RESUMO
Crab-eating (Cerdocyon thous) and Pampas foxes (Lycalopex gymnocercus) are wild canids distributed in South America. Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and wild canids may share viral pathogens, including rabies virus (RABV), canine distemper virus (CDV), and canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2). To characterize the virome of these wild canid species, the present work evaluated the spleen and mesenteric lymph node virome of 17 crab-eating and five Pampas foxes using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Organ samples were pooled and sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. Additional PCR analyses were performed to identify the frequencies and host origin for each virus detected by HTS. Sequences more closely related to the Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae and Anelloviridae families were detected, as well as circular Rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA viruses. CDV was found only in crab-eating foxes, whereas CPV-2 was found in both canid species; both viruses were closely related to sequences reported in domestic dogs from southern Brazil. Moreover, the present work reported the detection of canine bocavirus (CBoV) strains that were genetically divergent from CBoV-1 and 2 lineages. Finally, we also characterized CRESS DNA viruses and anelloviruses with marked diversity. The results of this study contribute to the body of knowledge regarding wild canid viruses that can potentially be shared with domestic canids or other species.
Assuntos
Cães/virologia , Raposas/virologia , Viroma , Vírus/classificação , Vírus/genética , Anelloviridae/classificação , Anelloviridae/genética , Animais , Bocavirus/classificação , Bocavirus/genética , Brasil , Vírus de DNA/classificação , Vírus de DNA/genética , DNA Viral , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/classificação , Vírus da Cinomose Canina/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Linfonodos/virologia , Metagenômica , Paramyxoviridae/classificação , Paramyxoviridae/genética , Parvoviridae/classificação , Parvoviridae/genética , Parvovirus Canino/classificação , Parvovirus Canino/genética , Filogenia , RNA Viral , Baço/virologia , Uruguai , Viroses/veterinária , Viroses/virologia , Vírus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Brazil is a major exporter of pork meat worldwide. Swine liver is a common ingredient in food consumed by humans, thus emphasizing the importance of evaluating the presence of associated pathogens in swine liver. To obtain knowledge, this study aimed to provide insights into the viral communities of livers collected from slaughtered pigs from southern Brazil. The 46 livers were processed and submitted for high-throughput sequencing (HTS). The sequences were most closely related to Anelloviridae, Circoviridae and Parvoviridae families. The present work also describes the first Brazilian PCV1 and the first PPV6 and PPV7 from South America. Virus frequencies revelead 63% of samples positive for TTSuV1, 71% for TTSuVk2, 10.8% for PCV, 13% for PPV and 6% for PBov. This report addresses the diversity of the liver virome of healthy pigs and expands the number of viruses detected, further characterizing their genomes to assist future studies.
Assuntos
Vírus de DNA/genética , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , Genoma Viral/genética , Fígado/virologia , Suínos/virologia , Viroma/genética , Anelloviridae/genética , Animais , Brasil , Circoviridae/genética , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala/métodos , Parvoviridae/genética , Doenças dos Suínos/virologiaRESUMO
The genus Hepacivirus includes 14 species (Hepacivirus A-N). In this study, we determined a partial genome sequence of a highly divergent bovine hepacivirus (hepacivirus N, HNV) isolate from cattle in Southern Brazil. Previously described HNV isolates have shared 80-99.7% nucleotide sequence identity in the NS3 coding region. However, the sequence determined in this study had 72.6% to 73.8% nucleotide sequence identity to known HNV NS3 sequences. This high divergence could be seen in a phylogenetic tree, suggesting that it represents a new genotype of HNV. These data expand our knowledge concerning the genetic variability and evolution of hepaciviruses.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Evolução Molecular , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatite C/veterinária , Animais , Brasil , Bovinos , Variação Genética , Genoma Viral , Hepacivirus/classificação , Hepacivirus/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite C/virologia , FilogeniaRESUMO
Domestic dogs share habitats with human, a fact that makes them a potential source of zoonotic viruses. Moreover, knowledge regarding possible bloodborne pathogens is important due to the increasing application of blood transfusion in dogs. In the present study, we evaluated the serum virome of 520 dogs using throughput sequencing (HTS). The serum samples were pooled and sequenced using an Illumina MiSeq platform. Our unbiased method identified prevalent canine pathogens as canine protoparvovirus 1 (canine parvovirus 2), undersearched agents as canine bocaparvovirus 1 (minute virus of canines) and canine circovirus, circular viruses closely related to viruses recently found in human samples, and new parvovirus and anelloviruses. The dog virome described in the present work furthers the knowledge concerning the viral population in domestic animals. The present data includes information regarding viral agents that are potentially transmitted through blood transfusion among dogs.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão/virologia , Viroses/veterinária , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Cães , Viroses/sangue , Viroses/epidemiologia , Viroses/virologia , Vírus/classificaçãoRESUMO
A novel polyomavirus (PyVs) comprising 5,422 bp was identified by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) in pooled organs of nutria (Myocastor coypus). The new genome displays the archetypal organization of PyVs, which includes open reading frames for the regulatory proteins small T antigen (sTAg) and large T antigen (LTAg), as well as for the capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3. Based on the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Polyomaviridae Study Group criteria, this genome comprises a new PyVs species for the Alphapolyomavirus genus and is putatively named "Myocastor coypus Polyomavirus 1" . The complete genome sequence of this Myocastor coypus Polyomavirus 1 (McPyV1) isolate is publically available under the GenBank accession no. MH182627.
