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This article explores the progressive integration of -omics methods, including genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics, into sports research, highlighting the development of the concept of "sportomics." We discuss how sportomics can be used to comprehend the multilevel metabolism during exercise in real-life conditions faced by athletes, enabling potential personalized interventions to improve performance and recovery and reduce injuries, all with a minimally invasive approach and reduced time. Sportomics may also support highly personalized investigations, including the implementation of n-of-1 clinical trials and the curation of extensive datasets through long-term follow-up of athletes, enabling tailored interventions for athletes based on their unique physiological responses to different conditions. Beyond its immediate sport-related applications, we delve into the potential of utilizing the sportomics approach to translate Big Data regarding top-level athletes into studying different human diseases, especially with nontargeted analysis. Furthermore, we present how the amalgamation of bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, and integrative computational analysis aids in investigating biochemical pathways, and facilitates the search for various biomarkers. We also highlight how sportomics can offer relevant information about doping control analysis. Overall, sportomics offers a comprehensive approach providing novel insights into human metabolism during metabolic stress, leveraging cutting-edge systems science techniques and technologies.

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Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by abnormal host response to infection. Millions of people are affected annually worldwide. Derangement of the inflammatory response is crucial in sepsis pathogenesis. However, metabolic, coagulation, and thermoregulatory alterations also occur in patients with sepsis. Fatty acid mobilization and oxidation changes may assume the role of a protagonist in sepsis pathogenesis. Lipid oxidation and free fatty acids (FFAs) are potentially valuable markers for sepsis diagnosis and prognosis. Herein, we discuss inflammatory and metabolic dysfunction during sepsis, focusing on fatty acid oxidation (FAO) alterations in the liver and muscle (skeletal and cardiac) and their implications in sepsis development.

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Tyrosine metabolism has an intense role in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Our study used an untargeted, sportomics-based analysis of urine samples to investigate changes in metabolism during a soccer match in 30 male junior professional soccer players. Samples were collected before and after the match and analyzed using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results showed significant changes in tyrosine metabolism. Exercise caused a downregulation of the homogentisate metabolites 4-maleylacetoacetate and succinylacetone to 20% (p = 4.69E-5) and 16% (p = 4.25E-14), respectively. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate, a homogentisate precursor, was found to be upregulated by 26% (p = 7.20E-3). The concentration of hawkinsin and its metabolite 4-hydroxycyclohexyl acetate increased ~six-fold (p = 1.49E-6 and p = 9.81E-6, respectively). Different DOPA metabolism pathways were also affected by exercise. DOPA and dopaquinone increased four-to six-fold (p = 5.62E-14 and p = 4.98E-13, respectively). 3-Methoxytyrosine, indole-5,6-quinone, and melanin were downregulated from 1 to 25%, as were dopamine and tyramine (decreasing to up to 5% or 80%; p= 5.62E-14 and p = 2.47E-2, respectively). Blood TCO2 decreased as well as urinary glutathione and glutamate (40% and 10% respectively) associated with a two-fold increase in pyroglutamate. Our study found unexpected similarities between exercise-induced changes in metabolism and the inherited disorder Hawkinsinuria, suggesting a possible transient condition called exercise-induced hawkinsinuria (EIh). Additionally, our research suggests changes in DOPA pathways may be involved. Our findings suggest that soccer exercise could be used as a model to search for potential countermeasures in Hawkinsinuria and other tyrosine metabolism disorders.

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We have been using sportomics to understand hypermetabolic stress. Cross Combat (CCombat) has recently been initiated as a high-intensity functional training method inspired by CrossFit. We used a CCombat session to induce metabolic stress and evaluated its effects on hydration and kidney function. Blood samples were collected from 16 elite-level professional male athletes engaged in training sessions over a 96-h protocol. Blood myoglobin increased by ~ 3.5-fold (119 ± 21 to 369 ± 62 nmol/L; p = .001) in response to the protocol, returning to the pre-exercise level within 48 h. Furthermore, D-dimer levels increased from 6.5 ± 0.6 to 79.4 ± 21.3 µmol/L (p < .001) in response to exercise decreasing during recovery with high variability among the studied athletes. Albuminemia and creatininemia increased ~ 10% and cystatin C increased ~ 240% (1.7 ± 0.1 to 5.7 ± 0.5 mg/L; p < .001; effect size = 2.4) in response to the protocol. We measured albuminuria (HuA) to assess kidney permeability to albumin caused by exercise. HuA increased ~ 16-fold (0.16 ± 0.03 to 2.47 ± 0.41 µmol/L; p < .001; effect size = 1.4) in response to exercise, dropping and reaching basal levels during 48 h. Here, we suggest that microalbuminuria can be used as an early, sensitive, easy, and inexpensive biomarker to evaluate hydration status changes during intensive exercise, decreasing chronic impairment in renal function.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: The debate surrounding the regulations on the participation of transgender individuals in sports is not recent, but it is still ongoing. Some sports organizations are more flexible in this regard, while others are more conservative. Objective: Through a systematic review and meta-analysis, this study summarizes the scientific evidence of the effects of cross-sex hormone therapy on muscle strength, hematocrit, and hemoglobin measurements, parameters that seem to be linked to sports performance. Methods: We conducted electronic searches for manuscripts published before November 20th, 2020. Studies published in three different databases (PubMed, SciELO, and Lilacs) were included, without any time or language restriction, and using keywords such as "transgender", "gender dysphoria", "strength", "hematocrit", and "hemoglobin". The PRISMA systematization was used for the elaboration of this review, while a meta-analysis was conducted to mathematically evidence the results. The meta-analysis was performed using the random effect model, to find the pooled estimate effect of cross-sex hormone therapy on the parameters analyzed. Results: The electronic search retrieved 21 articles that were eligible for inclusion. Cross-sex hormone therapy influenced the three parameters analyzed in almost all the studies. Overall, there was a significant increase in muscle strength in female-to-males (FtMs), per muscle group analyzed: +17.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]14.9;20.6). In male-to-females (MtFs) the results of the muscle strength analysis were more controversial, but the pooled estimate effect showed a decrease: −3.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] −6.6; −0.6). Conclusion: Muscle strength, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were altered as a result of cross-sex hormone therapy in both FtMs and MtFs. However, there was a lack of studies comparing the transgender individuals to the population of the same desired gender. Such studies are needed, to better infer rules for the participation of transgender athletes in Olympic sports. Level of Evidence I; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

