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ABSTRACT Objective: Odontogenic infection is a common condition in America; the aim of this research was to determine the profile of odontogenic maxillofacial infections and to identify the link between these and the pain felt by patients admitted to the emergency dental service of the Hernân Henriquez Aravena Hospital in Temuco, Chile. Methods: A cross-sectional, double-blind study analysed 49 individuals admitted for emergency dental care. Included were admissions associated with odontogenic infection identified by clinical examination, establishing a relation to pain through a survey. The diagnosis was made clinically using the fascial spaces involved in the infection, presence of self-medication prior to admission, need for surgical treatment and the patient 's systemic conditions. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-squared, ANOVA, considering a value of p < 0.05 as significant. Results: The average pain level measured by visual analogue scale (VAS) in emergency admission was 8.1. There was no association between the diagnosis (pulp infection, periodontal infection or pericoronitis) and the VAS (p = 0.078), but there was association between age and the diagnosis (p = 0.022), and the VAS was associated with pain compared to other types of pathologies or traumas (p = 0.011). Conclusion: Odontogenic infection is frequent and linked to age and high-pain values. New public policies should be adopted based on these results. New studies are needed to assess new variables associated with these pathologies.

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RESUMEN: Los concentrados plaquetarios han emergido como un potencial material regenerativo, utilizado de forma aislada o como andamiaje para otros materiales de injerto. Son extractos de sangre, obtenidos después de procesar una muestra de sangre completa, mediante centrifugación. El primer reporte data de 1970, con un CP utilizado como pegamento para mejorar cicatrización de heridas de piel. En 1998, se usaron en cirugía oral y maxilofacial. Desde entonces, se han desarrollado diferentes técnicas y una variedad de preparaciones. Entre ellas, cabe destacar el plasma rico en plaquetas, fibrina rica en plaquetas y leucocitos (L-PRF) y plasma rico en factores de crecimiento (PRGF). El desarrollo de estos biomateriales, se debe en parte, a la posibilidad de alterar la concentración de mediadores químicos liberados en una lesión que provoque la formación de un coágulo, que pueda madurar conforme transcurran las fases del proceso inflamatorio y concluya con la regeneración íntegra del tejido dañado. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue describir las principales vías de señalización intracelular que se activan en presencia del L-PRF en cirugía oral, y sus efectos en la regulación del ciclo celular.

ABSTRACT: Platelet concentrates (PC) have emerged as a potential regenerative material, used in isolation or as scaffolding for other graft materials. They are blood extracts, obtained after processing a sample of whole blood, by centrifugation. The first report dates from 1970, with a PC used glue to improve the healing of skin wounds. In 1998, they were used in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Since then, different techniques and a variety of preparations have been developed. These include platelet-rich plasma, fibrin rich in platelets and leukocytes (L-PRF) and plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF). The development of these biomaterials, is due in part to the possibility of altering the concentration of chemical mediators released in a lesion that causes the formation of a clot, which can mature as the phases of the inflammatory process pass and conclude with the complete regeneration of the damaged tissue. The aim of this manuscript was to describe the main intracellular signaling pathways that are activated in the presence of LPRF in oral surgery, and its effects on the regulation of the cell cycle.

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Our aim was to give a morphometric description of the interproximal bone between the anterior maxillary teeth of subjects with class III facial deformity, who were candidates for segmented Le Fort I osteotomy. We measured the width of the interproximal bone from the upper right canine to the upper left canine in cone-beam computed tomographic images of 35 subjects, and identified five interproximal areas of measurement. The lower and upper measurements were established 5mm and 10mm from the cervical crest of the interproximal bone. A paired samples t test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were applied and probabilities of less than 0.05 were accepted as significant. In all the scans of interproximal bone, the apical zone was significantly wider than the inferior zone (p<0.001). The area between the central incisors was the widest, with a mean (SD) of 2.42 (0.68) mm in the lower, and 4.27 (0.99) mm in the upper, region followed by the space between the canines and lateral incisors. The minimum interproximal spaces in the lowest area were between 1.1 and 1.5mm, which suggested the potential for damage to the teeth during segmental osteotomy. The interproximal spaces were at potential risk of dental and periodontal injuries, and the area between the central incisors seemed to be most suited to interproximal osteotomies in "surgery first".

