RESUMO

Capsaicin is a recognized alkaloid that can be used as a flavoring and palatability agent. These effects can increase feed intake in lactating sows during farrowing, especially under thermal stress conditions, and provide antioxidant and immunostimulant activities. The objective of this work was to find out the effects of a capsaicin-based product on the feed intake of sows, immunomodulation, and repercussions on litter performance and the control of piglet diarrhea conditions. A total of 132 pregnant sows and lactating sows and their respective litters were divided into 66 sows each and submitted to one of two possible treatments: a capsaicin-free diet (control group) or capsaicin per meal/day. Capsaicin was mixed with gestation and lactation diets in the proportion of 98.6 g of feed and 1.4 g of capsaicin/kg feed, with the dose administered "on top" of 100 g per treatment day on the first feeding. The sows were treated between 90 days of gestation and 21 days of lactation. Backfat thickness, feed intake during farrowing, colostrum production, IgG colostrum concentration, sow reproductive performance, piglet performance, and diarrhea were evaluated. Compared to the sows in the control group, those that received capsaicin had higher feed intake (+ 0.69 kg/day during lactation, P = 0.008), higher levels of IgG in colostrum (185.75 versus 153.80 mg/mL, P = 0.04), an 11.2% higher litter weight gain, with individual piglet weight gains greater than 5.24% (P = 0.045), and an effective reduction in the frequency of piglet diarrhea on the 10th and 17th days of age (P = 0.013 and P = 0.001, respectively). Capsaicin is an additive with potential effects on the sow's performance, with positive influences on the health and growth of suckling piglets.

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RESUMO

The diffusion of photogenerated holes is studied in a high-mobility mesoscopic GaAs channel where electrons exhibit hydrodynamic properties. It is shown that the injection of holes into such an electron system leads to the formation of a hydrodynamic three-component mixture consisting of electrons and photogenerated heavy and light holes. The obtained results are analyzed within the framework of ambipolar diffusion, which reveals characteristics of a viscous flow. Both hole types exhibit similar hydrodynamic characteristics. In such a way the diffusion lengths, ambipolar diffusion coefficient, and the effective viscosity of the electron-hole system are determined.

RESUMO

Chitosan (CHI) is a natural biopolymer with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and digestive modulatory effects, which can be used in the ruminant diet to replace antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of CHI on lamb growth traits, nutrients digestibility, muscle and fatty deposition, meat fatty acid (FA) profile, meat quality traits and serum metabolome. Thirty 30-month-old male lambs, half Suffolk and half Dorper, with an average BW of 21.65 ± 0.86 kg, were fed in a feedlot system for a total of 70 days. The lambs were separated into two groups according to the diet: the control (CON) group which received the basal diet and the CHI group which received the basal diet with the addition of CHI as 2 g/kg of DM in the diet. Lambs supplemented with CHI had a greater (P < 0.05) final BW, DM intake, final body metabolic weight (P < 0.05) and lower residual feed intake than the CON group. Animals fed CHI had a greater (P < 0.05) starch digestibility at 14 and 28 days, average daily gain at 14, 42 and 56 days, greater feed efficiency at 28 days and feed conversation at 14 and 42 days in feedlot. Most of the carcass traits were not affected (P > 0.05) by the treatment; however, the CHI supplementation improved (P < 0.05) dressing and longissimus muscle area. The treatments had no effect (P > 0.05) on the meat colour and other quality measurements. Meat from the CHI-fed lambs had a greater concentration (P < 0.05) of oleic-cis-9 acid, linoleic acid, linolenic-trans-6 acid, arachidonic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. According to the variable importance in projection score, the most important metabolites to differentiate between the CON and the CHI group were hippurate, acetate, hypoxanthine, arginine, malonate, creatine, choline, myo-inositol, 2-oxoglutarate, alanine, glycerol, carnosine, histidine, glutamate and 3-hydroxyisobutyrate. Similarly, fold change (FC) analysis highlighted succinate (FC = 1.53), arginine (FC = 1.51), hippurate (FC = 0.68), myo-inositol (FC = 1.48), hypoxanthine (FC = 1.45), acetate (FC = 0.73) and malonate (FC = 1.35) as metabolites significantly different between groups. In conclusion, the present data showed that CHI changes the muscle metabolism improving muscle mass deposition, the lamb's performance and carcass dressing. In addition, CHI led to an alteration in the FA metabolism, changes in the meat FA profile and improvements in meat quality.

