RESUMO
Humans have a long history of transporting and trading plants, contributing to the evolution of domesticated plants. Theobroma cacao originated in the Neotropics from South America. However, little is known about its domestication and use in these regions. In this study, ceramic residues from a large sample of pre-Columbian cultures from South and Central America were analyzed using archaeogenomic and biochemical approaches. Here we show, for the first time, the widespread use of cacao in South America out of its native Amazonian area of origin, extending back 5000 years, likely supported by cultural interactions between the Amazon and the Pacific coast. We observed that strong genetic mixing between geographically distant cacao populations occurred as early as the middle Holocene, in South America, driven by humans, favoring the adaptation of T. cacao to new environments. This complex history of cacao domestication is the basis of today's cacao tree populations and its knowledge can help us better manage their genetic resources.
Assuntos
Cacau , Domesticação , Humanos , Cacau/genética , América do Sul , América CentralRESUMO
The relationship among genetic diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi and clinical forms of Chagas disease remain elusive. In order to assess the possible association between different T. cruzi Discrete Typing Units (DTUs) and the clinical pictures of the disease, 205 chronic patients from Salta province, Argentina, were analysed. One hundred and twenty-two of these patients were clinically categorized as: cardiac 38.5% (47/122), digestive 15% (18/122), cardio-digestive 16% (20/122) and asymptomatic 30% (37/122). From each patient, blood samples were taken for both, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) targeting kDNA and blood culture analyses. The presence of T. cruzi kDNA was detected in 43% (88/205) of the patients. T. cruzi DTUs were identified in 74% (65/88) of the kDNA positive patients by PCR-hybridization using specific probes. We detected the presence of DTUs TcI, TcII, TcV and TcVI. Single infections (i.e. presence of only one DTU in the sample) were detected in 38.64% of the samples (34/88), while mixed infections were 35.23% (31/88). TcV was the most prevalent DTU (60.3%- 53/88). The association analyses showed, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, that TcV and TcVI were associated with the digestive form of Chagas Disease (Fisher pâ¯=â¯.0001).
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/etiologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , DNA de Protozoário/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
RESUMEN El espectro de acretismo placentario es un fenómeno infrecuente del embarazo cuya incidencia ha aumentado considerablemente y que está caracterizado por el anclaje anormal de las vellosidades coriónicas al miometrio, lo cual aumenta la morbi-mortalidad materna durante la resolución quirúrgica. Según las capas uterinas comprometidas, serán clasificadas como placenta acreta (contacta miometrio), increta (penetra miometrio) y percreta (compromete todo el miometrio y/o eventualmente órganos adyacentes), siendo su mayor factor de riesgo: la cesárea anterior y la placenta previa. En este artículo se realizó una revisión bibliográfica abarcando definiciones, diagnóstico y las nuevas tendencias en manejo quirúrgico no conservador propuesto en la nueva guía de la Federación Internacional de Ginecología y Obstetricia publicada en 2018 y elaborando una discusión respecto a ellas.
