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INTRODUCTION: valproic acid (VPA), an epigenetic drug, has potential for the treatment of neoplasms. Its effects on the healing of the peritoneal-musculo-aponeurotic plane (PMA) of the abdominal wall are studied. METHOD: sixty Wistar rats were allocated into two groups: experimental (VPA) and control (0.9% sodium chloride), treated daily, starting three days before the intervention and until euthanasia. Under anesthesia, a median laparotomy was performed and repaired with two synthetic layers. Assessments took place 3, 7 and 14 days after surgery. The integrity of the wounds, the quality of the inflammatory reaction, the intensity of the leukocyte infiltrate, collagen synthesis, the intensity of angiogenesis and the presence of myofibroblasts were studied. RESULTS: there was dehiscence of the PMA plane in 11 of the 30 animals (p=0.001) in the experimental group. There was no difference in the quality and intensity of the inflammatory reaction. Immunohistochemistry revealed, in the experimental group, less collagen I (p3=0.003, p7=0.013 and p14=0.001) and more collagen III (p3=0.003, p7=0.013 and p14= 0.001). Collagen evaluated by Sirus Supra Red F3BA showed, in the experimental group, less collagen at all three times (p<0.001) with less collagen I and collagen III (p<0.001). A lower number of vessels was found on the 3rd day (p<0.001) and on the 7th day (p=0.001) and did not affect the number of myofibroblasts. CONCLUSION: VPA showed dehiscence of the PMA plane, with less deposition of total collagen and collagen I, less angiogenic activity, without interfering with the number of myofibroblasts.

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Leukoaraiosis is a neuroimaging marker of small-vessel disease that is characterized by high signal intensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI. There is increasing evidence from pathology and neuroimaging suggesting that the structural abnormalities that characterize leukoaraiosis are actually present within regions of normal-appearing white matter, and that the underlying pathophysiology of white matter damage related to small-vessel disease involves blood-brain barrier damage. In this study, we aim to verify whether leukoaraiosis is associated with elevated signal intensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging, a marker of brain tissue free-water accumulation, in normal-appearing white matter. We performed a cross-sectional study of adult patients admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Leukoaraiosis was segmented using a semi-automated method involving manual outlining and signal thresholding. White matter regions were segmented based on the probabilistic tissue maps from the International Consortium for Brain Mapping 152 atlas. Also, normal-appearing white matter was further segmented based on voxel distance from leukoaraiosis borders, resulting in five normal-appearing white matter strata at increasing voxel distances from leukoaraiosis. The relationship between mean normalized fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal intensity on normal-appearing white matter and leukoaraiosis volume was studied in a multivariable statistical analysis using linear mixed modelling, having normal-appearing white matter strata as a clustering variable. One hundred consecutive patients meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for analysis (53% female, mean age 68 years). Mean normalized fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal intensity on normal-appearing white matter was higher in the vicinity of leukoaraiosis and progressively lower at increasing distances from leukoaraiosis. In a multivariable analysis, the mean normalized fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal intensity on normal-appearing white matter was positively associated with leukoaraiosis volume and age (B = 0.025 for each leukoaraiosis quartile increase; 95% confidence interval 0.019-0.030). This association was found similarly across normal-appearing white matter strata. Voxel maps of the mean normalized fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal intensity on normal-appearing white matter showed an increase in signal intensity that was not adjacent to leukoaraiosis regions. Our results show that normal-appearing white matter exhibits subtle signal intensity changes on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging that are related to leukoaraiosis burden. These results suggest that diffuse free-water accumulation is likely related to the aetiopathogenic processes underlying the development of white matter damage related to small-vessel disease.

