RESUMO
The interference of bovine tuberculosis (TB) on the efficacy of paratuberculosis (PTB) diagnostic tests has been evaluated. A group of 32 tuberculous cows identified by both intradermal tests and gamma-interferon assay, 16 of them confirmed by the recovery of M.bovis from tissues, was tested by three different PTB- ELISAs, being two commercials and one in-house. The rest of the adult animals of the herds, totalizing 216 TB-negative animals, were also tested as a control group. Fecal culture for PTB was negative in all animals, but seven (21.8%) tuberculous cows produced false-positive reactions when tested by various PTB-ELISAs, leading to a misdiagnosis. Tuberculosis impairs the specificity of serological tests for paratuberculosis diagnosis and should be considered for the reliability of PTB control programs.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Paratuberculose/diagnóstico , Animais , Bovinos , Indústria de Laticínios , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Reações Falso-Positivas , Feminino , Interferon gama/análise , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Teste Tuberculínico/veterináriaRESUMO
Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteritis that affects ruminants and is caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map). The disease is worldwide spread and causes important economic losses. In Brazil, the bacillus was isolated in the south and northeast regions of the country and in Rio de Janeiro, but there are no enough epidemiological studies about its occurrence. Isolation of Map from tissues or fecal samples is 100% specific, but Map shows the most fastidious growth of all mycobacteria. Incubation lasts 8 -12 weeks, with a dependency on exogenous mycobactin J. Diagnostic tests based on specific DNA sequences allow fast and secure identification, and PCR has been used to confirm positive culture results and to identify Map in feces, milk and tissues. The most frequently used target sequences are the gene encoding the 16S rRNA, and the insertion element IS900. Serological assays are widely used for the herd diagnosis of the disease. A commercial ELISA with M. phlei pre-adsorption step achieves a specificity of 95.4% to 99% and a sensitivity of about 45%. Until now, there is no effective treatment for ill animals and control programs are based on managing procedures of herds and culling of symptomatic animals. In Brazil, paratuberculosis was recently identified and has been demonstrated even in autochthonous closed herds. Therefore, it is essential to perform an epidemiological national research and to investigate the economic impact of the disease in our herds. These results could promote a control program of paratuberculosis adapted to the Brazilian requirements.
A Paratuberculose é uma enterite crônica que afeta ruminantes, causada por Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map). A doença é cosmopolita e determina importantes perdas econômicas. No Brasil, o agente foi isolado nas regiões Sul e Nordeste além do Rio de Janeiro, mas não há estudos epidemiológicos suficientes sobre sua ocorrência. O isolamento de Map dos tecidos ou amostras fecais é 100% especifico, mas Map apresenta o crescimento mais fastidioso dentre todas as micobactérias, com período de incubação de até 8 -12 semanas, dependente de fonte exógena de micobactina J. Os testes diagnósticos baseados em seqüências especificas de DNA permitem uma identificação rápida e segura, e PCR tem sido usado para confirmar resultados de cultura positiva e para identificar Map em fezes, leite ou tecidos. O alvo mais frequentemente utilizado é o gene que codifica para o 16S rRNA, e o elemento de inserção IS900. Testes sorológicos são amplamente utilizados para o diagnóstico de rebanho. Um ELISA comercial com uma etapa de pré-adsorção com M. phlei alcança uma especificidade de 95,4% a 99% e uma sensibilidade de cerca de 45%. Até agora, não existe tratamento efetivo para animais doentes e os programas de controle são baseados em medidas de manejo e descarte dos animais sintomáticos. No Brasil, a paratuberculose foi recentemente demonstrada mesmo em rebanhos fechados e autóctones. Assim, é essencial realizar-se um inquérito epidemiológico nacional e investigar o impacto econômico da enfermidade em nossos rebanhos. Estes resultados poderiam ser utilizados para um programa de controle da paratuberculose adaptado ás necessidades de nosso país.
RESUMO
Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteritis that affects ruminants and is caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map). The disease is worldwide spread and causes important economic losses. In Brazil, the bacillus was isolated in the south and northeast regions of the country and in Rio de Janeiro, but there are no enough epidemiological studies about its occurrence. Isolation of Map from tissues or fecal samples is 100 percent specific, but Map shows the most fastidious growth of all mycobacteria. Incubation lasts 8 -12 weeks, with a dependency on exogenous mycobactin J. Diagnostic tests based on specific DNA sequences allow fast and secure identification, and PCR has been used to confirm positive culture results and to identify Map in feces, milk and tissues. The most frequently used target sequences are the gene encoding the 16S rRNA, and the insertion element IS900. Serological assays are widely used for the herd diagnosis of the disease. A commercial ELISA with M. phlei pre-adsorption step achieves a specificity of 95.4 percent to 99 percent and a sensitivity of about 45 percent. Until now, there is no effective treatment for ill animals and control programs are based on managing procedures of herds and culling of symptomatic animals. In Brazil, paratuberculosis was recently identified and has been demonstrated even in autochthonous closed herds. Therefore, it is essential to perform an epidemiological national research and to investigate the economic impact of the disease in our herds. These results could promote a control program of paratuberculosis adapted to the Brazilian requirements.
