RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of clozapine vs. risperidone in the treatment of aggression in conduct disorder in children and adolescents. METHODS: Twenty-four children with conduct disorder aged 6 to 16 years were randomized in a prospective, double-blind trial into two groups to receive clozapine or risperidone for 16 weeks. The Modified Overt Aggression Scale score was used as the primary outcome of the study. Secondary outcomes were Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) externalization (CBCL-E) and internalization factors; Aggression, Hyperactivity and Delinquency subscales of CBCL-E, Child Global Assessment Scale (CGAS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale, and Simpson-Angus Scale. RESULTS: Both antipsychotics were similarly effective in the primary outcome and in most of the secondary ones. Clozapine was more effective in CBCL-E, the delinquency subscale and the CGAS scores than risperidone (p =0.039, 0.010, and 0.021). Two subjects from the clozapine group were excluded due to a low neutrophil count at week four. CONCLUSION: Clozapine and risperidone are effective for short-term treatment of aggression in children and adolescents with conduct disorder. Clozapine was more effective than risperidone in conduct externalization factors, delinquency trait and global functioning in children and adolescents. Stronger efficacy of clozapine should be investigated in larger sample sizes using pharmacogenomic studies. White blood cell counts need to be monitored when prescribing clozapine.
RESUMO
Objetivo: realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura para identificar los estudios que reportan la frecuencia del consumo drogas médicas, medicamentos de venta libre y alcohol, así como el consumo combinado de estas sustancias en los adultos mayores. Método: se utilizó como guía la Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, se identificaron 4,881 artículos a través de las bases de datos y tres artículos en el buscador google scholar, se eligieron doce estudios ya que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad y por su calidad metodológica. Resultados: la revisión de la literatura permitió identificar que las drogas médicas más utilizadas fueron los benzodiacepinas, los sedantes, los antidepresivos y los psicotrópicos, los medicamentos de venta libre más usados fueron los analgésicos, laxantes, antiácidos y antihistamínicos; la combinación con el alcohol son prácticas observadas entre los adultos mayores. Conclusión: las drogas médicas y medicamentos de venta libre son consumidas para tratar los trastornos del sueño, depresión, ansiedad y estrés; con relación al alcohol entre el 20.3% y el 57.1% de los adultos mayores lo consumen; la combinación de alcohol y drogas médicas se observó entre el 9.3% y el 18.1%.(AU)
Objective: to perform a systematic review of the literature to identify the studies that report the frequency of consumption of medical drugs, over-the-counter medications and alcohol, as well as the combined use of these substances in the elderly. Method: the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes were used as a guide, 4,881 items through the databases and three items in the search google scholar were identified, twelve studies were chosen as they met the eligibility criteria and their methodological quality. Results: the literature review allowed us to identify that the most used medical drugs were benzodiazepines, sedatives, antidepressants and psychotropic drugs, the most used over-the-counter medications were analgesics, laxatives, antacids and antihistamines; the combination with alcohol are practices observed among the elderly. Conclusion: medical drugs and over-the-counter medications are consumed to treat sleep disorders, depression, anxiety and stress; in relation to alcohol between 20.3% and 57.1% of the elderly consume it; the combination of alcohol and medical drugs was observed between 9.3% and 18.1%.(AU)
Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura para identificar os estudos que revelam a frequência do consumo de drogas médicas, medicamentos de venda livre e álcool, assim como o consumo combinado dessas substâncias em idosos. Método: foi utilizada como guia a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses, foram identificados 4,881 artigos através das bases de dados e três artigos no Navegador Google Scholar, foram selecionados doze exames já que cumpriram com os critérios de elegibilidade e pela sua qualidade metodológica. Resultados: a revisão da literatura permitiu identificar que as drogas médicas mais utilizadas foram as benzodiazepínicas, sedativos, antidepressivos e os psicotrópicos. Os medicamentos de venda livre mais usados foram os analgésicos, laxantes, antiácidos e anti-histamínicos. A combinação com o álcool é um comportamento observado nos idosos. Conclusão: as drogas médicas e medicamentos de venda livre são consumidos para o tratamento dos distúrbios do sono, depressão, ansiedade e estresse. Com relação ao álcool, entre 20.3% e 57.1% das pessoas idosas o consomem. A combinação de álcool e drogas médicas foi observada entre 9.3% e 18.1%.(AU)