húmero, radio/cúbito, fémur, tibia/peroné), el daño de los tejidos blandos (cerrado, abierto), y localización de la fractura (proximal, medio y distal tercero), la dirección de la línea de fractura en relación al eje del hueso longitudinal (transversal, oblicua, espiral) y el alcance de los daños (incompleto, completo, multi - fragmentaria) fueron evaluados. La prueba para comparar las proporciones variables que se utilizó, supone que las proporciones de cada categoría fueron iguales. Se consideraron valores significativos de p < 0,05 las diferencias. En conclusión, esta población estuvo constituida principalmente de gatos mestizos domiciliados, de menos de 12 meses de edad, de peso superior o igual a 2.kg, que han sido más frecuentemente afectados por fracturas completas y cerradas de fémur a causa de accidentes de tráfico.

The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess a population of cats with long-bone fractures over a six year period. Data about cat signalment (breed, sex, age, body weight); domiciled or not; cause of injury; time of occurrence; injured limbs and fractured bones (humerus, radius/ulna, femur, tibia/fibula); soft-tissue damage (closed, open); and fracture location (proximal, middle or distal one-third), direction of the fracture line in relation to the bone"s longitudinal axis (transverse, oblique, spiral) and extent of damage (incomplete, complete, multi-fragmentary) were evaluated. To compare the variable proportions was used G-test assumed that the proportions in each category were equal. The differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. A total of 141 cats were evaluated, 90.07% were crossbreed, 6.38% Siamese, and 3.55% Persian. The body weight was greater than or equal to 2.0 kg in 68.08% of the cases. The femur was the most affected bone (50.84%), followed by the tibia/fibula (29.05%), and radius/ulna (10.61%) and humerus (9.50%). The cats had from six to 180 months of age, being 58.16% up to 12-month-old. Motor vehicle accidents accounted for 42.55% of the causes, followed by dog bites (12.76 %), falls (4.25%), and accidents in general. The closed fractures (85.47%) were more frequent than open fractures (11.12%). In conclusion, this population was constituted mainly of domiciled crossbred cats, under 12 months of age, weighing more than or equal to 2.kg, that have been more frequently affectedby complete and closed fractures of the femur due to traffic-related accident.

O trabalho teve por objetivos analisar, retrospectivamente, uma determinada população de gatos com fraturas dos ossos longos, por um período de oito anos. Foram pesquisados dados sobre a identificação do animal (raça, sexo, idade, peso); se domiciliado ou não; causa da lesão; tempo da ocorrência; membros (torácico e/ou pélvico) e ossos acometidos (úmero, rádio/ulna, fêmur, tíbia/fíbula); comprometimento de partes moles (fechada, exposta); e tipo de fratura quanto à região (terço proximal, médio e distal), orientação da linha de fratura relativa ao eixo ósseo (transversa, oblíqua, espiral) e extensão do dano (incompleta, completa, multifragmentar). Para comparar as proporções das variáveis avaliadas foi usado teste G assumindo proporções esperadas iguais. O limite de significância estatística foi p 0,05. Um total de 188 gatos foi avaliado, sendo 89,33% sem raça definida, 5,85% da raça Siamês e 4,78% da raça Persa. A idade dos gatos variou de 6 a 180 meses, sendo 60,63% até 12 meses de idade. O peso corpóreo foi maior ou igual a 2,0 kg em 68,08% dos casos. Entre as causas: 40,95% por acidentes por veículos motorizados, seguido por mordidas (9,04%), quedas (4,78%), e acidentes em geral (5,31%). O fêmur foi o osso mais afetado (53,81%), seguido pela tíbia/fíbula (28,38%), e rádio/ulna (9,74%) e úmero (8,05%). As fraturas fechadas (84,74%) foram a mais frequentes que as expostas (11,44%). Baseado nos dados obtidos foi possível concluir que a população estudada constitui-se principalmente de gatos domiciliados, sem raça definida, com menos de 12 meses de idade, peso maior ou igual a 2,0 kg e que são mais frequentemente acometidos por fraturas fechadas e completas do fêmur devido ao atropelamento.

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El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar, de forma retrospectiva, una población de gatos con fracturas de huesos largos en un período de seis años. Los datos significativos del gato (raza, sexo, edad, peso corporal); domiciliados o no, causa de lesión, el tiempo de ocurrencia; extremidades lesionadas y los huesos fracturados (húmero, radio/cúbito, fémur, tibia/peroné), el daño de los tejidos blandos (cerrado, abierto), y localización de la fractura (proximal, medio y distal tercero), la dirección de la línea de fractura en relación al eje del hueso longitudinal (transversal, oblicua, espiral) y el alcance de los daños (incompleto, completo, multi - fragmentaria) fueron evaluados. La prueba para comparar las proporciones variables que se utilizó, supone que las proporciones de cada categoría fueron iguales. Se consideraron valores significativos de p < 0,05 las diferencias. En conclusión, esta población estuvo constituida principalmente de gatos mestizos domiciliados, de menos de 12 meses de edad, de peso superior o igual a 2.kg, que han sido más frecuentemente afectados por fracturas completas y cerradas de fémur a causa de accidentes de tráfico.(AU)

