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Given the increasing problems of water and soil contamination with cadmium (Cd), it is necessary to investigate the genetic and physiological mechanisms of tolerance to this metal in different crops, which can be used for the development of effective crop management strategies. This study aimed to assess the potential of grafting as a strategy to increase Cd tolerance and reduce absorption in tomato by evaluating the contribution of the root system and aerial parts for tolerance mechanisms. To this end, reciprocal grafting and diallel analyses were used to examine the combining ability of contrasting tomato genotypes under exposure to 0 and 35 µM CdCl2. Roots and above-ground parts were found to have specific mechanisms of Cd tolerance, absorption, and accumulation. Grafting of the USP15 genotype (scion) on USP16 (rootstock) provided the greatest synergism, increasing the tolerance index and reducing the translocation index and Cd accumulation in leaves. USP163 exhibited potential for breeding programs that target genotypes with high Cd tolerance. In tomato, both Cd tolerance and accumulation in aerial parts are genotype- and tissue-specific, controlled by a complex system of complementary mechanisms that need to be better understood to support the development of strategies to reduce Cd contamination in aerial parts.

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This review gathered and analyzed data about (i) the Cd-induced impacts on seed germination and seedling vigor, and (ii) the use of different priming agents to mitigate Cd-induced impacts on the early plant development. Critical evaluation of the obtained data revealed intriguing results. First, seeds of diverse species can endure exposures to Cd. Such endurance is exhibited as maintenance of or even improvement in the seed germination and vigor (up to 15% and 70%, respectively). Second, the main factors influencing seed tolerance to Cd toxicity are related to temporal variations in anatomical, physiological, and/or biochemical features. Third, Cd can trigger diverse transgenerational effects on plants by shaping seed endophytes, by modulating seed provisioning with resources and regulatory elements, and/or by altering seed (epi)genomics. Fourth, different chemical, biological and physical priming agents can mitigate Cd-induced impacts on seeds, sometimes enhancing their performance over the control (reference) values. Overall, this review shows that the impacts of Cd on seed germination and vigor encompass not only negative outcomes but also neutral and positive ones, depending upon the Cd dose, media properties, plant species and genotypes, plant developmental stage and organ, and management approaches. Increasing our understanding of plant tolerance mechanisms against the growing background Cd pollution is relevant to support breeding programs, agricultural practices, and health-environmental policies.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to present a clinical case of a pediatric patient with ASD who had experienced dental trauma and underwent dental treatment in a hospital environment under general anesthesia. A 10-year-old male patient who was Brazilian and had leukoderma was diagnosed with ASD at three years of age, he experienced trauma to the upper teeth, with avulsion of tooth 12 and extrusive displacement of tooth 11, after being run over by a car in February 2017. He was immediately taken to the emergency room, where he was seen by a dentist and he was immediately transferred to Hospital. In the out-patient clinic of this hospital, with the aid of protective stabilization and infiltrative anesthesia, tooth 12 was reimplanted 40 minutes after trauma and restrained with composite resin. He continued treatment in another city and Endodontic and paraendodontic treatment of teeth 11 and 12 was performed under general anesthesia. Follow-ups with the patient are continuing, with the last control periapical radiograph taken in January 2020. In this case, the proposed dental treatment was successful and did not lead to any complications.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar um caso clínico de um paciente pediátrico com TEA que sofreu traumatismo dentário e foi submetido a tratamento odontológico em ambiente hospitalar, sob anestesia geral. Paciente do sexo masculino, 10 anos, brasileiro, leucoderma, foi diagnosticado com TEA aos três anos de idade, apresentou trauma nos dentes superiores, com avulsão do dente 12 e deslocamento extrusivo do dente 11, após ser atropelado por um carro em fevereiro de 2017. Ele foi imediatamente levado para o pronto socorro, onde foi atendido por um dentista e imediatamente transferido para o Hospital. No ambulatório deste hospital, com auxílio de estabilização protetora e anestesia infiltrativa, o dente 12 foi reimplantado 40 minutos após o trauma e contido com resina composta. Ele continuou o tratamento em outra cidade, o tratamento endodôntico e paraendodôntico dos dentes 11 e 12 foi realizado sob anestesia geral. Os acompanhamentos com o paciente continuam, com a última radiografia periapical de controle realizada em janeiro de 2020. Neste caso, o tratamento odontológico proposto foi bem-sucedido e não levou a nenhuma complicação.