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This study aimed to describe the condylar layer and cartilage island in subjects with unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH). Five individuals (15-18 years old) with a diagnosis of UCH, treated in a university hospital in Temuco, Chile, were included. The analysis examined the presence, extension, and thickness of the layers on the condylar surface, the number, depth, and area of the cartilage islands, and the argyrophilic proteins of the nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) score. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. The fibrocartilaginous layer was thickest (0.13±0.05mm) and the joint layer was thinnest (0.07±0.01mm) (P<0.05). With respect to the number, depth, and area of the islands, case 1 presented the highest values, followed by case 2; the cartilage island was related to the fibrocartilaginous layer (P<0.05). All cases had AgNOR proteins in the proliferative and fibrocartilaginous layers, as well as the islands with the greatest presence of chondrocytes (P=0.245). A relationship was observed between the histopathological alterations in the different layers on the condylar surface and the thickness of the fibrocartilaginous layer, as well as the thickness of the latter and the number, depth, and area of the cartilage islands in the trabecular bone.

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INTRODUCTION: Stability in orthognathic surgery is nowadays considered as efficient and adequate. The objective of this study was to determine and to compare the mechanical resistance to vertical load of a Le Fort I advancement osteotomy stabilized by mean of two different osteosynthesis techniques, one using two 10-hole pre-bent T-shaped plates, the other using four manually bent 4-hole L- and J-shaped plates. MATERIEL AND METHODS: Standardized Le Fort I advancement osteotomies have been made on polyurethane models. The maxillary advancement was 5mm. Two groups of five models each were created. Group 1 was stabilized by mean of two 10-hole pre-bent T-shaped plates fixed by monocortical screws in the paranasal region. Group 2 was stabilized by mean of manually bent four 4-hole L-shaped plates fixed monocortical screws in the zygomatic and paranasal regions. A testing machine was used to load vertically the models at the range of 1mm/min linear displacement until peak load and system failure. Statistical analysis was realized using ANOVA and t-test, considering P as significant if <0.005. RESULTS: The maximal tolerated load was 15N in group 1and 42.71N in group 2 (P=0.003). DISCUSSION: The use of two T-shaped 10-holes pre-bent plates allows for less resistance in vertical loading than the use of four 4-holes manually bent L-shaped plates.

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El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar la respuesta tisular en defectos tratados con matriz óseo de origen bovino y humano. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con 12 conejos en los cuales se confeccionaron dos defectos en la calota craneana de acuerdo a procesos convencionales. Cada defecto fue aleatoriamente rellenado con matriz ósea bovina o con matriz ósea humana; se realizaron evaluaciones histológicas a las 7 y 15 semanas de realizada la cirugía (6 animales en cada grupo). A las 7 semanas se identificó un leve infiltrado inflamatorio y claras diferencias entre el hueso periférico y el sitio injertado, mientras que a las 15 semanas se observo la persistencia de algunas partículas injertadas y la presencia de hueso nuevo formado en el defecto; no se logró identificar diferencias en la secuencia de reparación o retrasos en la misma con ninguno de los dos materiales. Se concluye que ambos materiales son útiles en la regeneración ósea en el presente modelo experimental.

The aim of this research was to compare the tissue response in treated defects with bone matrix with bovine or human origin. Was realized a descriptive study with 12 rabbits where was executed two defects in the skull in relation to conventional techniques. Randomized defects were used to put bone matrix with bovine or human origin; histological exam was realized in the week number 7 and 15 with 6 animals each. At 7 weeks was observed a limited inflammatory infiltrate with clear differences between the peripheral bone and the filled bone and in the 15 weeks of analysis was observed the presence of some particulate of the bone graft beside a new bone into the defect; was not observed any differences in the sequence of repair or delayed in the bovine or human material. It´s concluded that both materials are useful in bone regeneration for this experimental model.

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The aim of this study was to perform a histological analysis of the conditions in patients undergoing surgery for unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) using different histopathological analytical techniques and to describe the complications and existing controversy in order to better define the disease. A partial condylectomy was performed in five patients who had been diagnosed with UCH using clinical and imaging methods. The samples obtained were analyzed using routine histological techniques including haematoxylin-eosin, Van Gieson, picrosirius, alcian blue/haematoxylin-eosin, and AgNOR staining. The analyses were performed by an observer who was blinded to the clinical parameters of the disease. The cellularity, tissue layers, size of the anatomical structures, and the relationships between them were assessed. The analysis of these patients was complemented by a review of the scientific literature. Variability was observed in the analysis of the cases. The presence of connective tissue was detected at the bone level, with cartilage formation at different levels. Each island presented levels of involvement that could indicate various degrees of aggressiveness. Type I collagen was observed in most cases, although type III was also identified. The development of histological diagnostic methods to determine the aggressiveness or level of involvement in UCH is not currently possible. Further studies are needed to establish new histological classifications.

