RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus are critical public health issues. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the risk factors for mortality in patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus from a large registry in Colombia and to evaluate the potential effect modifications by type 2 diabetes mellitus over other risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Heart failure patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus enrolled in the Registro Colombiano de Falla Cardíaca (RECOLFACA) were included. RECOLFACA enrolled adult patients with heart failure diagnosis from 60 medical centers in Colombia during 2017-2019. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Survival analysis was performed using adjusted Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: A total of 2514 patients were included, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was 24.7% (n = 620). We found seven independent predictors of short-term mortality for the general cohort, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sinus rhythm, triple therapy, nitrates use, statins use, anemia, and hyperkalemia. In the type 2 diabetes mellitus group, only the left ventricle diastolic diameter was an independent mortality predictor (HR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.93-0.98). There was no evidence of effect modification by type 2 diabetes mellitus on the relationship between any independent predictors and all-cause mortality. However, a significant effect modification by type 2 diabetes mellitus between smoking and mortality was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had higher mortality risk. Our results also suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis does not modify the effect of the independent risk factors for mortality in heart failure evaluated. However, type 2 diabetes mellitus significantly modify the risk relation between mortality and smoking in patients with heart failure.
Introducción. La insuficiencia cardíaca y la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 son problemas críticos de salud pública. Objetivo. Caracterizar los factores de riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca y la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 de un registro grande en Colombia y evaluar las posibles modificaciones del efecto de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 sobre otros factores de riesgo. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca con y sin diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, inscritos en el Registro Colombiano de Insuficiencia Cardíaca (RECOLFACA). RECOLFACA incorporó pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de insuficiencia cardíaca de 60 centros médicos de Colombia durante 2017-2019. El resultado primario fue la mortalidad por todas las causas. El análisis de supervivencia se realizó utilizando modelos ajustados de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados. Se incluyeron 2.514 pacientes, la prevalencia de diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 fue del 24,7 % (n = 620). Encontramos siete predictores independientes de mortalidad a corto plazo para la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica del grupo sin diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, el ritmo sinusal, la terapia triple, el uso de nitratos, el uso de estatinas, la anemia y la hiperpotasemia. En el grupo de diabetes mellitus de tipo 2, solo el diámetro diastólico del ventrículo izquierdo fue un predictor de mortalidad independiente (HR = 0,96; IC95 %: 0,93 - 0,98). No hubo evidencia de modificación del efecto de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 sobre la relación entre ningún predictor independiente y la mortalidad por todas las causas. Sin embargo, se observó una modificación significativa del efecto de la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 entre el tabaquismo y la mortalidad. Conclusiones. Los pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 tuvieron mayor riesgo de mortalidad. Los resultados también sugieren que el diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 no modifica el efecto de los factores de riesgo independientes de mortalidad en IC evaluados. Sin embargo, la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 modifica significativamente la relación de riesgo entre mortalidad y tabaquismo en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca, posiblemente debido a un efecto sinérgico negativo que resulta en lesión vascular.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Insuficiência Cardíaca , Humanos , Insuficiência Cardíaca/mortalidade , Insuficiência Cardíaca/complicações , Insuficiência Cardíaca/epidemiologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Sistema de Registros , Modelos de Riscos ProporcionaisRESUMO
Abstract Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly affects the respiratory system, while the most common extrapulmonary complication of COVID-19 is cardiovascular involvement. Objective: To identify the frequency of electrocardiographic changes and cardiac arrhythmias in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infection. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, including patients aged >18 years with diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in a high-complexity hospital in Santiago de Cali, Colombia, from March to September 2020. A descriptive analysis with an analytical component and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed; all estimates were established with a 95% confidence level (CI) and a 5% significance level. Results: This study included 183 individuals; of whom 160 were considered for electrocardiographic analysis, 63% of which evidenced significant findings, the most frequent being sinus tachycardia (29.4%). The frequency of myocardial injury was 21.9% and was more common among non-survivors than among survivors (41.7% vs. 12.2%, p < 0.001). Myocardial injury was also significantly more common in patients who presented electrocardiographic findings than those who did not (26.5% vs. 12.1%, p = 0.032) and in those who required intensive care admission (31.8% vs 10.5%, p < 0.001). The strongest mortality-associated factor was the need for mechanical ventilation — odds ratio (OR), 9.14; 95% confidence interval, 3.4-24.5. Conclusions: Electrocardiographic findings in patients with COVID 19 are frequent, including newly diagnosed arrhythmias, justifying the use of cost-effective tools for the initial approach and follow-up of this affected population. Worse outcomes depend on factors such as invasive mechanical ventilation, comorbidities, age, and superinfection.