A Paratuberculose é uma enterite crônica que afeta ruminantes, causada por Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map). A doença é cosmopolita e determina importantes perdas econômicas. No Brasil, o agente foi isolado nas regiões Sul e Nordeste além do Rio de Janeiro, mas não há estudos epidemiológicos suficientes sobre sua ocorrência. O isolamento de Map dos tecidos ou amostras fecais é 100 por cento especifico, mas Map apresenta o crescimento mais fastidioso dentre todas as micobactérias, com período de incubação de até 8 -12 semanas, dependente de fonte exógena de micobactina J. Os testes diagnósticos baseados em seqüências especificas de DNA permitem uma identificação rápida e segura, e PCR tem sido usado para confirmar resultados de cultura positiva e para identificar Map em fezes, leite ou tecidos. O alvo mais frequentemente utilizado é o gene que codifica para o 16S rRNA, e o elemento de inserção IS900. Testes sorológicos são amplamente utilizados para o diagnóstico de rebanho. Um ELISA comercial com uma etapa de pré-adsorção com M. phlei alcança uma especificidade de 95,4 por cento a 99 por cento e uma sensibilidade de cerca de 45 por cento. Até agora, não existe tratamento efetivo para animais doentes e os programas de controle são baseados em medidas de manejo e descarte dos animais sintomáticos. No Brasil, a paratuberculose foi recentemente demonstrada mesmo em rebanhos fechados e autóctones. Assim, é essencial realizar-se um inquérito epidemiológico nacional e investigar o impacto econômico da enfermidade em nossos rebanhos. Estes resultados poderiam ser utilizados para um programa de controle da paratuberculose adaptado ás necessidades de nosso país.
RESUMO
Paratuberculosis is a chronic enteritis that affects ruminants and is caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map). The disease is worldwide spread and causes important economic losses. In Brazil, the bacillus was isolated in the south and northeast regions of the country and in Rio de Janeiro, but there are no enough epidemiological studies about its occurrence. Isolation of Map from tissues or fecal samples is 100% specific, but Map shows the most fastidious growth of all mycobacteria. Incubation lasts 8 -12 weeks, with a dependency on exogenous mycobactin J. Diagnostic tests based on specific DNA sequences allow fast and secure identification, and PCR has been used to confirm positive culture results and to identify Map in feces, milk and tissues. The most frequently used target sequences are the gene encoding the 16S rRNA, and the insertion element IS900. Serological assays are widely used for the herd diagnosis of the disease. A commercial ELISA with M. phlei pre-adsorption step achieves a specificity of 95.4% to 99% and a sensitivity of about 45%. Until now, there is no effective treatment for ill animals and control programs are based on managing procedures of herds and culling of symptomatic animals. In Brazil, paratuberculosis was recently identified and has been demonstrated even in autochthonous closed herds. Therefore, it is essential to perform an epidemiological national research and to investigate the economic impact of the disease in our herds. These results could promote a control program of paratuberculosis adapted to the Brazilian requirements.
A Paratuberculose é uma enterite crônica que afeta ruminantes, causada por Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (Map). A doença é cosmopolita e determina importantes perdas econômicas. No Brasil, o agente foi isolado nas regiões Sul e Nordeste além do Rio de Janeiro, mas não há estudos epidemiológicos suficientes sobre sua ocorrência. O isolamento de Map dos tecidos ou amostras fecais é 100% especifico, mas Map apresenta o crescimento mais fastidioso dentre todas as micobactérias, com período de incubação de até 8 -12 semanas, dependente de fonte exógena de micobactina J. Os testes diagnósticos baseados em seqüências especificas de DNA permitem uma identificação rápida e segura, e PCR tem sido usado para confirmar resultados de cultura positiva e para identificar Map em fezes, leite ou tecidos. O alvo mais frequentemente utilizado é o gene que codifica para o 16S rRNA, e o elemento de inserção IS900. Testes sorológicos são amplamente utilizados para o diagnóstico de rebanho. Um ELISA comercial com uma etapa de pré-adsorção com M. phlei alcança uma especificidade de 95,4% a 99% e uma sensibilidade de cerca de 45%. Até agora, não existe tratamento efetivo para animais doentes e os programas de controle são baseados em medidas de manejo e descarte dos animais sintomáticos. No Brasil, a paratuberculose foi recentemente demonstrada mesmo em rebanhos fechados e autóctones. Assim, é essencial realizar-se um inquérito epidemiológico nacional e investigar o impacto econômico da enfermidade em nossos rebanhos. Estes resultados poderiam ser utilizados para um programa de controle da paratuberculose adaptado ás necessidades de nosso país.