SUMMARY Placenta accreta spectrum is an uncommon phenomenon of pregnancy whose incidence has increased considerably over time and is characterized by the abnormal anchoring of the chorionic villi to the myometrium, which increases maternal morbidity and mortality during surgical resolution. According to the compromised uterine layers, they will be classified as placenta accreta (contacts myometrium), increta (penetrates myometrium) and percreta (compromises the entire myometrium and / or possibly adjacent organs), being previous caesarean section and placenta previous its major risk factor. In this review, we included definitions, diagnosis, and the new topics in non-conservative surgical management developed by the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecolgy published in 2018, and developing a discussion of the topic.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Recém-Nascido , Placenta Acreta/cirurgia , Placenta Acreta/diagnóstico , Placenta Acreta/fisiopatologia , Cesárea/métodos , HisterectomiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of drug abuse before prison admission and to identify associated sociodemographic and family history risk factors, according to gender, in prisons of Peru. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A secondary analysis was carried out with data from the First National Prisoner Census 2016, using a questionnaire of 173 items that was applied to the whole prison population of Peru. The types of drugs used before admission were analyzed according to characteristics of the penitentiary population, and generalized linear models were used to calculate prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals to identify possible factors associated with drug use. RESULTS: Out of a population of 76,180 prisoners, 71,184 (93.4%) answered the survey (men 67,071, 94.2%). The overall prevalence of drug consumption before admission was 24.4% (25.3 % in men and 9.1% in women), the highest prevalence in the 18-29 age group (36.3% in men and 14.9% in women). The most commonly used drugs were marijuana (58.2%), coca paste/cocaine or crack (40.3%) and inhalants (1%). The factors most strongly associated with consumption were having a family member who consumed drugs (59.8%), history of previous imprisonment (59.1%), unemployment (48.4%), relationships at school with classmates who had problems with the law (46.9%), background of a family member who attended a penitentiary (38.4%), and history of running away from home before age 15 (35.9%). CONCLUSIONS: In Peru, drug use is higher in the prison population than in the general population, and there are differences according to sex in the prevalence of drug use and associated factors prior to admission to a prison. The study demonstrated that childhood events, such as child abuse, having a family member imprisoned, having a family member who used drugs, or who previously abused alcohol, are factors associated with drug use in the penitentiary population. Some of these risk factors are modifiable, so it is important to consider these in the design of social and health policies focused on specific subpopulations to prevent drug use and crime.
Assuntos
Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Peru/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Prisioneiros/psicologia , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A survey was carried out on dairy cattle farms in Pastaza province to analyse the degree of compliance with epidemiological surveillance activities (based on the main technical aspects in Ecuador's Guide to Good Dairy Farming Practices) and to assess the reduction of the risk of introducing disease into dairy cattle. Visits were made to 70 dairy and dual-purpose beef/dairy farms, where the survey was conducted to evaluate technical aspects relating to epidemiological surveillance and the risk of introducing disease. In only one of the nine areas of application covered in the guide was compliance with technical requirements greater than 70%: milking and milk handling (78.59%). In the following areas, a compliance rate of 40-65% was achieved: records and traceability; siting of livestock farms and infrastructure, facilities and equipment; use and quality of water and animal feed; and management of veterinary products and agricultural pesticides. In the remaining areas, the compliance rate was less than 20%. On average, there was only 27.96% compliance with the technical elements evaluated. The results show that current guidelines for good dairy farming practices can be used to evaluate basic aspects of epidemiological surveillance and of the reduction of the risk of introducing disease into dairy farms. They also reveal shortcomings in these aspects in the Amazonian province of Pastaza, which need to be addressed appropriately to reduce their negative impact on animal health.
Les auteurs décrivent une étude réalisée dans les exploitations bovines laitières de la province de Pastaza (Équateur) afin de déterminer le niveau de conformité des activités de surveillance épidémiologique et d'atténuation du risque d'introduction de diverses maladies animales. L'enquête portait sur les principales exigences techniques décrites dans le Guide de bonnes pratiques d'élevage en production laitière. À cette fin, 70 exploitations bovines laitières ou mixtes ont été inspectées pour évaluer leurs performances en termes de surveillance épidémiologique et d'atténuation du risque d'introduction de maladies. Parmi les neuf domaines opérationnels décrits dans le Guide, seules la traite et la gestion du lait étaient conformes à plus de 70 % des exigences techniques (78,59 %). Pour les domaines suivants, la conformité portait sur 40 % à 65 % des exigences techniques : enregistrement et traçabilité ; agencement des élevages et des infrastructures, installations et équipements ; utilisation et qualité de l'eau et des aliments donnés aux animaux ; gestion des produits à usage vétérinaire et des insecticides à usage agricole. Les autres opérations étaient conformes à moins de 20 % des exigences techniques. En moyenne, 27,96 % seulement des exigences techniques évaluées étaient respectées. Les résultats de l'étude démontrent que les guides de bonnes pratiques d'élevage en production laitière peuvent servir de base pour évaluer les principaux aspects de la surveillance épidémiologique et des mesures d'atténuation des risques d'introduction de maladies dans les cheptels laitiers ; d'autre part, l'étude a révélé des défaillances concernant ces aspects dans la province amazonienne de Pastaza, auxquelles il conviendra de prêter l'attention nécessaire afin de limiter leur impact négatif sur la santé animale.
