RESUMO
Resumen Introducción: La relación parásito-hospedero entre Dendroctonus y Pinus es reconocida como una amenaza importante para los bosques de coníferas, debido a que puede causar una alta mortalidad de árboles y consecuentemente una pérdida de cobertura forestal. Objetivo: Identificar potenciales interacciones parásito-huésped entre descortezadores y pinos, así como la contribución de las condiciones ambientales para el establecimiento de estas interacciones ecológicas. Métodos: Se realizaron modelos de nicho ecológico y análisis de redes ecológicas con la plataforma web de minería de datos espaciales SPECIES (http://species.conabio.gob.mx/). Se incluyeron siete especies de descortezadores, 52 de pinos y 19 variables bioclimáticas del portal WorldClim. Resultados: Se identificaron 140 interacciones potenciales, de las cuales el 42 % no han sido registradas previamente. El análisis de redes ecológicas nos permitió caracterizar las relaciones parásito-hospedero en generalistas y especialistas. En cuanto al análisis de nicho ecológico, se determinó la distribución potencial de los descortezadores combinando las distribuciones de Pinus y variables climáticas como predictores. Se observó que las variables climáticas contribuyen de forma negativa para la mayoría de las especies de Dendroctonus, es decir, estas variables son restrictivas en casi toda su distribución, por el contrario, las variables bióticas (Pinus) fueron positivas e informativas sobre la mayoría de las distribuciones. Conclusiones: Los patrones de coexistencia de descortezadores y pinos nos proporcionan información sobre las interacciones que se pueden establecer entre estas especies y que hasta hoy pueden ser desconocidas. Además, la integración de factores bióticos (hospederos) y abióticos (clima), permite obtener modelos de distribución geográfica que caracteriza las regiones con condiciones favorables para la presencia de las especies, así como las especies de hospederos con los que podrían estar interactuando en dichas regiones. Considerando el riesgo fitosanitario por descortezadores, nuestros resultados brindan escenarios geográficos y ecológicos de riesgo donde infestaciones por descortezadores podrían darse, así como la posible emergencia de nuevas interacciones parásito-hospedero desconocidas hasta hoy. Estos modelos son una herramienta que en el futuro pueden dirigir esfuerzos de trabajo de campo para validar y complementar nuestros resultados.
Abstract Introduction: The parasite-host relationship between bark beetles of the genus Dendroctonus and species of the genus Pinus has been recognized as important threat to coniferous forests because it can cause high tree mortality and therefore a loss of forests. Objectives: We aimed to identify the potential unknown parasite-host relationships among bark beetles and pine trees species, as well as the contribution of environmental conditions as driver of these ecological interactions. Methods: We carried out ecological niche models and ecological network analysis using the spatial datamining platform SPECIES (http://species.conabio.gob.mx/). Our study included seven species of bark beetles, 52 species of the genus Pinus, and 19 bioclimatic variables from Worldclim dataset. Results: We identified 140 potential interactions between Dendroctonus and Pinus species, of which 42 % have not been previously registered. Complex inference network analysis allowed us to characterize ecological parasite-host interactions in generalists and specialists. Regarding the ecological niche analysis, we determined potential bark beetle distributions by combining Pinus species ranges and climatic variables as predictors. We noted that climatic variables contributed negatively to Dendroctonus distribution for the most species, i.e. these abiotic variables are restrictive in almost the entire distribution of the beetles; conversely, biotic variables (i.e. Pinus species) were positive and informative on the most of species ranges. Conclusions: Coexistence patterns of bark beetles and Pinus provide us information on the interactions that are able to establish among these species and that until now can be unknown. In addition, integrating biotic (hosts) and abiotic (climate) factors, allows us to obtain geographic distribution models that characterize the regions with favorable conditions for the presence of bark beetles, as well as the host species with which they could be interacting in those regions. Considering the phytosanitary risk due to bark beetles, our results provide geographic and ecological scenarios where bark beetles infestations may occur, as well as the possible emergence of new parasite-host interactions. These models can be a tool to address future fieldwork efforts to validate and complement our results.
