RESUMO
Mexico is the 7th largest producer of beef in the world. The livestock transport is a vital component of today's world agrifood economy that directly impacts on the development of animal production, animal welfare, public policies, labor regulations, food safety, markets and consumers. In this study two aims were established; the first aim was to identify the attitudes and perceptions of commercial hauliers towards animal welfare and their influence on the accident risks. The second aim was to characterize the current practices of the commercial cattle transport in Mexico and to detect the risk factors for animal welfare and hauliers' wellbeing. The interviews were conducted individually at the hauliers' rest points, sanitary inspection points localized along the Federal Highway 57 or at the companies' offices of cattle transportation. We used univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistics based on a hierarchical cluster analysis. The results showed that cattle transport in Mexico is characterized for long travel distances because the cattle departed from farms in the southern states of Mexico to the feedlots located in central and northern regions of the country. The journeys of short and middle distances departed from the feedlots to the slaughterhouses. The hauliers' characteristics were: age from 29 to 48 years-old, elementary or secondary studies completed, 65% of hauliers mentioned six years of experience in cattle transport, they learned about cattle transportation by means of a family member who was already engaged in this activity. The cluster analysis identified four hauliers' groups: groups 1 and 3 were related to animal welfare and groups 2 and 4 less related to animal welfare. This study showed that empathy towards cattle was a key element in identifying hauliers at risk of road accidents during cattle transportation. Years of experience in cattle transport played an important role in emphasizing closer perceptions towards welfare. Considering current trends towards increased transport times and logistics stops, there is a need to develop systems of welfare assessment and decision-making that provide tools and protocols that can minimize the biological cost to animals and hauliers, which may have been underestimated in the past.
Assuntos
Bem-Estar do Animal , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Gado , Saúde Ocupacional , Meios de Transporte , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
El Examen General por Áreas de Conocimiento (EPAC) es una opción de titulación que ofrece la Escuela Nacional de Enfermería y Obstetricia de la UNAM a estudiantes de los sistemas escolarizado; abierto e incorporado; para obtener el grado de licenciatura o profesional técnico en Enfermería. El propósito del artículo es socializar y evidenciar el trabajo realizado con el EPAC de nivel licenciatura a partir de la creación de la Unidad de Apoyo para la Evaluación de los Aprendizajes. Ello ha permitido; con el trabajo de un equipo multidisciplinar; mejorar el proceso del examen; hacer innovaciones informáticas y administrativas; mantener un apoyo educativo directo y confiable tanto a instituciones participantes como a sustentantes. Los resultados que se muestran fueron extraídos de las cuatro aplicaciones realizadas hasta el año 2006; las que se juzgaron a partir de estudios de tipo descriptivo y transversal; con muestra censal. Es innegable que el trabajo permanente con este proceso reorientará las acciones para una mejora continua; que posibiliten altos estándares de confiabilidad lo que garantizará la obtención de resultados más objetivos y oportunos.