Con el objetivo de realizar un análisis del grado de cumplimiento de las actividades de vigilancia epidemiológica y la reducción de riesgo de entrada de enfermedades en los predios productores de leche bovina de la provincia Pastaza, tomando como base los principales aspectos técnicos contemplados en la Guía de Buenas Prácticas Pecuarias de Producción de Leche, se visitaron 70 predios lecheros y de doble propósito, en los que se realizó una encuesta que incluía aspectos relacionados con la vigilancia epidemiológica y el riesgo de introducción de enfermedades. De las nueve áreas establecidas en la guía, solo cumple más del 70% de los aspectos técnicos el área de ordeño y manejo de la leche (78,59%). Cumplen entre el 40% y el 65% las siguientes áreas: documentos y trazabilidad; ubicación de las explotaciones pecuarias e infraestructura, instalaciones y equipos; uso y calidad del agua y de la alimentación animal; y manejo de productos de uso veterinario y plaguicidas de uso agrícola; el resto cumplen menos de un 20%. De media, se cumple solo el 27,96% de los elementos técnicos evaluados. Los resultados demuestran que, a partir de las guías establecidas para las buenas prácticas pecuarias de producción de leche, se pueden evaluar los aspectos básicos de vigilancia epidemiológica y de reducción de riesgos de introducción de enfermedades en los predios lecheros, y que en la provincia amazónica de Pastaza existen deficiencias en estos aspectos, a los cuales es necesario brindar la atención adecuada para reducir el impacto negativo que ejercen en la sanidad animal.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Indústria de Laticínios/estatística & dados numéricos , Monitoramento Epidemiológico/veterinária , Ração Animal/normas , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/prevenção & controle , Comportamento Cooperativo , Indústria de Laticínios/normas , Surtos de Doenças/prevenção & controle , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Equador/epidemiologia , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Abastecimento de Água/normasRESUMO
El objetivo general de este trabajo fue determinar la prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales y sus características epidemiológicas en cuatro comunidades de la parroquia Altagracia de la Montaña, Estado Miranda (Venezuela). Se desarrolló un estudio de corte transversal con una muestra constituida por 492 en su mayoría niños, en febrero de 2011. Previo consentimiento informado, se realizó una encuesta clínico-epidemiológica, extracción de sangre y exámenes coproparasitológicos con los métodos directo, Kato y cultivo en agar. El 60% de la población tenía al menos un parásito de transmisión hídrica y/o alimentos contaminados por heces de humanos y/o animales. La elevada frecuencia de protozoarios intestinales, especialmente Blastocystis sp., con predominio entre quienes viven con fallas en la disposición de excretas y baja calidad del agua para consumo humano, demuestran la persistencia de parasitosis intestinales como problema de salud pública; sin embargo, la influencia indirecta de la administración semestral de ivermectina y educación sanitaria con visión etnográfica impartida por el Programa para la Eliminación de Oncocercosis en Bucarito, una de las comunidades evaluadas, tuvo como efecto colateral no sólo disminuir la prevalencia de helmintos intestinales, sino de los protozoarios, a pesar de estar sometida a los mismos factores de riesgo que las comunidades restantes.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their epidemiological characteristics in four rural communities from Altagracia de la Montaña, Miranda State (Venezuela). A cross sectional study was conducted in February 2011 where 492 subjects were evaluated, mostly children. Informed consent was previously obtained. A clinical and epidemiological survey was done. Patients voluntarily brought a fresh stool sample for analysis with direct smear, Kato and agar culture; blood was extracted for eosinophil count. 60% of the evaluated people had at least one parasite transmitted by water or food contaminated by human or animal feces. The high prevalence of protozoa, specially Blastocystis sp., among those who live under poor living conditions such as inadequate feces disposal and low quality of drinking water, shows the persistence of intestinal parasites as a public health problem; nevertheless, indirect influence of ivermectin treatment every six months and health education with an ethnographic orientation given by the Onchocerciasis Elimination Programme in Bucarito, one of the evaluated communities, had an unexpected outcome not only diminishing the prevalence of helminthes but also the prevalence of intestinal protozoa, being this community under the same risk factors as the rest of the evaluated communities.