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OBJECTIVE: Restenosis after transcarotid artery revascularization (TCAR) is a known complication. When identified in the early postoperative period, it may be related to technique. We evaluated our TCAR experience to identify potentially modifiable factors impacting restenosis. METHODS: This is a single-institution, retrospective review of patients undergoing TCAR from November 2017 to July 2022. Restenosis was defined as >50% stenosis on duplex ultrasound (DUS) examination or computed tomographic angiography (CTA). Continuous variables were compared using Kruskal-Wallis's test. Categorical variables were compared using the Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Of 61 interventions, 11 (18%) developed restenosis within the median follow-up of 345 days (interquartile range, 103-623 days). Among these patients, 82% (9/11) had >50% stenosis, and 18% (2/11) had >80% stenosis. Both patients with high-grade restenosis were symptomatic and underwent revascularization. Diagnosis of post-TCAR restenosis was via DUS examination in 45% (5/11), CTA in 18% (2/11), or both CTA/DUS examination in 36% (4/11). Restenosis occurred within 1 month in 54% (6/11) and 6 months in 72% (8/11) of patients. However, three of the six patients with restenosis within 1 month had discordant findings on CTA vs DUS imaging. Patient comorbidities, degree of preoperative stenosis, medical management, balloon size, stent size, lesion characteristics, and predilatation angioplasty did not differ. Patients with restenosis were younger (P = .02), had prior ipsilateral endarterectomy (odds ratio [OR], 6.5; P = .02), had history of neck radiation (OR, 18.3; P = .01), and lower rate of postdilatation angioplasty (OR, 0.11; P = .04), without an increased risk of neurological events. CONCLUSIONS: Although post-TCAR restenosis occurred in 18% of patients, only 3% of patients had critical restenosis and required reintervention. Patient factors associated with restenosis were younger age, prior endarterectomy, and history of neck radiation. Although early restenosis may be mitigated by improved technique, the only technical factor associated with restenosis was less use of postdilatation angioplasty. Balancing neurological risk, this factor may have increased application in appropriate patients. Diagnosis of restenosis was inconsistent between imaging modalities; current surveillance paradigms and diagnostic thresholds may warrant reconsideration.

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ABSTRACT Introduction: valproic acid (VPA), an epigenetic drug, has potential for the treatment of neoplasms. Its effects on the healing of the peritoneal-musculo-aponeurotic plane (PMA) of the abdominal wall are studied. Method: sixty Wistar rats were allocated into two groups: experimental (VPA) and control (0.9% sodium chloride), treated daily, starting three days before the intervention and until euthanasia. Under anesthesia, a median laparotomy was performed and repaired with two synthetic layers. Assessments took place 3, 7 and 14 days after surgery. The integrity of the wounds, the quality of the inflammatory reaction, the intensity of the leukocyte infiltrate, collagen synthesis, the intensity of angiogenesis and the presence of myofibroblasts were studied. Results: there was dehiscence of the PMA plane in 11 of the 30 animals (p=0.001) in the experimental group. There was no difference in the quality and intensity of the inflammatory reaction. Immunohistochemistry revealed, in the experimental group, less collagen I (p3=0.003, p7=0.013 and p14=0.001) and more collagen III (p3=0.003, p7=0.013 and p14= 0.001). Collagen evaluated by Sirus Supra Red F3BA showed, in the experimental group, less collagen at all three times (p<0.001) with less collagen I and collagen III (p<0.001). A lower number of vessels was found on the 3rd day (p<0.001) and on the 7th day (p=0.001) and did not affect the number of myofibroblasts. Conclusion: VPA showed dehiscence of the PMA plane, with less deposition of total collagen and collagen I, less angiogenic activity, without interfering with the number of myofibroblasts.

RESUMO Introdução: o ácido valpróico (VPA), droga epigenética, apresenta-se com potencial para o tratamento de neoplasias. Estudam-se seus efeitos sobre a cicatrização do plano peritônio-músculo-aponeurótico (PMA) da parede abdominal. Método: sessenta ratos Wistar, foram alocados em dois grupos: o experimental (VPA) e o controle (cloreto de sódio 0,9%), tratados diariamente, iniciando três dias antes da intervenção e até a eutanásia. Sob anestesia, fez-se uma laparotomia mediana que foi reparada com dois planos de síntese. As avaliações aconteceram 3, 7 e 14 dias após a cirurgia. Estudou-se a integridade das feridas, a qualidade da reação inflamatória, a intensidade do infiltrado de leucócitos, a síntese do colágeno, a intensidade da angiogênese e a presença de miofibroblastos. Resultados: o plano PMA mostrou-se deiscente em 11 dos 30 animais (p=0,001) do grupo experimento. Não houve diferença na qualidade da reação inflamatória e nem no infiltrado de leucócitos. A imuno-histoquímica revelou, no grupo experimento, menos colágeno I (p3=0,003, p7=0,013 e p14=0,001) e mais colágeno III (p3=0,003, p7=0,013 e p14= 0,001). Colágeno avaliado pelo Sirus Supra Red F3BA mostrou, no grupo experimento,menos colágeno nos três tempo (p<0,001) com menos colágeno I e colágeno III (p<0,001). Constatou-se menor número de vasos no 3º dia (p<0,001) e no 7º dia (p=0,001) e não afetou a quantidade de miofibroblastos. Conclusão: o VPA mostrou deiscências do plano PMA, com reação inflamatória semelhante.ao controle, menor deposição de colágeno total e de colágeno I, menor atividade angiogênica, sem interferir na quantidade de miofibroblastos.

