RESUMO
INTRODUCTION.: Evidence is accumulating to support the presence of erectile dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia. This dysregulation may be amenable to therapeutic intervention to improve adherence and quality of life of patients who suffer from schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. AIM.: We aimed to evaluate the use of adjunctive medication lodenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in outpatients with schizophrenia and spectrum. METHODS.: The design was a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial with lodenafil and it was carried at the Schizophrenia Outpatients Program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES.: The measures used to assess sexual dysfunction were Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Quality of Life Scale (QLS) were also used. The measures included the levels of prolactin, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, sex hormone-binding globulin, free testosterone, and total testosterone at baseline and end point. Lodenafil and placebo pills were used by the patients for 16 weeks. RESULTS.: Fifty male outpatients fulfilled the criteria and 94% of the participants completed the study. Lodenafil and placebo produced improvement in ASEX, IIEF scale, PANSS, and QLS, and there was no statistical difference between lodenafil and placebo groups in all sexual domains in the results of PANSS and QLS and in the results of hormone levels. CONCLUSION.: These results indicate that both lodenafil and placebo were effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction for schizophrenia. Placebo effect is very important in patients with schizophrenia and this study showed the importance of discussing sexuality and trying to treat these patients. Further studies designed to test treatments of erectile dysfunction in patients who suffer from schizophrenia are necessary.
Assuntos
Carbonatos/uso terapêutico , Disfunção Erétil/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Fosfodiesterase 5/uso terapêutico , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Adulto , Assistência Ambulatorial , Análise de Variância , Estudos Cross-Over , Método Duplo-Cego , Disfunção Erétil/complicações , Estradiol/sangue , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Prolactina/sangue , Qualidade de Vida , Globulina de Ligação a Hormônio Sexual/análise , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A associação entre depressão, fibromialgia e maus tratos infantis sugere que ambas, dividem o modelo de traumatologia do desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar um caso do transtorno depressivo e fibromialgia relacionado aos maus tratos na infância, bem como discutir as causas e as consequências de ambos os diagnósticos. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 54 anos, apresenta fibromialgia e transtorno depressivo recorrente, episódio atual grave, sem sintomas psicóticos, com sintomas somáticos há cerca de seis meses. Com história de eventos de vida negativos na infância com perda de relação afetiva, problemas relacionados com abuso físico alegado da criança e experiência pessoal amedrontadora na infância. CONCLUSÃO: O estresse de vida precoce pode ser responsabilizado como fator causal dos sintomas dolorosos na depressão e fibromialgia.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The association between depression, fibromyalgia and child abuse suggests that they divide the model of developmental traumatology. This study aimed at presenting a case of depressive disorder and fibromyalgia, associated to child abuse, as well as at discussing causes and consequences of both diagnoses. CASE REPORT: Female patient, 54 years old, with fibromyalgia and recurrent depressive disorder, current severe episode, without psychotic symptoms, with somatic symptoms for approximately six months. With history of negative childhood events with loss of affective relationship, problems related to alleged child abuse and frightening childhood experience. CONCLUSION: Early life stress may be the causal factor of painful symptoms in depression and fibromyalgia.
Assuntos
Transtorno Depressivo , Fibromialgia , Estresse PsicológicoRESUMO
There is limited evidence for the management of sexual dysfunction and/or hyperprolactinemia resulting from use of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia and spectrum. The aim of this study was to review and describe the strategies for the treatment of antipsychotic-induced sexual dysfunctions and/or hyperprolactinemia. The research was carried out through Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, Lilacs, Embase, and PsycINFO, and it included open labels or randomized clinical trials. The authors found 31 studies: 25 open-label noncontrolled studies and 6 randomized controlled clinical trials. The randomized, double-blind controlled studies that were conducted with adjunctive treatment that showed improvement of sexual dysfunction and/or decrease of prolactin levels were sildenafil and aripiprazole. The medication selegiline and cyproheptadine did not improve sexual function. The switch to quetiapine was demonstrated in 2 randomized controlled studies: 1 showed improvement in the primary outcome and the other did not. This reviewed data have suggested that further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to provide evidence for the effects of different strategies to manage sexual dysfunction and/or hyperprolactinaemia resulting from antipsychotics. These trials are necessary in order to have a better compliance and reduce the distress among patients with schizophrenia.
