RESUMO
The study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts of edible mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes against Rhyssomatus nigerrimus. Methanol:water extracts (70:30) of P. ostreatus and L. edodes were made and evaluated in two in vitro tests (exposure and immersion toxic effect) against R. nigerrimus. Subsequently, the toxicity test of the extracts against Artemia salina was evaluated. These extracts were subjected to colorimetric tests and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed a mortality effect against R. nigerrimus of 50% for the P. ostreatus 2 extracts at a concentration of 20% in the immersion test. Likewise, in the toxic effect test, 90% mortality was observed after five days of exposure to a concentration of 10%. On the other hand, for the toxicity test, the extract that showed the values with the highest mortality against A. salina was P. ostreatus, starting with 80% mortality at 100µg/mL. The functional groups present in the extracts were saponins, coumarins, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the presence of more than 7 compounds in the mushroom extracts evaluated is reported. This study demonstrates the insecticidal activity of P. ostreatus and L. edodes fungal extracts and indicates the importance of using different in vitro tests to elucidate the mechanism of action for future studies.
Assuntos
Artrópodes , Inseticidas , Pleurotus , Cogumelos Shiitake , Gorgulhos , Animais , Metanol , ArtemiaRESUMO
In the present study, the nematicidal activity of a Moringa oleifera ethyl acetate leaf extract against the eggs and larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Nacobbus aberrans, nematodes of agricultural importance, was evaluated. The experimental design for the evaluation of the effects against both nematodes consisted of eight treatments (n = 4). Distilled water, Tween (4%) and a commercial anthelmintic agent (ivermectin, 5 mg/mL) were used as controls, and for treatments 4-8, the concentrations of the extract were 20, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. Readings were taken at 12 h and 24 h for N. aberrans and 48 h and 72 h for H. contortus post-treatment under an optical microscope (10× and 40×). The data obtained were analysed by analysis of variance through a completely randomized factorial design using the SAS V9 program. The results show that, for H. contortus egg hatching, 85.88% inhibition was obtained at a concentration of 20 mg/mL at 48 h, while for third-stage larva (L3) mortality, the highest percentage was 68.19% at 1.25 mg/mL at 72 h. In the case of N. aberrans, the greatest inhibition of egg hatching was 90.69% at 5 mg/mL at 12 h post-treatment, and for larval mortality, it was 100% at 10 mg/mL at 24 h post-treatment. The main major compounds identified by qualitative analysis and by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-, n-hexadecanoic acid and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, and the minor compounds included phytol, γ-sitosterol and α-tocopheryl acetate. It was demonstrated that the ethyl acetate leaf extract of M. oleifera Lam. shows great potential for combating agricultural nematodes.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos , Haemonchus , Moringa oleifera , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Antinematódeos/farmacologia , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Larva , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Obesity is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children. Our aim was to analyze the association of dietary and sociodemographic factors with NAFLD in obese children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three obese patients from 6-16 years of age were included in the present analytic cross-sectional study. Obesity was diagnosed with a body mass index z-score > 2 SD. NAFLD was estimated by liver ultrasound, serum amino transferases, and elastography. The sociodemographic variables were evaluated using validated questionnaires. Diet was estimated through two 24-h recall dietary surveys focused on the quantity of food energy, simple sugars, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and antioxidants. RESULTS: Hepatic steatosis was identified by abdominal ultrasound in 13 patients (39.4%) and the serum alanine aminotransferase level was above the upper reference value in 54.2%. A higher educational level in both parents, greater monthly food expenditure, and a higher socioeconomic level were associated with NAFLD. Overall, simple sugar and saturated fat consumption was above the recommended daily intake, whereas vitamin E and PUFA consumption was below those parameters. CONCLUSIONS: NAFLD was identified in one-third of the cases. There was an association between NAFLD and sociodemographic variables. Both groups had an increased intake of simple sugars and a reduced intake of PUFAs. The selective occurrence of NAFLD could be related to a genetic predisposition that has been demonstrated in a Mexican population.