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BACKGROUND: Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a chronic disease characterised by hypersensitivity to environmental allergens. Oclacitinib maleate selectively inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators associated with cAD. However, the impact of chronic oclacitinib use on immunocompetence requires further investigation. OBJECTIVES: Herein, we examined the potential immunomodulatory effects of prolonged oclacitinib treatment in dogs. ANIMALS: Thirteen privately owned dogs with cAD, treated with 0.4-0.6 mg/kg oclacitinib for 12 months. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Pruritus level was evaluated using a pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) and the canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index, 4th iteration (CADESI IV). Peripheral blood samples were collected for routine laboratory assays and lymphocyte subtypes were analysed using flow cytometry. Antigen-specific intracellular cytokine production from CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was analysed following in vitro stimulation by Dermatophagoides farinae antigens. RESULTS: Oclacitinib treatment significantly reduced pVAS and CADESI-04 scores, by 51% and 86.7%, respectively. Flow cytometric analysis revealed increased CD4+ and CD14+ lymphocyte populations. The cytokine profile at 360 days after treatment initiation was similar to that before treatment and was not associated with clinical relapse. CONCLUSION: Oclacitinib, when administered at the currently labelled dose for one year, is associated with a significant increase in circulating CD4+ T cells, but does not alter cytokine production from antigen-stimulated T cells. The results reported do not support evidence for immunosuppression mediated by the mechanisms evaluated in this study.

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In the agricultural industry, advances in optical imaging technologies based on rapid and non-destructive approaches have contributed to increase food production for the growing population. The present study employed autofluorescence-spectral imaging and machine learning algorithms to develop distinct models for classification of soybean seeds differing in physiological quality after artificial aging. Autofluorescence signals from the 365/400 nm excitation-emission combination (that exhibited a perfect correlation with the total phenols in the embryo) were efficiently able to segregate treatments. Furthermore, it was also possible to demonstrate a strong correlation between autofluorescence-spectral data and several quality indicators, such as early germination and seed tolerance to stressful conditions. The machine learning models developed based on artificial neural network, support vector machine or linear discriminant analysis showed high performance (0.99 accuracy) for classifying seeds with different quality levels. Taken together, our study shows that the physiological potential of soybean seeds is reduced accompanied by changes in the concentration and, probably in the structure of autofluorescent compounds. In addition, altering the autofluorescent properties in seeds impact the photosynthesis apparatus in seedlings. From the practical point of view, autofluorescence-based imaging can be used to check modifications in the optical properties of soybean seed tissues and to consistently discriminate high-and low-vigor seeds.

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KEY MESSAGE: A first insight into the effects of cadmium exposure on the phosphoproteome of tomato plants by performing a comparative analysis of tomato genotypes with contrasting cadmium tolerance.

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The present study aimed to investigate the Cd-induced transgenerational effects on plants. Grafted tomato plants, which exhibited the same cultivar as scion and distinct cultivars with contrasting Cd-tolerance as rootstocks, were grown in soil without and with artificial addition of Cd (less than 2.0, and 6.9 mg kg-1 of Cd, respectively) in a pot experiment carried out in a greenhouse. Their fruits were harvested to extract seeds (i.e., the progenies), which were sown over either Cd-free (control) or Cd-containing germitest paper (germination testing paper with 0 and 35 µM of CdCl2, respectively) and grown in a growth chamber. The immediate progeny of all grafting combinations from stressed plants presented an elevated germinability, despite high internal Cd concentration. When sown in Cd-containing germitest paper, the immediate progeny of plants grown in soil with no Cd addition was generally able to maintain or even increase the content of carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b (up to 93.3, 62.8 and 76.1%, respectively), indicating a Cd-induced hormetic effect on photosynthetic pigments. Two of the grafting combinations from stressed plants yielded seeds that generated seedlings with enhanced dry mass when they were sown in Cd-free media (~41%), suggesting a Cd-induced transgenerational enhancement of biomass production. Because only one tomato cultivar was used as scion, data indicated that type and degree of Cd-induced transgenerational effects depend strongly on signals generated and/or processed in roots of the parental plants. When sown in Cd-contaminated germitest paper, the immediate progeny of Cd-treated plants presented major reductions in the leaf area (35-69%) and content of photosynthetic pigments (57-93%) in comparison to the progeny from control plants. However, one of the grafting combinations exhibited satisfactory performance after "double" exposure to Cd, showing 91% of the biomass that was produced in the seedlings of control seeds from control plants. Further investigation indicated that adjustments in the chlorophyll fluorescence behavior might counterbalance losses in leaf pigments and area. Taken together, our data provide new insights on the origin, outcomes and mode of action of the Cd-induced transgenerational effects.