Assuntos
Antipsicóticos/efeitos adversos , Hiperprolactinemia/prevenção & controle , Transtornos Psicóticos/tratamento farmacológico , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Disfunções Sexuais Fisiológicas/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Aripiprazol , Substituição de Medicamentos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Disfunção Erétil/induzido quimicamente , Disfunção Erétil/tratamento farmacológico , Disfunção Erétil/prevenção & controle , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperprolactinemia/induzido quimicamente , Masculino , Piperazinas/administração & dosagem , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Purinas/administração & dosagem , Quinolonas/uso terapêutico , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Disfunções Sexuais Fisiológicas/induzido quimicamente , Disfunções Sexuais Fisiológicas/tratamento farmacológico , Citrato de Sildenafila , Sulfonas/administração & dosagem , Vasodilatadores/administração & dosagemRESUMO
CONTEXTO: A disfunção sexual é frequente entre pacientes com esquizofrenia, sendo relatada como um dos mais incômodos efeitos adversos dos antipsicóticos, e está diretamente relacionada com adesão ao tratamento. OBJETIVOS: a) avaliar a acurácia da Escala de Experiência Sexual do Arizona (ASEX) para identificar a disfunção sexual; b) avaliar a frequência da disfunção sexual em uma amostra de pacientes do espectro da esquizofrenia em tratamento com antipsicóticos; e c) investigar o efeito dos diferentes antipsicóticos na função sexual. MÉTODO: Pacientes ambulatoriais com esquizofrenia ou transtorno esquizoafetivo foram entrevistados por meio de questionários: ASEX e escala Dickson-Glazer (DGSFi) para avaliação do funcionamento sexual, em uma única entrevista. RESULTADOS: Cento e trinta e sete pacientes foram entrevistados. A sensibilidade e a especificidade da ASEX em relação à DGSFi foram: 80,8 por cento (95 por cento IC = 70,0 por cento-88,5 por cento) e 88,1 por cento (95 por cento IC = 76,5 por cento-94,7 por cento), e a taxa de classificação incorreta foi 9,5 por cento. A curva ROC comparando a pontuação da ASEX e da DGSFi revelou valor de 0,93 (IC = 0,879-0,970) com o ponto de corte da ASEX encontrado sendo 14/15. A disfunção sexual foi mais alta entre as mulheres (79,2 por cento) que nos homens (33,3 por cento) (χ2 = 27,41, gl = 1, p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes em tratamento com antipsicóticos mostraram alta frequência de queixas sexuais e a ASEX provou ser um instrumento eficaz para identificar disfunção sexual em amostra de pacientes ambulatoriais do espectro da esquizofrenia. As mulheres apresentaram frequência mais alta de disfunção, e desejo sexual e habilidade para alcançar orgasmo foram as áreas mais afetadas. O uso de antipsicóticos, principalmente o uso de combinações, foi associado com piora do funcionamento sexual.
BACKGROUND: Sexual dysfunction is frequent in patients with schizophrenia, it is reported as one of the most distressing antipsychotic's adverse effects and it is directly related to treatment compliance. OBJECTIVES: a) to evaluate the accuracy of the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) to identify sexual dysfunction; b) to assess the frequency of sexual dysfunction in a sample of outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder under antipsychotic therapy; and c) to investigate the effect of different antipsychotics on sexual function. METHOD: Outpatients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were asked to fulfill both the ASEX and the Dickson Glazer Scale for the Assessment of Sexual Functioning Inventory (DGSFi) at a single interview. RESULTS: 137 patients were interwied. The sensitivity and specificity of the ASEX in relation to DGSFi were: 80.8 percent, (95 percent CI = 70.0 percent-88.5 percent) and 88.1 percent (95 percent CI = 76.5 percent-94.7 percent), and the misclassification rate was 9.5 percent. The ROC curve comparing the ASEX and the DGSFi scores revealed a value of 0.93 (CI = 0.879-0.970), with the optimum cut-off point of ASEX being 14/15. Sexual dysfunction measured was higher in females (79.2 percent) than in males (33.3 percent) (χ2 = 27.41, d.f. = 1, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION: Patients under antipsychotic treatment showed a high level of sexual complaints, and the ASEX proved to be an accurate instrument to identify sexual dysfunction in an outpatient sample of patients with schizophrenia spectrum. Females showed a higher frequency of sexual dysfunctions and sexual drive and ability to reach orgasm were the most affected areas. The use of antipsychotics, especially the combinations, was more likely to impair sexual functioning.