The General Test by Knowledge Areas (EPAC) is an option for obtaining the nurse licentiate or technician degree that the National Nursery and Obstetrics School (ENEO, UNAM) offers to the students of the traditional, open and incorporated systems. The purpose of this article is to share what has been done regarding the licentiate level EPAC since the Support Unit for Knowledge Evaluation was created. This has allowed, with the work of a multidisciplinary team, to improve the general exam process, to attain computer and administrative innovations and to give a direct, realiable educative support to both institutions and individual participants. The results shown in this article proceed from the four exams presented until the year 2006, which were judged based on descriptive, transversal studies with census sample. It is undeniable that the permanent work with this process will redirect the actions for a continuous improvement, that will allow high reliability standards that guarantee the attainment of more objective, convenient results.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Bacharelado em Enfermagem , EnfermagemRESUMO
Los telómeros son estructuras esenciales para el mantenimiento de la integridad cromosómica y la capacidad replicativa de la célula. La reducción de la longitud telomérica (LT) aumenta la probabilidad de producir errores capaces de generar cambios genómicos importantes para el desarrollo neoplásico, determinando desbalances de material genético. En este trabajo se evaluó la LT mediante el análisis de fragmentos de restricción terminal (TRF) en médula ósea y/o biopsia ganglionar de 36 pacientes (edad media: 54.2 años; rango 29-77 años; 21 varones): 29 con linfoma folicular (LF) al diagnóstico y 7 con linfoma B difuso a células grandes secundario a LF (LBDCG-S). Se efectuó el análisis del rearreglo molecular del gen BCL-2 por PCR anidada y de larga distancia. Las medias de TRF en LF (4.18±0.18 Kb) y LBDCG-S (3.31±0.25 Kb) resultaron significativamente menores que en controles (8.50±0.50 Kb) (p<0.001), encontrándose diferencias entre ambos subtipos histológicos (p=0.036). Las muestras negativas para el rearreglo BCL-2 mostraron LT menores (3.39±0.30 Kb) que las positivas (4.25±0.19 Kb) (p=0.023), observándose una tendencia a valores menores en pacientes negativos para el rearreglo BCL-2, intermedios en positivos para mcr, minor cluster region, (3.84±0.45 Kb) y mayores en los positivos para MBR, Major Breakpoint Region, (4.35±0.21 Kb). Nuestros resultados muestran una reducción de la LT en LF y LBDCG-S, con TRFs significativamente más cortos en estos últimos, sugiriendo la participación del acortamiento telomérico em la progresión tumoral. Asimismo, las diferencias detectadas entre los casos BCL-2 positivos y negativos sustentarían la presencia de diferentes mecanismos patogénicos propuestos para estos distintos LF. (AU)
Assuntos
Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOVT , Telômero/fisiologia , Linfoma Folicular/genética , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B/genética , Linfoma de Células B/genética , Telômero/genética , Genes bcl-2/genética , Gânglios/patologia , Medula Óssea/patologiaRESUMO
Los telómeros son estructuras esenciales para el mantenimiento de la integridad cromosómica y la capacidad replicativa de la célula. La reducción de la longitud telomérica (LT) aumenta la probabilidad de producir errores capaces de generar cambios genómicos importantes para el desarrollo neoplásico, determinando desbalances de material genético. En este trabajo se evaluó la LT mediante el análisis de fragmentos de restricción terminal (TRF) en médula ósea y/o biopsia ganglionar de 36 pacientes (edad media: 54.2 años; rango 29-77 años; 21 varones): 29 con linfoma folicular (LF) al diagnóstico y 7 con linfoma B difuso a células grandes secundario a LF (LBDCG-S). Se efectuó el análisis del rearreglo molecular del gen BCL-2 por PCR anidada y de larga distancia. Las medias de TRF en LF (4.18±0.18 Kb) y LBDCG-S (3.31±0.25 Kb) resultaron significativamente menores que en controles (8.50±0.50 Kb) (p<0.001), encontrándose diferencias entre ambos subtipos histológicos (p=0.036). Las muestras negativas para el rearreglo BCL-2 mostraron LT menores (3.39±0.30 Kb) que las positivas (4.25±0.19 Kb) (p=0.023), observándose una tendencia a valores menores en pacientes negativos para el rearreglo BCL-2, intermedios en positivos para mcr, minor cluster region, (3.84±0.45 Kb) y mayores en los positivos para MBR, Major Breakpoint Region, (4.35±0.21 Kb). Nuestros resultados muestran una reducción de la LT en LF y LBDCG-S, con TRFs significativamente más cortos en estos últimos, sugiriendo la participación del acortamiento telomérico em la progresión tumoral. Asimismo, las diferencias detectadas entre los casos BCL-2 positivos y negativos sustentarían la presencia de diferentes mecanismos patogénicos propuestos para estos distintos LF.
Assuntos
Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Linfoma Difuso de Grandes Células B , Linfoma de Células B/genética , Linfoma Folicular/genética , Telômero/fisiologia , Medula Óssea/patologia , Gânglios/patologia , /genética , Telômero/genéticaRESUMO
Current working conditions and new forms of work organization are affecting workers' health in numerous ways which can only be explained by more complex theories and methodologies than those used traditionally. The authors analyze some important elements of the work process and the interaction among work demands as determinants of mental and psychosomatic disorders and fatigue (MPDF) among workers in a Mexican industrial plant. The workers studied (n = 830) were male, with a mean age of 32. MPDF represent one-third of the disease burden among these workers. An association was observed with the number of years worked, type of activity, and job area. Job-related demands and work organization, including excessive work, strict supervision, dangerous work, unnatural positions, and intense and hard physical labor were also closely related to these conditions. The most relevant problem is the combination of many different demands. Interaction among the combinations was found to be additive or synergistic. In the latter condition the risk of morbid effects increases beyond merely an additive effect.