RESUMEN Introducción: El debate sobre las regulaciones relativas a la participación de las personas transgénero en el deporte no es reciente. Algunas organizaciones deportivas son más flexibles, mientras que otras, más conservadoras. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo resumir la evidencia científica sobre los efectos de la terapia hormonal cruzada en la fuerza muscular, hematocrito, y hemoglobina, parámetros que parecen estar vinculados al rendimiento deportivo, mediante revisión sistemática y metanálisis. Métodos: Realizamos búsquedas electrónicas de manuscritos publicados antes del 20 de noviembre de 2020. Se incluyeron estudios publicados en tres bases de datos (PubMed, SciELO y Lilacs) sin restricción de tiempo o lenguaje. Se utilizaron palabras clave como "transgénero", "disforia de género", "fuerza", "hematocrito" y "hemoglobina". Para la elaboración de esta revisión se utilizó la sistematización PRISMA, mientras que se realizó un metanálisis para evidenciar matemáticamente los resultados. El metanálisis se realizó utilizando el modelo de efecto aleatorio, para encontrar el efecto de estimación agrupado de la terapia hormonal cruzada en los parámetros analizados. Resultados: La búsqueda electrónica incluyó 21 artículos. La terapia hormonal cruzada influyó en los tres parámetros analizados en casi todos los estudios. En general, hubo un aumento significativo en la fuerza muscular en hombres trans (FtMs), por grupo muscular analizado: +17.7% (95% intervalo de confianza [CI]14.9;20.6). En mujeres trans (MTFs) los resultados en el análisis de fuerza muscular fueron más controvertidos, pero el efecto de estimación agrupado mostró una disminución: −3.6% (95% intervalo de confianza [CI] −6.6; −0.6). Conclusión: Fuerza muscular, hematocrito, y hemoglobina han cambiado sus niveles en respuesta a la terapia hormonal cruzada en hombres trans y mujeres trans. Sin embargo, encontramos una falta de estudios que compararan a las personas transgénero con la población del mismo género deseado, lo que sería necesario para inferir mejor las reglas sobre la participación de los transexuales en los deportes olímpicos. Nivel de Evidencia I; Revisión sistemática y Metanálisis.

RESUMO Introdução: O debate sobre as regulamentações relativas à participação de transgêneros no esporte não é recente, mais ainda está em progresso. Algumas organizações esportivas são mais flexíveis nesse aspecto, enquanto outras são mais conservadoras. Objetivo: Mediante revisão sistemática e metanálise, este estudo resume as evidências científicas dos efeitos do tratamento hormonal de redesignação sexual nas medidas de força muscular, hematócritos e hemoglobina, parâmetros que parecem estar ligados ao desempenho esportivo. Métodos: Foram realizadas buscas eletrônicas de artigos publicados antes de 20 de novembro de 2020 incluídos em três bancos de dados (PubMed, SciELO e Lilacs), sem restrição de tempo ou idioma, sendo usados os descritores "transgender", "gender dysphoria", "strength", "hematocrit" e "hemoglobin". A sistematização PRISMA foi usada para a elaboração desta revisão, enquanto a metanálise foi realizada para evidenciar matematicamente os resultados. A metanálise foi realizada com o modelo de efeito aleatório para encontrar o efeito combinado estimado do tratamento hormonal de redesignação sexual sobre os parâmetros analisados. Resultados: A busca eletrônica recuperou 21 artigos elegíveis. O tratamento hormonal de redesignação sexual influenciou os três parâmetros analisados em quase todos os estudos. No geral, houve um aumento significativo da força muscular nos homens trans (FtMs) no grupo de músculos analisado: +17,7% (intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95% 14,9; 20,6). Nas mulheres trans (MtFs) os resultados da análise da força muscular foram mais controversos, mas o efeito de estimativa agrupado mostrou uma diminuição: −3,6% (intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95% 6,6; −0,6). Conclusão: Força muscular, hematócritos e hemoglobina tiveram níveis alterados em resposta ao tratamento hormonal de redesignação sexual tanto em FtMs quanto em MtFs. No entanto, há escassez de estudos que comparem os indivíduos transgênero com a população do mesmo gênero desejado. Esses estudos são necessários para melhor definir as regras da participação de transgêneros nos esportes olímpicos. Nível de Evidência I; Revisão Sistemática e Metanálise.