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Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica , Obesidade Infantil , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Dieta , Humanos , Hepatopatia Gordurosa não Alcoólica/epidemiologia , Obesidade Infantil/epidemiologiaRESUMO
AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic changes in the bacterial structure and potential interactions of an acclimatized marine microbial community during a light crude oil degradation experiment. METHODS AND RESULTS: The bacterial community effectively removed 76·49% of total petroleum hydrocarbons after 30 days, as evidenced by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Short-chain alkanes and specific aromatic compounds were completely degraded within the first 6 days. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene indicated that the starting bacterial community was mainly composed by Marinobacter and more than 30 non-dominant genera. Bacterial succession was dependent on the hydrocarbon uptake with Alcanivorax becoming dominant during the highest degradation period. Sparse correlations for compositional data algorithm revealed one operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of Muricauda and an assembly of six OTUs of Alcanivorax dieselolei and Alcanivorax hongdengensis as critical keystone components for the consortium network maintenance and stability. CONCLUSIONS: This work exhibits a stabilized marine bacterial consortium with the capability to efficiently degrade light crude oil in 6 days, under laboratory conditions. Successional and interaction patterns were observed in response to hydrocarbon consumption, highlighting potential interactions between Alcanivorax and keystone non-dominant OTUs over time. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Our results contribute to the understanding of interactions and potential roles of specific members of hydrocarbonoclastic marine bacterial communities, which will be useful for further bioaugmentation studies concerning the associations between indigenous and introduced micro-organisms.
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Bactérias/metabolismo , Consórcios Microbianos , Petróleo/metabolismo , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Biodegradação Ambiental , Golfo do México , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaRESUMO
In South America, the 1970s began with ardent sociopolitical crises leading to a wave of repressive military regimes. In Chile, most professional bodies suffered profound structural and functional modifications resulting from internal political polarization as well as state intervention. Nurses saw the same fate befall them, which created both a historical blackout and abrupt changes in power dynamics. Given the prominence of this process in the reconfiguration of modern nursing's identity, this article traces the association's political process during the short-lived 1970s Marxist-inspired government and the response of nurses collectively to the rapid shift into a repressive regime leading to a profound internal crisis and an identity break-up within nursing. By using archival sources and oral testimonies1 of 1970s and 1980s nurses, we reconstruct a historical account of a key period in the history of the country that for the nurses meant a progression of discord and division along with a self-imposed silence on the past. In so doing, the article adds to a growing literature on the participation of women in political life.
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Comunismo/história , História da Enfermagem , Cuidados de Enfermagem/organização & administração , Política , Adulto , Chile , Feminino , História do Século XX , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
We examined the sediments of four coastal lagoons (Ria Lagartos, Bocas de Dzilam, Laguna de Chelem and Ria Celestun) from the state of Yucatan, Mexico, for three widely used commercial polybrominated diphenyl ethers formulations (penta-, octa- and deca-BDE). The most commonly found congeners in all four lagoons were BDEs 47, 99 and 100 (all in the penta-BDE formulation) and BDE209 (deca-BDE formulation). The greatest variety and highest concentrations of brominated flame retardants were found in Ria Lagartos, which also showed the highest BDE 100 concentration (24.129 ng/g). Hexabromocyclododecane was found in all lagoons, but at lower concentrations than those of the various polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Dispersal routes of these compounds are discussed, such as a ring of sinkholes (cenotes) adjacent to the lagoons. Moreover, electronic waste is a serious problem because municipal landfills have been the primary disposal method for these wastes and therefore represent a reservoir of brominated fire retardants.
Assuntos
Retardadores de Chama/análise , Sedimentos Geológicos/análise , Éteres Difenil Halogenados/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Bromados/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Estuários , MéxicoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Among non-communicable chronic diseases (NCCD), diabetes and hypertension are the main cause of adult mortality worldwide. Among the members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Mexico is first in prevalence of diabetes and second in obesity. To face this problematic situation of NCCDs the Ministry of Health declared a national epidemiological alert against the overweight, obesity and diabetes. The target of this study is to characterize the status of obesity, diabetes and hypertension in the adult population in the area of influence of primary health facilities located in high social marginality areas. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study and used a convenience sample. A survey was conducted on a population of 18 years old and above in four primary health facilities in four Mexican States. The survey explored sociodemographic characteristics, the presence of chronic diseases, the access to healthcare services, risk factors and life styles. We also applied a complementary questionnaire to 20% of the participants, in order to explore food consumption during the last week and physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire). We based our analysis on descriptive statistics and logistic multivariate regression to analyze factors associated with diabetes and hypertension. RESULTS: 73% (n = 7531, CI 0.72-0.74) percent of the population reported being diabetic, hypertensive and/or overweight. The majority of them receive healthcare in public health services. People over 40 years old, are 11 times more probable of living with diabetes and 8.7 times more probable of living with hypertension. Both conditions affect mostly women, whose main activity is to be a housewife. People who have lunch and dinner out of home are more likely to develop diabetes. People who perform intense physical activity are less likely to live with hypertension. CONCLUSION: According to the self-report, more than 70% of adult population living in areas with high social marginality suffer diabetes, hypertension and obesity. However, the percentage of people who live with these chronic conditions and are not aware of them, is unknown. The Mexican health system needs a primary healthcare that emphasizes on health promotion, timely detection of risk factors of Non Communicable Diseases and prevention of their complications.