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OBJECTIVE: Zygomatic implants may be used for dental rehabilitation in atrophic maxillae. The aim of this study was to establish experimentally the areas of stress distribution using 2 kinds of "All-On-Four" maxillary procedures. STUDY DESIGN: The best position to insert the implants was selected using polyurethane craniomaxillary models and surgical guides were made. Group 1 was designed with two posterior zygomatic implants and two conventional anterior implants, and group 2 with two posterior zygomatic implants and two anterior zygomatic implants. A titanium bar was built to link the 4 implants in both groups. Photoelastic replicas of these models were made and the implants were inserted using the surgical guides. An Instrom 4411 testing machine was used to perform a unilateral compressive loading at the level of the right first molar until 2mm of displacement was obtained. RESULTS: Group 1 showed a high strain concentration in the right lateral orbital region at the level of the apex of the zygomatic implant. Less strain was noticed at the apical levels of the conventional implants in the anterior sector and of the contralateral zygomatic implant. Group 2 showed high strains in the lateral inferior orbital area. The load was low in the alveolar bone sector. DISCUSSION: Zygomatic bone and paranasal structures are loaded at high levels when zygomatic implants are used to stabilize a full maxillary prosthodontic rehabilitation on 4 implants. The use of 4 zygomatic implants loads the alveolar bone to a lower extent and seems better suited from a mechanical point of view than the use of 2 zygomatic implants.

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El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar la relación entre la asimetría facial y la pérdida de contacto en línea mediana entre dientes maxilares y mandibulares. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 18 sujetos portadores de asimetría facial que consultaron en la División de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial de la Universidad de La Frontera por tratamiento quirúrgico de la asimetría. En todos ellos se evaluó la presencia y grado de la asimetría facial y la presencia y desvío desde la línea mediana facial del punto mediano mandibular y maxilar mediante la prueba estadística t de student considerando un valor de p <0,05; todas las evaluaciones fueron realizadas mediante fotografías 2D de rostro y dientes obtenidas en condiciones estandarizadas. Se identificó que todos los sujetos portadores de asimetría facial presentaron asimetría dentaria; los desvíos dentarios fueron de casi 7 mm y existió relación estadísticamente significativa entre desvío facial y desvío dentario. Se concluye que los sujetos con asimetría dentaria pueden presentar asimetría facial de forma que la evaluación esqueletal del rostro es necesaria para realizar un diagnóstico correcto.

The aim of this research was to find the relation between facial asymmetry and loss of continuity in median line of maxillary and mandibular teeth. A descriptive study was carried out in 18 subjects with facial asymmetry with surgical indication and observed at the Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Universidad de La Frontera. In all of them the grade of facial asymmetry and the relation in median line of the maxillary and mandibular teeth was evaluated using the t student test considering p value < 0.05; all the evaluations were executed using 2D photography of the face and tooth obtained with standardized conditions. In all the subjects we observed dental asymmetry with almost 7 mm from the median line; statistical relations between dental asymmetry and facial asymmetry. It is concluded that in subjects asking for dental asymmetry treatment a facial evaluation is necessary in view of the relation with skeletal facial deformity.

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Dentofacial deformities present some shades and variations that determine the inclusion of different anatomical components as part of the disease; the aim of this study was to ascertain the nasal characteristics in patients with a Class III dentofacial deformity. A descriptive study was conducted on 20 patients diagnosed with a Class III facial deformity and a surgical indication; frontal and lateral as well as CT images were taken to analyze variables of nasal morphology and deformities associated with the nasal bridge, tip and septum. The results showed that the nasal angles are outside normal parameters and that the basal width of the nose is approximately 3 mm smaller than the intercanthal width; 45% of the subjects have lateral deviations, 50% bridge deformity and 80% septum deviation. It is concluded that there are nasal deformities in subjects with a Class III facial deformity and that this component must be carefully evaluated in the preoperative stage.

Las deformidades dentofaciales presentan algunos matices y variaciones que determinan la inclusión de diferentes componentes anatómicos dentro de la enfermedad; el objetivo de esta investigación es conocer las características de la nariz en pacientes con deformidad dentofacial de clase III. Se desarrollo un estudio descriptivo en 20 pacientes con diagnóstico de deformidad facial declase III e indicación quirúrgica; se estudiaron análisis fotográficos frontales y laterales así como tomografías computadorizadas para analizar variables de morfología nasal y deformidades asociadas al puente nasal, punta nasal y septo nasal. Los resultados demostraron que los ángulos nasales se encuentran fuera de los parámetros de normalidad y que el ancho basal de la nariz es aproximadamente 3 mm menor que el ancho intercantal; el 45% de los sujetos presentó desviación lateral, 50% deformidad del puente nasal y el 80% desvío de septo nasal. Se concluye que existen deformidades nasales en sujetos con deformidad facial de clase III y que este componente debe ser evaluado criteriosamente en la etapa preoperatoria.

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