RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To test whether a policy approach aimed at decreasing prescription drug misuse, specifically, state monitoring of controlled substance prescriptions-prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs)-were associated with changes in Child Protective Services-reported maltreatment prevalence. STUDY DESIGN: Using a difference-in-differences design and maltreatment data (2004-2018) from 50 states and the District of Columbia, we compared the prevalence of total maltreatment incidents and total victims, in states with and without PDMPs, before and after implementation. Exploratory analyses further examined models disaggregated by maltreatment type (neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse) and among different racial/ethnic groups. Quasi-Poisson models included state-level covariates, state- and year-fixed effects, and cluster-robust standard errors. RESULTS: Difference-in-differences models identified greater relative reductions in PDMP states relative to controls (total prevalence ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80, 0.940; victimization prevalence ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85-0.98) over the observation period. Decreases seemed to be driven by changes in neglect (prevalence ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.93) and physical abuse (prevalence ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.71-0.87) incidents, and may have been especially salient for American Indian/Alaskan Native children (prevalence ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: We found evidence supporting an association between prescription drug monitoring and reduced maltreatment prevalence at the state level. Policies aimed at restricting the prescribing and dispensing of controlled substances may have indirect implications for child welfare.
Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/tendências , Política de Saúde , Uso Indevido de Medicamentos sob Prescrição/prevenção & controle , Programas de Monitoramento de Prescrição de Medicamentos , Adolescente , Criança , Maus-Tratos Infantis/prevenção & controle , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Sensation seeking has been proposed as a risk factor for gambling and gambling problems; however, existing evidence for a relationship between sensation seeking and gambling behaviors is inconclusive and data are lacking for emerging adults and racial and ethnic minorities. In this longitudinal study, we explored the association between developmental trajectories of sensation seeking in childhood and adolescence and gambling and gambling problems in early adulthood in individuals of Puerto Rican origin. Gambling data were collected during 2014-2018 from a subsample of participants in the Boricua Youth Study who were recruited in the South Bronx of New York City and in San Juan and Caguas, Puerto Rico. Sensation seeking was measured using a 10-item instrument modified from the scale created by Russo et al. for use in children as young as 5 years old. Developmental trajectories of age-adjusted sensation seeking were created using growth mixture models. Gambling and gambling problems were assessed based on the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI) Version 1.09. Data were analyzed using descriptive methods and multivariable logistic regression. Individuals in the high sensation-seeking class had lower adjusted odds of past-year gambling (OR = .36; 95% confidence interval [.14, .92]) than did those in the normative sensation-seeking class, whereas no differences were observed for individuals in the low and accelerated classes. No relationship was found between sensation seeking and past-year gambling problems. Given the severe consequences of early initiation of gambling and gambling problems, other early life risk factors and alternative hypotheses for the elevated prevalence of gambling problems in young adults and racial and ethnic minority populations should be explored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Comportamento Infantil , Jogo de Azar/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Etnicidade , Feminino , Jogo de Azar/epidemiologia , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Grupos Minoritários , Cidade de Nova Iorque/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Porto Rico/etnologia , Fatores de Risco , Sensação , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Parenting behaviors have been shown to moderate the association between sensation seeking and antisocial behaviors. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Boricua Youth Study, a longitudinal study of 2,491 Puerto Rican youth living in the South Bronx, New York, and the metropolitan area of San Juan, Puerto Rico. First, we examined the prospective relationship between sensation seeking and antisocial behaviors across 3 yearly waves and whether this relationship varied by sociodemographic factors. Second, we examined the moderating role of parenting behaviors-including parental monitoring, warmth, and coercive discipline-on the prospective relationship between sensation seeking and antisocial behaviors. RESULTS: Sensation seeking was a strong predictor of antisocial behaviors for youth across two different sociocultural contexts. High parental monitoring buffered the association between sensation seeking and antisocial behaviors, protecting individuals with this trait. Low parental warmth was associated with high levels of antisocial behaviors, regardless of the sensation seeking level. Among those with high parental warmth, sensation seeking predicted antisocial behaviors, but the levels of antisocial behaviors were never as high as those of youth with low parental warmth. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings underscore the relevance of person-family context interactions in the development of antisocial behaviors. Future interventions should focus on the interplay between individual vulnerabilities and family context to prevent the unhealthy expression of a trait that is present in many individuals.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino , Delinquência Juvenil/etnologia , Relações Pais-Filho/etnologia , Poder Familiar/etnologia , Comportamento Social , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Cidade de Nova Iorque/etnologia , Porto Rico/etnologiaRESUMO
Introducción: Para aprobar el uso comercial de un medicamento en Estados Unidos, la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) exige, por lo menos, dos ensayos clínicos de fase III que demuestren su seguridad y eficacia. En estos estudios, sin embargo, los resultados pueden verse influenciados por la composición de sus muestras. Objetivo: Describir los problemas de generalizabilidad de los resultados de ensayos clínicos en psiquiatría, debido a la composición de las muestras. Método: Breve descripción del efecto del uso de criterios de elegibilidad muy restrictivos en la generalizabilidad de los resultados de los ensayos clínicos. También se exponen ejemplos de estudios que han examinado este tema tanto en muestras clínicas como en muestras comunitarias. Conclusión: Tanto en muestras clínicas como en muestras comunitarias, varios estudios han demostrado que, usualmente, una gran proporción de adultos con trastornos psiquiátricos son excluidos, debido a los criterios de elegibilidad comúnmente utilizados en los ensayos clínicos. Éstos suelen reclutar muestras altamente selectivas, en lugar de adultos que podrían ser más representativos de pacientes típicos. Los ensayos clínicos deben evaluar cuidadosamente los efectos de sus criterios de elegibilidad sobre la generalizabilidad de sus resultados, ya que esto puede limitar su representatividad...
Introduction: To approve the prescription of a medication in the United States, the Food and Drug Agency (Food and Drug Administration (FDA)) requires at least two Phase III clinical trials demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the medication. In these studies, however, the results can be influenced by the composition of their samples. Objective: To describe issues with the generalizability of results from clinical trials in psychiatry due to the use of highly selected samples. Methods: We briefly describe the effects of stringent eligibility criteria on the results of clinical trials. We summarize studies that have examined this issue both in clinical and community samples. Conclusion: Both in clinical and community samples, studies have shown that a significant proportion of adults with psychiatric disorders are typically excluded by eligibility criteria commonly used in clinical trials. This tends to recruit highly selective samples, rather than adults who might be more representative of typical patients. Clinical trials should carefully evaluate the effects of eligibility criteria on the generalizability of their results. The use of stringent exclusionary criteria could limit the representativeness of results...
Assuntos
Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Psiquiatria , Guias como AssuntoRESUMO
Objetivos: evaluar el conocimiento sobre depresión en pacientes atendidos en el primer nivel de atención en Bogotá. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal. Se recogieron dos muestras de personas que asistían a consulta, antes de una intervención educativa aplicada a los profesionales de la salud: 1.642 (grupo A), y después de ésta: 1.839 (grupo B). Se encontró que el 76,5porciento de los pacientes del grupo A y el 85,3porciento de los pacientes del grupo B habían escuchado el término depresión. A estas personas se les aplicó una encuesta que evaluó el conocimiento sobre depresión. El instrumento fue diseñado y validado en el estudio piloto. Resultados: la depresión fue considerada un problema común en el 71,3porciento del grupo A y el 75porciento del grupo B. La mayoría de los pacientes consideró curable la depresión, en el grupo A (70,8porciento) y grupo B (72,5porciento). Al rededor de la mitad de los pacientes de ambos grupos consideró la depresión una enfermedad mental que necesita tratamiento médico y la mayoría de pacientes deprimidos como no suicidas. En el grupo A el 44,7porciento y en el grupo B el 51,8porciento de los pacientes consideraba a los medicamentos antidepresivos como adictivos. El reconocimiento de síntomas típicos fue insuficiente en 50,1porciento del grupo A y 59,7porciento del grupo B. De igual forma, se encontró un estigma alto para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad en 57,5porciento de los pacientes del grupo A y en 42,5porciento de los del grupo B. Conclusión: existe un conocimiento limitado sobre la depresión en los pacientes de primer nivel, la estigmatización de la enfermedad es alta y la deficiencia en el conocimiento puede llevar a una disminución en el diagnóstico de la enfermedad