RESUMO
AIMS: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis with the aim of synthesizing existing data on the efficacy and safety of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for reducing second-generation antipsychotic (SGA)-associated weight gain in children aged 4-18 years. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, PsychNet and Web of Science from time of their inception up to 12 February 2024, including randomized controlled trials that compared SGA treatment with and without topiramate co-administration in children. The primary outcomes were changes in body weight and body mass index (BMI). Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. RESULTS: This systematic review included five randomized trials, totalling 139 participants (43.9% female; mean [SD] age 11.9 [3.5] years). Four of these trials were included in the meta-analysis, comprising 116 subjects. We found that topiramate was significantly effective both in reducing SGA-associated weight gain, with a mean difference of -2.80 kg (95% confidence interval [CI] -5.28 to -0.31; p = 0.037, I2 = 86.7%) and a standardized mean difference (SMD) of -1.33 (95% CI -2.14 to -0.51; p = 0.014, I2 = 31.7%), and in reducing BMI change compared to placebo (SMD -1.90, 95% CI -3.09 to -0.70; p = 0.02, I2 = 0%). Sedation risk was lower with topiramate than with placebo (odds ratio 0.19, 95% CI 0.11-0.32; p < 0.01, I2 = 0%). No significant differences were found in dropouts, any other side effects, and metabolic parameters, such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and glucose. None of the included studies reported assessments on cognitive side effects. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis suggests that topiramate is an effective and safe option for mitigating SGA-associated weight gain in children.
Assuntos
Antipsicóticos , Topiramato , Aumento de Peso , Humanos , Topiramato/uso terapêutico , Topiramato/efeitos adversos , Aumento de Peso/efeitos dos fármacos , Criança , Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Masculino , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Obesidade Infantil/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do Tratamento , Índice de Massa CorporalRESUMO
Background: The relationship between cannabis use and the risk of returning to using opioids non-medically during treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) remains unclear.Objective: We sought to quantify the impact of cannabis use on the risk of non-medical opioid use among people receiving pharmacotherapies for OUD.Methods: A comprehensive search was performed using multiple databases from March 1 to April 5 of 2023. Eligible studies longitudinally assessed the association between cannabis use and non-medical opioid use among people with OUD receiving treatment with buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone. We utilized a random-effects model employing the restricted maximum likelihood method. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to understand potential differences between each OUD treatment modality.Results: A total of 10 studies were included in the final meta-analysis. There were 8,367 participants (38% female). The average follow-up time across these studies was 9.7 months (SD = 3.77), ranging from 4 to 15 months. The pharmacotherapies involved were methadone (76.3%) buprenorphine (21.3%), and naltrexone (2.4%). The pooled odds ratio did not indicate that cannabis use significantly influenced non-medical opioid use (OR: 1.00, 95% CI: 0.97-1.04, p = .98). There is evidence of moderate heterogeneity and publication bias.Conclusion: There was no significant association between cannabis use and non-medical opioid use among patients receiving pharmacotherapies for OUD. These findings neither confirm concerns about cannabis increasing non-medical opioid use during MOUD, nor do they endorse its efficacy in decreasing non-medical opioid use with MOUD. This indicates a need for individualized approaches for cannabis use and challenges the requirement of cannabis abstinence to maintain OUD pharmacotherapies.
Assuntos
Buprenorfina , Metadona , Naltrexona , Tratamento de Substituição de Opiáceos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides , Humanos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Naltrexona/uso terapêutico , Buprenorfina/uso terapêutico , Tratamento de Substituição de Opiáceos/métodos , Metadona/uso terapêutico , Estudos Longitudinais , Analgésicos Opioides/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The Nuremberg Trials were a sequence of tribunal sessions held by the Allied Forces between November 1945 and October 1946 with the intent of prosecuting prominent representatives of the Nazi Party for crimes committed before and during the war. Because medical experiments in human prisoners were among the most heinous offenses, a specific series of court cases, known as the Doctor's Trials (the USA vs. Karl Brandt et al), was carried out. A considerable part of the official documents of the Nuremberg Trials has been recently made publicly available through the Nuremberg Trials Project, an initiative of the Harvard Law School Library. We performed a comprehensive analysis of the Doctors' Trials original documents (NMT 1: Medical Case) as well as other available academic and historical sources focusing on references to the nervous system, neurosurgical, and neurologic diseases. Besides providing a brief glance of a unique source of original historical documents, this historical vignette also attempts to fulfill, at least in some limited sense, the moral duty toward the Holocaust victims laid on our generation by remembering their fate.