The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess a population of cats with long-bone fractures over a six year period. Data about cat signalment (breed, sex, age, body weight); domiciled or not; cause of injury; time of occurrence; injured limbs and fractured bones (humerus, radius/ulna, femur, tibia/fibula); soft-tissue damage (closed, open); and fracture location (proximal, middle or distal one-third), direction of the fracture line in relation to the bone"s longitudinal axis (transverse, oblique, spiral) and extent of damage (incomplete, complete, multi-fragmentary) were evaluated. To compare the variable proportions was used G-test assumed that the proportions in each category were equal. The differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. A total of 141 cats were evaluated, 90.07% were crossbreed, 6.38% Siamese, and 3.55% Persian. The body weight was greater than or equal to 2.0 kg in 68.08% of the cases. The femur was the most affected bone (50.84%), followed by the tibia/fibula (29.05%), and radius/ulna (10.61%) and humerus (9.50%). The cats had from six to 180 months of age, being 58.16% up to 12-month-old. Motor vehicle accidents accounted for 42.55% of the causes, followed by dog bites (12.76 %), falls (4.25%), and accidents in general. The closed fractures (85.47%) were more frequent than open fractures (11.12%). In conclusion, this population was constituted mainly of domiciled crossbred cats, under 12 months of age, weighing more than or equal to 2.kg, that have been more frequently affectedby complete and closed fractures of the femur due to traffic-related accident.(AU)

O trabalho teve por objetivos analisar, retrospectivamente, uma determinada população de gatos com fraturas dos ossos longos, por um período de oito anos. Foram pesquisados dados sobre a identificação do animal (raça, sexo, idade, peso); se domiciliado ou não; causa da lesão; tempo da ocorrência; membros (torácico e/ou pélvico) e ossos acometidos (úmero, rádio/ulna, fêmur, tíbia/fíbula); comprometimento de partes moles (fechada, exposta); e tipo de fratura quanto à região (terço proximal, médio e distal), orientação da linha de fratura relativa ao eixo ósseo (transversa, oblíqua, espiral) e extensão do dano (incompleta, completa, multifragmentar). Para comparar as proporções das variáveis avaliadas foi usado teste G assumindo proporções esperadas iguais. O limite de significância estatística foi p 0,05. Um total de 188 gatos foi avaliado, sendo 89,33% sem raça definida, 5,85% da raça Siamês e 4,78% da raça Persa. A idade dos gatos variou de 6 a 180 meses, sendo 60,63% até 12 meses de idade. O peso corpóreo foi maior ou igual a 2,0 kg em 68,08% dos casos. Entre as causas: 40,95% por acidentes por veículos motorizados, seguido por mordidas (9,04%), quedas (4,78%), e acidentes em geral (5,31%). O fêmur foi o osso mais afetado (53,81%), seguido pela tíbia/fíbula (28,38%), e rádio/ulna (9,74%) e úmero (8,05%). As fraturas fechadas (84,74%) foram a mais frequentes que as expostas (11,44%). Baseado nos dados obtidos foi possível concluir que a população estudada constitui-se principalmente de gatos domiciliados, sem raça definida, com menos de 12 meses de idade, peso maior ou igual a 2,0 kg e que são mais frequentemente acometidos por fraturas fechadas e completas do fêmur devido ao atropelamento.(AU)

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As neoplasias intracranianas apresentam alta prevalência em cães, e muitas manifestações clínicas e neurológicas têm sido associadas à doença. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar as principais neoplasias intracranianas primárias em cães, abordando as alterações clínicas mais frequentes, métodos diagnósticos e os tratamentos com ênfase à abordagem cirúrgica.AU

The intracranial neoplasms present higher prevalence and many neurological signs have been associated with brain tumors. Therefore, the purpose of this study it was to review the main primary intracranial neoplasms in small animals, describing most common clinical signs, diagnostic methods and treatments emphasizing surgical approach.AU

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As neoplasias intracranianas apresentam alta prevalência em cães, e muitas manifestações clínicas e neurológicas têm sido associadas à doença. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi revisar as principais neoplasias intracranianas primárias em cães, abordando as alterações clínicas mais frequentes, métodos diagnósticos e os tratamentos com ênfase à abordagem cirúrgica.

The intracranial neoplasms present higher prevalence and many neurological signs have been associated with brain tumors. Therefore, the purpose of this study it was to review the main primary intracranial neoplasms in small animals, describing most common clinical signs, diagnostic methods and treatments emphasizing surgical approach.

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There are few electrophysiologic studies in wild animals. The aim of this study was to determine normal data for motor nerve conduction studies and repetitive stimulation in sciatic-tibial and ulnar nerves in clinically normal captive coati. Eight adult ring-tailed coatis (Nasua nasua), two females and six males weighing 6-8 kg, were used. Average nerve conduction velocity was 70.81 m/sec (standard deviation [SD] = 3.98) and 56.93 m/ sec (SD = 4.31) for the sciatic-tibial and ulnar nerves, respectively. Repetitive stimulation responses demonstrated minimal variations of the area of the compound muscle action potentials at low (3 Hz) and high (20 Hz) frequencies. The maximal obtained decremental area response was 8%. These normal data of conduction studies may be used in assessing abnormalities for clinical diagnosis. In addition, the obtained normal repetitive stimulation data were similar to dogs and humans and may be used for post- and presynaptic disturbances of the neuromuscular transmission in coatis.

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