Assuntos
Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Oncocercose , Infecções por Protozoários , Helmintíase , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Ivermectina/uso terapêutico , Saúde Pública , Educação em SaúdeRESUMO
Chile se encuentra siendo testigo de una creciente problemática asociada al envejecimiento poblacional: el aumento de las necesidades de cuidado en personas mayores en situación de dependencia. A partir de esto, existen iniciativas que buscan dar respuesta a esta realidad, siendo una de ellas el Programa de Adultos Mayores Dependientes de la Fundación Cerro Navia Joven, experiencia de carácter comunitaria en la que una persona mayor voluntaria realiza semanalmente una visita domiciliaria, junto a un equipo especializado, a personas mayores que se encuentran en situación de dependencia y su cuidador/a, pertenecientes a la misma comuna. Frente a esto, esta investigación tiene como propósito el conocer cuáles son las percepciones de las personas participantes de este programa, conformada por la tríada persona mayor en situación de dependencia, su cuidador/a y la persona mayor voluntaria. Para esto, se realizó un estudio de tipo cualitativo, utilizando la entrevista como instrumento de recolección de la información. El análisis de datos se realizó empleando la técnica del análisis de contenido. Dentro de los resultados se identificaron factores como cambios asociados a la rutina, valoración del rol de voluntario/a, acompañamiento, establecimiento de vínculo, percepción de los beneficios de las visitas, motivación, percepción de los cuidados y del apoyo social, los que fueron analizados bajo la mirada de la ocupación.
We are witnessing a growing problem associated with an aging population: increased care needs in older people in situations of dependency. Given this, there are initiatives that seek to respond to this reality, one being the Dependent Elderly Program of the Cerro Navia Joven Foundation, a community experience in which an elderly volunteer does a weekly home visit, accompanied by a specialized team, to elderly people who are in a dependency situation and the caregiver, from the same neighborhood. Thus, this research aims to compile the perceptions of the participants of this program, formed by the triad dependent elderly, caregiver and elderly volunteer. For this, a qualitative study was conducted using the interview as a tool for collecting information. The data analysis was carried out using the content analysis technique. Amongst the results were identified factors such as changes associated to routine, assessment of the role of the volunteer, assistance, linkage establishment, perception of benefits of the visits, motivation, perception of care and social support, which were analyzed under the point of view of the occupation.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Cuidadores , Idoso Fragilizado , Visita Domiciliar , Terapia Ocupacional , Chile , Entrevistas como Assunto , Estudos de Avaliação como AssuntoRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Evaluar el efecto del ácido poliacrílico al 15% (APA) aplicado por 10 y 20 segundos (s) en la dentina humana sobre la resistencia de unión de los cementos resinosos autoadhesivos. METODOLOGÍA: Se dividieron aleatoriamente veintisiete terceras molares en nueve grupos Maxcem Elite control (ME1), Maxcem Elite más APA aplicado por 10s (ME2), Maxcem Elite más APA por 20s (ME3), BisCem control (BC1), BisCem más APA por 10s (BC2), BisCem más APA por 20s (BC3), RelyX U200 control (RU1), RelyX U200 más APA por 10s (RU2), RelyX U200 más APA por 20s (RU3). Se cementaron discos de resina sobre la dentina y las muestras fueron almacenadas en agua destilada por 24h, luego se seccionaron para obtener microbarras de un área transversal de 1mm2 (n=30 por grupo). RESULTADOS: Los especímenes fueron evaluados con la prueba de microtensión. Los valores de la media y de la desviación estándar para cada grupo fueron: ME1=10.17MPa (±1.73), ME2=18.62 (±1.60), ME3=22.92 (±2.13), BC1=8.17 (±1.31), BC2=14.56 (±1.94), BC3=17.52 (±1.92), RU1=13.71 (±1.70), RU2=22.91 (±2.26) y RU3=30.42 (±1.50). Estos valores fueron analizados con las pruebas ANOVA de un factor y HDS de Tukey mostrando diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.001) entre todos los grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: El acondicionamiento de la dentina con ácido poliacrílico al 15% incrementa significativamente la resistencia de unión de los cementos resinosos autoadhesivos, obteniéndose mejor resistencia en la aplicación por 20 segundos. (AU)
PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of 15% polyacrylic acid (PAA) for 10 and 20 seconds applied to human dentin on the bond strength of three self-adhesive resin cements. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty seven third molars were randomly divided into nine groups: Maxcem Elite control (ME1), Maxcem Elite + PAA applied for 10s (ME2), Maxcem Elite + PPA for 20s (ME3), BisCem control (BC1), BisCem + PAA for 10s (BC2), BisCem + PAA for 20s (BC3), RelyX U200 control (RU1), RelyX U200 + PAA for 10s (RU2), RelyX U200 + PPA for 20s (RU3). Resin disc were luted to dentin; after 24h of storage in distilled water, the samples were sectioned for obtaining microbar specimens whit a cross-sectional area of 1mm2 (n=30 per group). Specimens were submitted to the microtensile bond strength test. RESULTS: The mean and standard deviation result of each group were: ME1 = 10.17MPa (± 1.73), ME2 = 18.62 (± 1.60), ME3 = 22.92 (± 2.13), BC1 = 8.17 (± 1.31), BC2 = 14.56 (± 1.94), BC3 = 17.52 (± 1.92), RU1 = 13.71 (± 1.70), RU2 = 22.91 (± 2.26) and RU3 = 30.42 (± 1.50). These values were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey HDS shown statistically significant differences (p < 0.001) among all groups. CONCLUSION: Dentin conditioning with 15% polyacrylic acid significantly increases the bond strength of the self-adhesive resin cements, obtaining better resistance in the application for 20 seconds. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Condicionamento de Tecido Mole Oral , Adesivos , Cimentos de Resina , DentinaRESUMO
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) combined with endodontic treatment has been recognized as an alternative approach to complement conventional root canal disinfection methods on bacterial biofilms. We developed an in vitro model of bioluminescent Candida albicans biofilm inside curved dental root canals and investigated the microbial reduction produced when different light delivery methods are employed. Each light delivery method was evaluated in respect to the light distribution provided inside curved root canals. After conventional endodontic preparation, teeth were sterilized before canals were contaminated by a bioluminescent strain of C. albicans (CEC789). Methylene blue (90 µM) was introduced into the canals and then irradiated (λ = 660 nm, P = 100 mW, beam diameter = 2 mm) with laser tip either in contact with pulp chamber or within the canal using an optical diffuser fiber. Light distribution was evaluated by CCD camera, and microbial reduction was monitored through bioluminescence imaging. Our findings demonstrated that the bioluminescent C. albicans biofilm model had good reproducibility and uniformity. Light distribution in dental tissue was markedly dependent on the light delivery system, and this strategy was directly related to microbial destruction. Both light delivery systems performed significant fungal inactivation. However, when irradiation was performed with optical diffuser fiber, microbial burden reduction was nearly 100 times more effective. Bioluminescence is an interesting real-time analysis to endodontic C. albicans biofilm inactivation. APDT showed to be an effective way to inactivate C. albicans biofilms. Diffuser fibers provided optimized light distribution inside curved root canals and significantly increased APDT efficiency.