Assuntos
Holocausto/história , Socialismo Nacional/história , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/história , Médicos/história , Vítimas de Crime , Ética Médica , Alemanha , História do Século XX , Humanos , Princípios Morais , Sistema NervosoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of increased TSH level and its probable cause in children with Down's syndrome treated at Policlínica Antônio Cândido. METHODS: The data were collected using medical records of 169 patients. Of these, 46 patients, whose TSH increased at some time during their follow-up, were re-evaluated. In these patients, TSH, free T4, total T4 and thyroid peroxidase autoantibody (anti-TPO) levels were measured. Thyroid ultrasound, iodine-131 scintigraphy, and a perchlorate discharge test were performed. RESULTS: In 169 children, 86 (50.8%) of whom were male, aged between 1-16 years (median 4 years), 67 (39.6%) presented increased TSH levels. Out of these 67 patients, 46 were prospectively studied. In 31 (67.4%) of them serum TSH returned to normal levels; in 11, TSH remained between 5 and 10 microU/ml, three (6.5%) had a TSH level over 10 microU/ml and one (2.2%) had hyperthyroidism. The diagnoses in 34 patients who were fully studied were: goiter in five (14.7%); Hashimoto's thyroiditis in four (5.9%); hypoplasia in three (8.8%) and iodide organification defect in one (2.9%). The increased TSH levels had a statistically positive relationship with anti-TPO (p = 0.02), but not with gender, abnormal ultrasound or scintigraphy findings. TSH levels did not have any relationship with persistent hyperthyrotropinemia. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with Down's syndrome, slightly elevated and transient TSH levels are frequently detected. Positive anti-TPO antibody test is a key factor in the follow-up of these patients because of its potential risk of progression to manifest thyroid disease.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Down/sangue , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/epidemiologia , Tireotropina/sangue , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Síndrome de Down/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Prevalência , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/sangue , Doenças da Glândula Tireoide/etiologia , Testes de Função TireóideaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência de hipertirotropinemia e estudar sua possível etiologia em crianças com síndrome de Down atendidas na Policlínica Municipal Antônio Cândido, em Belo Horizonte. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados os dados dos prontuários de todas as crianças com síndrome de Down atendidas na policlínica para o cálculo da prevalência da alteração do hormônio estimulante da tireóide (TSH). As crianças que tiveram TSH elevado (maior que 5 µUI/ml) em pelo menos um exame foram convocadas para novas dosagens de TSH, T4livre, T4total e auto-anticorpo antiperoxidase (ATPO), realização de ultra-som da tireóide, tireograma com iodo-131 e teste de descarga do perclorato. As alterações encontradas nos exames das crianças que permaneceram com TSH elevado foram comparadas com as das que normalizaram os valores de TSH. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas, em 169 crianças com síndrome de Down, 86 (50,8 por cento) masculinas, idade entre 1-6 anos (mediana de 4 anos), 67 (39,6 por cento) com TSH aumentado, as quais foram convocadas para novas avaliações, comparecendo 46. Nesses pacientes, o TSH se normalizou em 31 (67,4 por cento); em 11 (23,9 por cento) permaneceu entre 5-10 µUI/ml; em três (6,5 por cento) ficou acima de 10 µUI/mL; e em uma (2,2 por cento) constatou-se hipertireoidismo. Os diagnósticos realizados nos pacientes com propedêutica completa (n = 34) foram: bócio (14,7 por cento), hipoplasia (8,8 por cento), tireoidite de Hashimoto (5,9 por cento), defeito na organogênese de iodo (2,9 por cento). Não se evidenciou relação entre as amplitudes dos valores de TSH e a persistência da hipertirotropinemia. Crianças com ATPO positivo estavam associadas a TSH elevado (p = 0,02). CONCLUSÕES: Na síndrome de Down, são freqüentes valores de TSH discretamente elevados e instáveis, sendo suas etiologias variáveis. A presença de ATPO mostrou-se importante no seguimento dessas crianças pelo risco potencial de evolução para doença tireoidiana manifesta.