Assuntos
Animais , Besouros , Adaptação ao Hospedeiro , MéxicoRESUMO
A test of the biogeographical regionalization of the Mexican Transition Zone (MTZ) is presented, resulting from a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) based on the distributional patterns of 575 species of the family Curculionidae. The analysis was carried out in three stages. First, a PAE was carried out to define a general regionalization scheme for the MTZ, identifying areas and microareas of endemism for the entire area. Then PAEs were undertaken for each province. Third, a PAE was carried out to determine the relationship between the provinces of the MTZ. The analysis of the entire MTZ resulted in four areas and 57 microareas of endemism, while in the independent analysis of each province, five areas and 67 microareas of endemism were obtained. Both analyses coincide basically in the location of the areas and microareas of endemism, which are subordinated to biogeographic units defined by different authors. In the consensus cladogram of the third stage of the analysis, the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (TVB) is the sister area to the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMOC); then, they are the sister area to the Sierra Madre Oriental (SMOR); and finally the previous provinces are united in a trichotomy with the Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS) and the Chiapas Highlands (CHIS). It is assumed that the differences found when comparing our results with different cladistic biogeographic studies of the MTZ reflect the complexity of the study area. Since the data used to perform the analyses are not uniform, and both geographical units and taxa are different, the comparison between different analyses is difficult.
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Besouros , Gorgulhos , Animais , Geografia , Insetos , MéxicoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: In recent years, malaria (Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum) has been successfully controlled in the Ecuador-Peru coastal border region. The aim of this study was to document this control effort and to identify the best practices and lessons learned that are applicable to malaria control and to other vector-borne diseases. A proximal outcome evaluation was conducted of the robust elimination programme in El Oro Province, Ecuador, and the Tumbes Region, Peru. Data collection efforts included a series of workshops with local public health experts who played central roles in the elimination effort, review of epidemiological records from Ministries of Health, and a review of national policy documents. Key programmatic and external factors are identified that determined the success of this eradication effort. CASE DESCRIPTION: From the mid 1980s until the early 2000s, the region experienced a surge in malaria transmission, which experts attributed to a combination of ineffective anti-malarial treatment, social-ecological factors (e.g., El Niño, increasing rice farming, construction of a reservoir), and political factors (e.g., reduction in resources and changes in management). In response to the malaria crisis, local public health practitioners from El Oro and Tumbes joined together in the mid-1990s to forge an unofficial binational collaboration for malaria control. Over the next 20 years, they effectively eradicated malaria in the region, by strengthening surveillance and treatment strategies, sharing of resources, operational research to inform policy, and novel interventions. DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION: The binational collaboration at the operational level was the fundamental component of the successful malaria elimination programme. This unique relationship created a trusting, open environment that allowed for flexibility, rapid response, innovation and resilience in times of crisis, and ultimately a sustainable control programme. Strong community involvement, an extensive microscopy network and ongoing epidemiologic investigations at the local level were also identified as crucial programmatic strategies. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide key principles of a successful malaria elimination programme that can inform the next generation of public health professionals in the region, and serve as a guide to ongoing and future control efforts of other emerging vector borne diseases globally.
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Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/métodos , Controle de Doenças Transmissíveis/organização & administração , Erradicação de Doenças , Malária Falciparum/epidemiologia , Malária Falciparum/prevenção & controle , Malária Vivax/epidemiologia , Malária Vivax/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Equador/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Cooperação Internacional , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
En este trabajo se elabora un plan de motivación para los directivos intermedios de un hospital regional de alta complejidad. Métodos: Se aplicó el método de análisis de factores de componentes principales con rotación Varimax, sobre la base de un cuestionario que incluyó 57 afirmaciones de medición de actitudes tipo Likert de cinco puntos. La población sujeto de la investigación fue la líneade mando intermedia, constituida por 62 profesionales bajo cuya supervisión se desempeñan 1 317 funcionarios. Resultados: Se propone la realización de talleres de integración entre jefes y subalternos, la creación de instancias de participación informativa, consultiva y de decisión, y que, además, se estudie la carga de trabajo, así como un sistema de comunicación que incorpore elementos de reconocimiento.Discusión: Se confirma el hecho de que los factores higiénicos no producen motivación y que tampoco generan desmotivación. Sin embargo, variables económicas como el salario, pueden llegar a ser consideradas motivacionales o desmotivacionales, de acuerdo con el nivel de satisfacción alcanzado...