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Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiologia , Instalações de Saúde , Hipertensão/epidemiologia , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Atenção Primária à Saúde/organização & administração , Adulto , Composição Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Ingestão de Energia , Exercício Físico , Feminino , Humanos , Hipertensão/complicações , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Obesidade/complicaçõesRESUMO
Resumen: OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia del síndrome metabólico en una cohorte de pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico y su relación con la actividad de la enfermedad y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional en el que de junio de 2015 a junio de 206 se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico según los criterios SLICC 2012, la actividad de la enfermedad se evaluó mediante el índice SLEDAI 2K. Se estableció la existencia de síndrome metabólico de acuerdo con los criterios NECP ATP III. Las variables categóricas se compararon con χ2 y las continuas con U de Mann-Whitney o t de Student. Finalmente se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística multivariante para determinar la asociación de las variables estudiadas y el síndrome metabólico. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 102 pacientes de los que 41% tenía síndrome metabólico (60% de los hombres y 39% de las mujeres). Las principales alteraciones fueron hipoalfalipoproteinemia (75.5%), perímetro abdominal aumentado (63%) e hipertrigliceridemia (60%). Se observó que a mayor número de componentes del síndrome metabólico existía mayor actividad de la enfermedad. Un índice SLEDAI 2K ≥ 4 se asoció independientemente con síndrome metabólico (RR 2.89; IC 1.21-6.89; p=0.017). La administración de hidroxicloroquina se asoció de manera independiente con la ausencia de síndrome metabólico (RR 0.48; IC 0.19-0.39; p=0.14). Se encontró significación entre la actividad de la enfermedad y la hipoalfalipoproteinemia (p=0.007) y la hipertrigliceridemia (p=0.035). CONCLUSIONES: existe frecuencia alta de síndrome metabólico en las pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico, la cual se asocia con la actividad de la enfermedad.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of metabolic syndrome in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematous and its relationship with disease activity and cardiovascular risks factors. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study including patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematous according to the SLICC 2012 criteria, disease activity was evaluated through SLEDAI 2K from June 2015 to June 2016. The presence of metabolic syndrome was established according to the NECP ATP III criteria. Categorical variables were compared with χ2 and the continuous ones with Mann-Withney U or Student t. Finally, a logistic regression multivariate model was used to determine the association of the studied variables and the metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: One hundred two patients were included; from which 41 % of the patients presented with metabolic syndrome (60% of men and 39% of women). The main alterations were hypoalphalipoproteinemia (75.5%), elevated abdominal circumference (63%) and hypertriglyceridemia (60%). It was observed that with a higher number of components of the metabolic syndrome a major disease activity existed. An SLEDAI 2K index ≥ 4 was associated independently with the presence of metabolic syndrome (RR 2.89; IC 1.21-6.89; p=0.017). Hydroxicloroquine use was associated in an independent manner with the absence of the metabolic syndrome (RR 0.48; IC 0.19-0.39; p=0.14). Statistic significance was found between disease activity and hypoalphalipoproteinemia (p=0.007) and hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.035). CONCLUSION: There is a high frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematous, which is associated with disease activity.
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Histories of nursing that disregard their linkage to broader historical movements often lead to historically detached versions of nursing identity that omit the perspective of their sources and the ideas of their time. Drawing on materials retrieved through a multilayered research strategy comprising internal and external sources, this article examines the development of a nursing identity in Chile during the period starting in the 1950s through the early 2000s. We analysed the sociopolitical contexts in which the nursing profession grew, the changing direction of its role and how the nursing identity transformed itself. Through the use of historical sources and oral testimonies, we aim to give a nuanced account of how the history of public health and that of the country more broadly changed the object of identification of nurses, creating only relatively recently a sense of nursing community. Processes of identification, fragmentation and integration are highlighted, which challenge usual notions of history as a linear process.