Assuntos
Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Doenças Profissionais/psicologia , Transtornos Psicofisiológicos/etiologia , Adulto , Esgotamento Profissional/etiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Fadiga Mental/etiologia , Saúde Ocupacional , Probabilidade , Trabalho/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Resistance of HIV to AZT is the result of mutations in the pol gene that codifies the enzyme reverse transcriptase. AIM: To assess the resistance to antiretroviral drugs in Chilean patients infected with HIV. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The presence of mutations was searched in 22 patients infected with HIV. The emergence or persistence of these mutations was studied in sequential samples of 19 patients. The presence of the mutation that confers resistance to didanosine (DDI) was studied in those subjects exposed to the drug. Polymerase chain reaction techniques were used to analyze mutations in codons 41, 70 and 215 of the pol gene (resistance to AZT) and the mutation in codon 71 (resistance to DDI). RESULTS: On admission, none of the patients without previous exposure to AZT had drug resistance mutations. Seven of 12 patients (58.3%) that had received AZT had mutations in codon 215. In two, they were associated to a mutation in codon 41 and in two, a mutation in codon 70. After a mean follow up of 14 months, 13 of 15 patients (86%) that received AZT had viral strains genotypically resistant to the drug. In nine of these, the resistance was associated with disease progression. None of the 10 patients that received DDI had the mutation in codon 74 that confers resistance to the drug. However, in one of these patients, that never received AZT, a virus with a mutation in codon 215 was detected. CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of patients that have received monotherapy with AZT have genotypic resistance to the drug. This resistance is associated with clinical and immunological derangement in 70% of these subjects.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV/genética , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Chile , Códon/efeitos dos fármacos , Códon/genética , Resistência a Medicamentos , Seguimentos , Genótipo , Humanos , Mutação/efeitos dos fármacos , Mutação/genética , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
This paper discusses health and working conditions of workers in the export-oriented "maquiladora" industry in Mexico. The work is intensive and performed mostly by women. It is the country's second largest source of foreign exchange. The "maquiladora" industry illustrates the effect of neoliberalism on working and health conditions, unveiling the impact of overall flexibilization of labor and growing technological changes. The situation for risks and demands is complex. Taylorist demands persist in work organization, with multiple chemical risks and probable effects beyond the workplace. There are also demands from repetition strain and uncomfortable positions. Effects on workers' health include high morbidity rates as reflected by demands on the social health/welfare services, some two to four times greater than for other industrial workers. There is a high percentage of stress-related illnesses as the reason for medical consultation. There are also effects on workers' families. Low birthweight is 2.8 times higher in women who work in the "maquila" than in other labor groups. Work-related accidents are common, the second most frequent cause for medical consultation in some cases. The analysis identifies some of the tendencies in which workers' health could be important in coming years for large contingents of workers.
RESUMO
We characterized clinical manifestations and the risk to develop AIDS in a cohort of 32 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus without AIDS A multivariate analysis was performed to determine association between the progression of infection and control variables (socioeconomic level, age, sex and sexual preferences) and causal variables (psycho-social changes, significant clinical events, stress scoring and sexual activity). The cumulative AIDS incidence, defined as a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/cm3 was 50% at 6.5 years and 82% at 8 years. Using clinical criteria to define AIDS, 50% developed the disease at 8 years of follow up. Among studied factors, only age (faster progression at higher age) and time of evolution were associated with progression in stages before AIDS, the most frequent diseases were acute diarrhea, sexual transmission diseases, oral candidiasis, sinusitis and varicella zoster infections. The reduction; of CD4 lymphocytes-below 200 cells/cm3 always preceded the symptoms of the disease. Two patients have remained more than eight years without clinical or immunological deterioration.