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Humanos , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Planos para Motivação de Pessoal , ChileRESUMO
Astaxanthin (AST) is a valued molecule because of its high antioxidant properties. However, AST is extremely sensitive to oxidation, causing the loss of its bioactive properties. The purposes of this study were to define conditions for microencapsulating AST in oil bodies (OB) from Brassica napus to enhance its oxidative stability, and to test the bioactivity of the microencapsulated AST (AST-M) in cells. Conditions for maximising microencapsulation efficiency (ME) were determined using the Response Surface Methodology, obtaining a high ME (>99%). OB loaded with AST showed a strong electrostatic repulsion in a wide range of pH and ionic strengths. It was found that AST-M exposed to air and light was more stable than free AST. In addition, the protective effect of AST against intracellular ROS production was positively influenced by microencapsulation in OB. These results suggest that OB offer a novel option for stabilising and delivering AST.
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Antioxidantes/administração & dosagem , Brassica napus/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Gotículas Lipídicas/química , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular , Composição de Medicamentos , Humanos , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Xantofilas/administração & dosagem , Xantofilas/farmacologiaRESUMO
In this study, oil bodies (OBs) from Gevuina avellana (OBs-G) and Madia sativa (OBs-M) were isolated and characterized. Microscopic inspection revealed that the monolayer on OB-G was thinner compared to that on OB-M. Cytometric profiles regarding size, complexity, and staining for the two OB sources were similar. Fatty acid to protein mass ratio in both OBs was near 29, indicating high lipid enrichment. OBs-G and OBs-M showed a strong electrostatic repulsion over wide ranges of pH (5.5-9.5) and NaCl concentration (0-150 mM). Proteins displaying highly conserved sequences (steroleosins and aquaporins) in the plant kingdom were identified. The presence of oleosins was immunologically revealed using antibodies raised against Arabidopsis thaliana oleosins. OBs-G and OBs-M exhibited no significant cytotoxicity against the cells. This is the first report about the isolation and characterization of OBs-G and OBs-M, and this knowledge could be used for novel applications of these raw materials.
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Asteraceae , Óleos de Plantas/química , Proteaceae , Sementes/ultraestrutura , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citometria de Fluxo , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Lipídeos/análise , Concentração Osmolar , Proteínas de Plantas/análise , Sementes/químicaRESUMO
Como orientación a la política pública de salud, el presente documento determina la percepción y la disposición de las personas a la donación de órganos. El instrumento de indagación fue un cuestionario aplicado a una muestra de 204 personas localizadas en 10 ciudades de Chile. La varianza del estudio fue 18,8 por ciento, el error un 2,58 por ciento, la confiabilidad, medida por Alfa de Cronbach, fue de 0,777. Las variables se identificaron mediante el método de grupo foco, se midieron por escalas nominales y ordinales. En general se concluye que tanto quienes están inscritos como donantes como aquellos que no lo están tienen una buena disposición a donar órganos y perciben que la decisión de donación debe ser tomada en forma personal, pero en conocimiento de la familia.
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Doação Dirigida de Tecido/estatística & dados numéricos , Doadores de Tecidos/estatística & dados numéricos , Intenção , Transplante de Órgãos , Política de Saúde , Política Pública , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
The morphology and size of spermatozoa make it difficult to study the functional properties of the plasma membrane, however, some studies have revealed the presence of a number of ion channels in this cell. We measured the calcium (Ca(++)) influx induced by depolarization of the plasma membrane and by venom isolated from the Chilean black widow spider (Latrodectus mactans), and functional changes in the presence of either high potassium or total venom. Our results indicate that the venom increased the Ca(++) influx, with an EC50 of 6.1 microg/mL and triggering the acrosome reaction in 43.26% of the cells. The application of potassium (10 mM K(+)) or total venom (10 microg/mL) did not affect the morphology or DNA stability of the sperm. The effects induced by high K(+) and venom suggest that direct blocking of K(+) currents alters the passive properties of the plasma membrane, leading to the entry of Ca(++). These results show the importance of functional changes induced by depolarizing the spermatozoa and by venom. This venom possesses one or more molecules that may be used as pharmacological tools for studies on spermatozoa and have potential applications in reproductive biotechnology.