Assuntos
Infecções por Polyomavirus/veterinária , Polyomavirus/isolamento & purificação , Doenças dos Roedores/virologia , Roedores/virologia , Animais , Antígenos Virais de Tumores/genética , Proteínas do Capsídeo/genética , Genoma Viral , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Fases de Leitura Aberta , Filogenia , Polyomavirus/classificação , Polyomavirus/genética , Infecções por Polyomavirus/virologia , RatosRESUMO
Hepaciviruses (HVs) have been detected in several domestic and wild animals and present high genetic diversity. The actual classification divides the genus Hepacivirus into 14 species (A-N), according to their phylogenetic relationships, including the bovine hepacivirus [Hepacivirus N (HNV)]. In this study, we confirmed HNV circulation in Brazil and sequenced the whole genome of two strains. Based on the current classification of HCV, which is divided into genotypes and subtypes, we analysed all available bovine hepacivirus sequences in the GenBank database and proposed an HNV classification. All of the sequences were grouped into a single genotype, putatively named 'genotype 1'. This genotype can be clearly divided into four subtypes: A and D containing sequences from Germany and Brazil, respectively, and B and C containing Ghanaian sequences. In addition, the NS3-coding region was used to estimate the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of each subtype, using a Bayesian approach and a relaxed molecular clock model. The analyses indicated a common origin of the virus circulating in Germany and Brazil. Ghanaian sequences seemed to have an older TMRCA, indicating a long time of circulation of these viruses in the African continent.
Assuntos
Evolução Molecular , Genoma Viral , Hepacivirus/classificação , Filogenia , Animais , Teorema de Bayes , Brasil , Bovinos , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Alemanha , Gana , Hepacivirus/genética , RNA Viral/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of acute hepatitis worldwide. There is no seroprevalence study in backyard farms, which are characterized by suboptimal hygienic conditions in Brazil. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence and genetic diversity of HEV in backyard pigs in Brazil. Methods: Swine serum samples collected in 2012 (n=731) and 2014 (n=713) were analysed. The presence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G in pig serum was evaluated by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed and phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on the partial ORF1 and ORF2 coding regions. Results: Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 77.6% (567/731; 95% confidence interval [CI] 74.5 to 90.6%) of serum samples in 2012 and 65.5% (467/713; 95% CI 62.0 to 69.0%) in 2014. The herd seroprevalence was 91.7% (187/204; 95% CI 91% to 99%) in 2012 and 83.7% (164/196; 95% CI 78% to 89%) in 2014. Further, HEV RNA was detected in 0.8% (6/713) of samples from 2014. Phylogenetic analysis showed three different genotype 3 subtypes with high similarity to human HEV strains. Conclusions: This study showed that backyard pigs are a reservoir of HEV and alerts us to the need to control infection and spillover from backyard farms. GenBank accession numbers: MF438128-MF438135.
Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite E/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite E/veterinária , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Zoonoses/transmissão , Zoonoses/virologia , Animais , Brasil , Culinária , Reservatórios de Doenças/veterinária , Reservatórios de Doenças/virologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Variação Genética , Anticorpos Anti-Hepatite/genética , Hepatite E/sangue , Hepatite E/epidemiologia , Hepatite E/genética , Vírus da Hepatite E/genética , Abrigo para Animais/normas , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Carne/virologia , Filogenia , Saneamento/normas , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Suínos/virologia , Doenças dos Suínos/sangue , Doenças dos Suínos/transmissão , Zoonoses/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Recently, a putative new pestivirus species, provisionally named as Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV), was associated with the congenital tremor in piglets in North America and consequently in Europe and Asia. The present research aimed to describe the detection and characterization of APPV employing NS5B gene partial sequencing, gross pathology and histologic examination of piglets displaying congenital tremor from two different farms of Southern Brazil. No gross lesions were observed, and the histological findings revealed moderate vacuolization of the white matter of the cerebellum. RT-PCR followed by DNA sequencing and a phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of APPV in samples from the two farms, which the samples were distinct in nature. Phylogenetic reconstruction reinforced the high genetic variability within the APPVs previously reported. This is the first report of APPV in South America suggesting that this new group of viruses may be widespread in swine herds in other countries as it is in Brazil.
Assuntos
Pestivirus/classificação , Doenças dos Suínos/virologia , Tremor/veterinária , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Pestivirus/genética , Pestivirus/isolamento & purificação , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterinária , Suínos , Doenças dos Suínos/congênito , Doenças dos Suínos/epidemiologia , Tremor/congênito , Tremor/epidemiologia , Tremor/virologiaRESUMO
The ruminant pestiviral species BVDV-1, BVDV-2 and BDV, along with the putative species HoBi-like, may cause substantial economic losses in cattle, sheep and goats. Brazil's large size, variable biomes and wide range of ruminant animal production within different geographic regions suggest that the presence and prevalence of ruminant pestivirus may differ by regions within Brazil. This study investigated the genetic diversity of ruminant pestiviruses and determined the frequency of active infections within two states of the Northeast Region of Brazil, Maranhão and Rio Grande do Norte. Serum samples from 16,621 cattle and 2,672 small ruminants from 569 different herds residing in this region were tested by RT-PCR followed by DNA sequencing. Seventeen positive cattle were detected (0.1%) from fifteen different herds (2.64%). All isolates were classified as HoBi-like pestiviruses based on phylogenetic analysis. All small ruminant samples tested negative. The findings presented herein suggest that the Northeast Region of Brazil has a uniquely high prevalence of HoBi-like viruses. The increasing reports of HoBi-like viruses detected in cattle in the field suggest that natural infection with these viruses may be more widespread than previously thought. The identification of HoBi-like viruses as the most prevalent type of ruminant pestivirus circulating in the Northeast Region of Brazil indicates the need for both continued monitoring and determination of the extent of economic losses associated with HoBi-like virus infections. In addition, it must be taken into account in the choice of diagnostic tests and in vaccine formulations.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/virologia , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/genética , Variação Genética , Infecções por Pestivirus/veterinária , Animais , Brasil/epidemiologia , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina Tipo 1/classificação , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina Tipo 1/genética , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina Tipo 1/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina Tipo 2/classificação , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina Tipo 2/genética , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina Tipo 2/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/classificação , Vírus da Diarreia Viral Bovina/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Pestivirus/epidemiologia , Infecções por Pestivirus/virologia , Filogenia , Prevalência , Ruminantes , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterináriaRESUMO
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the Pestivirus genus, which is further divided into subgenotypes (1a-1u and 2a-c). When persistent infection occurs, the calf will be immunotolerant to BVDV and possibly develop mucosal disease. This study describes an outbreak of BVDV-1d-induced mucosal disease lacking intestinal lesions. Eleven calves presented with anorexia, sialorrhea, lameness, recumbency, and death. Three calves were necropsied, showing ulceration of the interdigital skin and the oral and nasal mucosa; linear ulcers in the tongue, esophagus, and rumen; and rounded ulcers in the abomasum. Microscopically, mucosa and skin had superficial necrosis, with single-cell necrosis and vacuolation in epithelial cells, and severe parakeratosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed BVDV antigen in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells in skin and mucosa. All 11 dead calves were positive upon reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the detection of Pestivirus along with another 11 live calves from the herd, which were positive again by RT-PCR and IHC after a 4-week interval. Sequencing of the 5' untranslated region and N-terminal protease showed that viruses from these 22 calves were homologous and of subgenotype BVDV-1d. Cytopathic BVDV was isolated from 8 of 11 dead calves, but only noncytopathic BVDV was isolated from the 11 live animals. The findings indicate that this was an outbreak of mucosal disease caused by BVDV-1d, with high morbidity, and lesions restricted to the upper alimentary system and skin and absent from intestine. Thus, the epidemiological and pathological features in this form of mucosal disease may be similar to vesicular diseases, including foot and mouth disease.