RESUMO
A survey was carried out in 2 drug use treatment centres (TCs) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to assess risk behaviours, HIV infection and other sexually transmitted infections/blood-borne infections (STIs/BBIs). Two hundred and twenty-five drug users (195 males and 30 females) were interviewed and clinically examined, and their blood and urine were tested for STIs/BBIs. Prevalences (%) for these infections were as follows--HIV: 0.9, hepatitis B virus (HBV): 14.7, hepatitis C virus (HCV): 5.8, syphilis: 5.3, gonorrhoea/chlamydia (CT/NG): 4.7. In bivariate analyses CT/NG infection was associated with younger age (P=0.003); current genitourinary symptoms (odds ratio [OR]=6.2) and a mainly illegal source of income (OR=9.1). Hepatitis C infection was associated with a history of ever having injected any drug (OR=19.6), and with each one of the injected drugs. After multiple logistic regression, lower educational level (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=3.70) and 'ever having injected drugs' (AOR=3.69) remained as independent risk factors for hepatitis B infection. In conclusion, TCs must implement programmes directed towards the prevention of STIs/BBIs.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Prevalência , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/sangue , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/urinaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The transfusion of contaminated blood has become the major route of transmission for Chagas' disease in Brazil. Current screening tests are insensitive and yield conflicting results, while confirmatory assays do not exist. A line immunoassay (INNO-LIA Chagas Ab [INNO-LIA]) combining relevant, immunodominant recombinant and synthetic antigens on a single nylon membrane strip was evaluated for the serologic confirmation of Chagas' disease. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sera from 1062 patients and healthy residents of four Brazilian regions endemic for Chagas' disease were used for test optimization. The established confirmation algorithm was evaluated with an independent set of positive (n = 75) and negative (n = 148) samples. RESULTS: In the optimization phase, without an established comparative gold standard, the results with the INNO-LIA were compared with those obtained in four other screening assays. In the validation phase, the INNO-LIA showed a sensitivity of 100 percent (95% CI, 95.21-100) and a specificity of 99.32 percent (95% CI, 96.29-99.98) for well-characterized sera. Moreover, its specificity reached 100 percent with a set of 40 sera obtained from patients with documented leishmaniasis. The interpretation criteria defined in this study indicated that the INNO-LIA accurately detected the presence of antibodies to various specific antigens of Trypanosoma cruzi. CONCLUSION: The INNO-LIA Chagas Ab assay may become the first commercial assay to reliably confirm the presence of antibodies to T. cruzi.
Assuntos
Doença de Chagas/diagnóstico , Peptídeos/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Protozoários/sangue , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doença de Chagas/sangue , Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Humanos , Imunoensaio/métodos , Proteínas Recombinantes/sangueRESUMO
Microsporidia are emerging as opportunistic pathogens in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most commonly reported microsporidium that is detected in gastrointestinal specimens. This report describes an in situ hybridization technique with a 30-base specific synthetic DNA probe for detection of E bieneusi by light microscopy. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded duodenal biopsy specimens from three patients with AIDS, chronic diarrhea, and E bieneusi infection confirmed by electron microscopy were used in this study. Light microscopic examination after colorimetric detection allowed the identification of different stages of the pathogen's life cycle in the cytoplasm of enterocytes. No cross-reactivity was noted between the probe and human DNA. Our study underscores the applicability of a synthetic-labeled oligonucleotide for the detection and identification of E bieneusi in clinical samples.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , DNA de Protozoário/análise , Encephalitozoon/genética , Encefalitozoonose/diagnóstico , Hibridização In Situ/métodos , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/parasitologia , Animais , Sondas de DNA/química , Duodeno/parasitologia , Duodeno/patologia , Encephalitozoon/ultraestrutura , Encefalitozoonose/parasitologia , Enteropatia por HIV/diagnóstico , Humanos , Técnicas Imunoenzimáticas , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da PolimeraseRESUMO
Chagas' disease is a common cause of morbidity in Latin American countries. In Brazil, naturally occurring transmission of its etiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, has been almost completely abolished through effective control programs aimed at the triatomid insect vector. Thus, transfusion of blood from infected donors has become the major route for contracting Chagas' disease due to the socioeconomically motivated migration of residents from areas where the disease is endemic to the larger urban centers. Therefore, the employment of screening tests is mandatory for all blood banks throughout the country. We compared the diagnostic performances of three commercially available screening assays used in routine testing in Brazilian blood banks: the Abbott Chagas antibody enzyme immunoassay (Abbott Laboratórios do Brasil, São Paulo), the BIOELISACRUZI kit (Biolab-Mérieux, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), and the BIOZIMA Chagas kit (Polychaco S.A.I.C., Buenos Aires, Argentina). The evaluation was performed with sera obtained from chagasic patients and healthy residents of four different areas in Brazil where Chagas' disease is either endemic or emergent and where clinical manifestations of the disease and circulating parasite strains vary. The results obtained with each kit were compared to matched in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence assay data obtained for each sample. Depending on the area under investigation, the three commercial kits produced specificity values between 93.3 and 100.0%, sensitivity values between 97.7 and 100%, and accuracies ranging from 93.6 to 100.0%.