PIP: Clinical manifestations and the risk of developing AIDS were studied in a cohort of 32 HIV-seropositive patients referred by their treating physicians to the Center for Medical Investigation of the Catholic University of Chile. The only exclusion criteria were a CD4 lymphocyte count below 400 or marked symptoms of AIDS. The study design included an examination at entry and every 6 months thereafter for a maximum follow up of 3 years. A multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the relation between disease progression and control and causal variables. The subjects were 8 women averaging 38 years old and 24 men averaging 33 years. Most were middle class and had higher education. 46% of the men became sexually active before age 15 and 42% were homosexual. HIV transmission was sexual in 28 subjects, through intravenous drug use in 2, and by unknown route in 2. The subjects had been infected for an average of 4.3 years at entry into the study. Of the 30 whose date of infection was known, 16 developed AIDS during the study according to the criterion of CD4 lymphocyte count below 200, and 8 of these developed markers of AIDS. 50% of patients developed AIDS 6.5 years after infection and 82% 8 years after. Using clinical criteria, 50% of patients had developed AIDS 8 years after infection. Multivariate analysis showed only subject's age at infection (faster progression at higher ages) and length of time since infection to be related to the risk of developing AIDS. No association was observed between development of the disease and sex, sexual orientation, use of alcohol or drugs, smoking, history of sexually transmitted diseases, number of sexual partners, or frequency of sexual relations. The most frequently observed pathologies before the stage of AIDS were acute diarrhea, sexually transmitted diseases, oral candidiasis, sinusitis, and varicela zoster infections. In the patients who progressed to AIDS, the decline of the CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 always preceded other symptoms. Two patients showed no significant decline in CD4 lymphocyte count or clinical manifestations of AIDS more than 8 years after infection.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Diarreia/complicações , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/complicações , Fatores de Tempo , Cultura de VírusRESUMO
PIP: A hypothesis is advanced that forceful support to small rural settlements can fundamentally redefine regional development and alleviate acute problems facing cities. Colombia is divided into 32 territorial units (departments), 1056 municipalities, which are agglomerations of four or five villages. The three projects were carried out under one contract during early 1993 for the department of Valle de Cauca, a prosperous area located in the Pacific southwest. A master plan for urban development was designed for each of the three villages. The population of the village of Villagorgona was 13,399, which was to exceed 18,000 in less than 5 years. Community development priorities were centered on converting an irrigation canal into the axis of a linear park, building a civic center, and creating a road system. The village of El Placer had a population of 8349 and its priorities included the construction of an upgraded aqueduct and a civic center, the improvement of roadways, the rehabilitation of the river and integrating it into the fabric of the settlement, and the creation of an urban code for local authorities to control growth and development. The village of Amaime had a population of 3730 in 1992. The development plan called for integration with the aqueduct being planned in El Placer, creation of a civic center, construction of a sewage treatment plant, rehabilitation of existing river banks, development of a recreational center, and creation of an urban code. These case studies demonstrated that the villages had higher population growth than the capital city of Cali, the inhabitants preferred to remain in the villages because of their satisfaction with the quality of life, the communities were interested in creating neighborhood organizations for improving the environment, the villages served as service centers for outlying farm inhabitants, and manifest interest was identified in changing from the village status to municipal status.^ieng
Assuntos
Geografia , Crescimento Demográfico , Qualidade de Vida , Mudança Social , Planejamento Social , Urbanização , América , Colômbia , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Seguridade Social , América do Sul , População UrbanaRESUMO
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) has been shown to transfer cholesteryl esters among plasma lipoproteins. However, when reconstituted into phosphatidylcholine liposomes, the 74,000 protein mediates above non-specific values the transfer of HDL bound [3H]cholesterol into the artificial membrane system. Employing the known cDNA sequence of CETP, we synthesized a series of oligonucleotides with specific sequences for different regions of CETP and RNA isolated from tissues known to be producers of CETP (liver), and tissues not design to synthesize and secrete CETP (ovary, lung, intestine and heart). Hybridization experiments showed that independently of the type of tissue tested CETP sequences were found. It is suggested that a membrane form of CETP might have important repercussions locally.