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This study aimed to evaluate the to evaluate the occurrence rate of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in dairy herds of Acre State, Brazil. The survey was performed on 487 lactating cows distributed across 27 farms in seven cities from June 2018 to February 2019. Farms were selected according to the following criteria: volume of milk production (150 L/day), distance to an urban perimeter (43 km), and time of dairy activity (12 years). For the diagnosis of brucellosis, buffered acidified plate antigen (BAPA) and complement fixation (CF) tests were used. Among the investigated animals, the occurrence rates for brucellosis and tuberculosis were 1.88% (9/487) and 1.23% (6/487), respectively; among the investigated farms, 11.11% (3/27) and 22.2% (6/27) had livestock diagnosed as positive for brucellosis and tuberculosis, respectively. The farms with tuberculosis-positive cattle possessed some common features with respect to herd size. These farms had considerable herd sizes, which were reared extensively in pastures shared with other susceptible or pathogen-carrying animals. In conclusion, the occurrence rate of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in dairy herds from Acre state is, in general, lower than that observed in other states of Brazil. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for developing strategies to control and eradicate both diseases to prevent eventual outbreaks and pathogen dissemination.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a taxa de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose bovina em rebanhos leitei-ros do Estado do Acre, Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada em 487 vacas em lactação distribuídas em 27 fazendas em sete cidades de junho de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. As fazendas foram selecionadas de acordo com os seguintes critérios: volume de produ-ção de leite (150 L / dia), distância do perímetro urbano (43 km), e tempo de atividade leiteira (12 anos). Para o diagnóstico da brucelose, foram utilizados os testes de antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) e de fixação de complemento (FC). Entre os animais investigados, as taxas de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose foram de 1,88% (9/487) e 1,23% (6/487), respec-tivamente; entre as propriedades investigadas, 11,11% (3/27) e 22,2% (6/27) tiveram rebanhos diagnosticados como positi-vos para brucelose e tuberculose, respectivamente. As propriedades com rebanho positivo para tuberculose possuíam algumas características comuns com relação ao tamanho do rebanho. Essas fazendas tinham rebanhos consideráveis, que eram criados extensivamente em pastagens compartilhadas com outros animais suscetíveis ou portadores de patógenos. Em conclusão, a taxa de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose bovina em rebanhos leiteiros do estado do Acre é, em geral, inferior à observada em outros estados do Brasil. No entanto, há uma necessidade urgente de desenvolver estratégias para controlar e erradicar ambas as enfermidades, para prevenir eventuais surtos e disseminação de patógenos.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the to evaluate the occurrence rate of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in dairy herds of Acre State, Brazil. The survey was performed on 487 lactating cows distributed across 27 farms in seven cities from June 2018 to February 2019. Farms were selected according to the following criteria: volume of milk production (150 L/day), distance to an urban perimeter (43 km), and time of dairy activity (12 years). For the diagnosis of brucellosis, buffered acidified plate antigen (BAPA) and complement fixation (CF) tests were used. Among the investigated animals, the occurrence rates for brucellosis and tuberculosis were 1.88% (9/487) and 1.23% (6/487), respectively; among the investigated farms, 11.11% (3/27) and 22.2% (6/27) had livestock diagnosed as positive for brucellosis and tuberculosis, respectively. The farms with tuberculosis-positive cattle possessed some common features with respect to herd size. These farms had considerable herd sizes, which were reared extensively in pastures shared with other susceptible or pathogen-carrying animals. In conclusion, the occurrence rate of bovine brucellosis and tuberculosis in dairy herds from Acre state is, in general, lower than that observed in other states of Brazil. Nevertheless, there is an urgent need for developing strategies to control and eradicate both diseases to prevent eventual outbreaks and pathogen dissemination.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a taxa de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose bovina em rebanhos leitei-ros do Estado do Acre, Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada em 487 vacas em lactação distribuídas em 27 fazendas em sete cidades de junho de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. As fazendas foram selecionadas de acordo com os seguintes critérios: volume de produ-ção de leite (150 L / dia), distância do perímetro urbano (43 km), e tempo de atividade leiteira (12 anos). Para o diagnóstico da brucelose, foram utilizados os testes de antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) e de fixação de complemento (FC). Entre os animais investigados, as taxas de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose foram de 1,88% (9/487) e 1,23% (6/487), respec-tivamente; entre as propriedades investigadas, 11,11% (3/27) e 22,2% (6/27) tiveram rebanhos diagnosticados como positi-vos para brucelose e tuberculose, respectivamente. As propriedades com rebanho positivo para tuberculose possuíam algumas características comuns com relação ao tamanho do rebanho. Essas fazendas tinham rebanhos consideráveis, que eram criados extensivamente em pastagens compartilhadas com outros animais suscetíveis ou portadores de patógenos. Em conclusão, a taxa de ocorrência de brucelose e tuberculose bovina em rebanhos leiteiros do estado do Acre é, em geral, inferior à observada em outros estados do Brasil. No entanto, há uma necessidade urgente de desenvolver estratégias para controlar e erradicar ambas as enfermidades, para prevenir eventuais surtos e disseminação de patógenos.

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