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We studied the impact of field temperature on the emergence of Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) after being released as either protected (encapsulated) or unprotected pupae close to adult emergence. Two independent bioassays (protected pupae vs. unprotected pupae) were carried out in a randomized block experimental design in a 2 (parasitoid rearing temperature regimes) ×4 (release positions within plant canopy) factorial scheme. One of the T. podisi colonies was reared at a constant temperature (25 °C) and 12:12 h L:D (Light: Dark) photoperiod. The second T. podisi colony was reared at fluctuating temperatures (20 °C during 12 h D and 30 °C during 12 h of L). Each bioassay had five replicates. Each replicate contained 40 pupae from each rearing temperature and release position within plant canopy. Parasitoid pupae were released in the bottom third, middle third, or upper third of the plant's canopy, as well as between planting lines. Each bioassay was repeated six times (in different plant developmental stages: R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6). There was no difference in emergence of parasitoids between colonies reared at different temperatures after exposure to field conditions. Emergence of T. podisi was reduced after pupae exposure to temperatures above 35 °C in the field, regardless of the rearing temperature. Telenomus podisi tolerates temperature fluctuations for emergence as long as they fit the optimal range (20 to 30 °C).

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A previously healthy 13 year-old boy presented with acute-onset headaches, aphasia and right-sided hemiparesis. Imaging showed cerebral ischemic infarction due to bilateral carotid occlusion, and investigation for stroke etiology diagnosed homocystinuria. Homocystinuria is an autosomal recessive condition that affects the metabolism of the amino acid methionine due to an enzyme deficiency. This disorder involves multiple organs systems, and complications include thromboembolic events, ectopia lentis, mental retardation, and skeletal abnormalities. The early diagnosis and treatment of hyperhomocystinemia can significantly improve outcomes. Therefore, metabolic screening for homocystinuria is strongly recommended for children presenting with stroke.

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The objective of this study was to describe phenotypically and biochemically the symbiotic bacteria associated with three populations of Heterorhabditis amazonensis Andalo et al., 2006 (isolates: UEL-n 01, UEL-n 07, and UEL-n 08) and evaluate their pathogenicity on Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae. Bacteria were isolated by maceration of infective juveniles (IJs) and grown in culture medium (NBTA and MacConkey). The characterization of the bacteria was evaluated by employing motility test and biochemical tests like Gram staining, lipase activity, protease, and lecithinase. The production of antibiotics and bioluminescence was also evaluated. The pathogenicity was evaluated on the last instar larvae of G. mellonella at a concentration of 104 cells/mL. The bacteria from the three entomopathogenic nematodes isolates were positive for all biochemical tests except for lecithinase, and have presented bioluminescence when subjected to ultraviolet light, indicating that they belong to the genus Photorhabdus sp. Both were pathogenic to G. mellonella larvae causing 93.3 to 100.0% mortality.(AU)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi descrever fenotípica e bioquimicamente as bactérias simbiontes associadas a três isolados do nematoide Heterorhabditis amazonensis Andalo et al., 2006 (isolates: UEL-n 01, UEL-n 07, and UEL-n 08) e avaliar sua patogenicidade sobre lagartas de Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). As bactérias foram isoladas por meio de macerado de juvenis infectantes (JIs) e cultivadas em meio de cultura (NBTA e MacConkey). A caracterização das bactérias foi realizada por meio de testes de motilidade e bioquímicos de coloração de Gram, atividade de lipase, protease e lecitinase. Avaliou-se também a produção de antibióticos e de bioluminescência. A patogenicidade foi avaliada em lagartas de G. mellonella na concentração de 104 células/mL. Observou-se que as bactérias dos três isolados de nematoides entomopatogênicos foram positivas para todos os testes bioquímicos, com exceção da lecitinase, e apresentaram bioluminescência quando submetidas a luz ultravioleta, indicando que estas cepas pertencem ao gênero Photorhabdus sp. Ambas foram patogênicas às lagartas de G. mellonellacausando mortalidade entre 93,3 e 100,0%.(AU)

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