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RESUMO

Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin deacetylation, present in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects. Chitosan has been evaluated as rumen modulator and silage additive due to its antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of both chitosan and a bacterial additive on microbiological quality, chemical composition, nutrient in vitro degradation, fermentative profile, and total losses of whole-soybean plant silage (SS) harvested at R6 stage. Four treatments in a factorial arrangement were randomly assigned to 40 experimental minisilos as no additives (CON), 8 g/t fresh forage of microbial inoculant (INO; Kera SIL, Kera Nutrição Animal, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil); 5 g/kg of fresh forage chitosan (CHI); and CHI + INO. Microbial inoculant was composed of Lactobacillus plantarum (4.0 × 1010 cfu/g) and Propionibacterium acidipropionici (2.6 × 1010 cfu/g). The CHI and INO alone increased counts of lactic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria and decreased counts of mold and yeast in SS. The CHI or INO alone increased in vitro degradation of dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber, and decreased nonfiber carbohydrate content of SS. Chitosan increased NH3-N and lactate concentrations and decreased ethanol concentration in SS. The CHI increased dry matter recovery from SS; INO increased silage aerobic stability. The combination of CHI+INO showed the lowest value of gas losses. In general, the combination of CHI and INO had small positive effects on gas losses of SS; however, both CHI or INO alone improved nutrient in vitro degradation and decreased mold and yeast in SS. Chitosan or INO utilization improves SS quality.

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The lack of an immunocompetent animal model for dengue mimicking the disease in humans is a limitation for advances in this field. Inoculation by intracerebral route of neuroadapted dengue strains in mice is normally lethal and provides a straightforward readout parameter for vaccine testing. However, systemic effects of infection and the immune response elicited in this model remain poorly described. In the present work, BALB/c mice infected by the intracerebral route with neuroadapted DENV2 exhibited several evidences of systemic involvement. DENV-inoculated mice presented virus infective particles in the brain followed by viremia, especially in late stages of infection. Infection induced cellular and humoral responses, with presence of activated T cells in spleen and blood, lymphocyte infiltration and tissue damages in brain and liver, and an increase in serum levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. Data highlighted an interplay between the central nervous system commitment and peripheral effects under this experimental condition.

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O objetivo foi avaliar a composição química, digestibilidade in vitro, degradabilidade in situ e tempo de colonização de suplementos concentrados com diferentes níveis de inclusão de torta de crambe. Foram avaliados cinco níveis de inclusão de torta de crambe (0%, 2,5%, 5,0%, 10% e 15%) aos suplementos concentrados em substituição ao farelo de soja. A composição química e digestibilidade dos nutrientes foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e três repetições, e os dados submetidos a teste de regressão. As curvas de degradação dos nutrientes foram obtidas por procedimento regressão não linear. Os teores de proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo, nutrientes digestíveis totais, carboidratos totais, matéria mineral e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (MS) não foram influenciados pela inclusão de torta de crambe ao suplemento concentrado. Os teores da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e hemicelulose apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente o teor de carboidratos não estruturais apresentou comportamento linear crescente com inclusão da torta de crambe ao suplemento concentrado em substituição ao farelo de soja. A inclusão da torta de crambe ao suplemento concentrado não alterou a degradabilidade efetiva da MS, PB e FDN, que apresentaram valores médios de 51,56%, 61,21% e 39,21%, respectivamente, para a taxa de 5%/h. No entanto, a inclusão de 15% de torta de crambe ao suplemento concentrado apresentou maior degradação potencial da PB e da FDN ao longo dos tempos de incubação ruminal. A inclusão de até 15% da torta de crambe em substituição ao farelo de soja em suplemento concentrado para bovinos altera a composição química, mas não influencia a digestibilidade da matéria seca e a degradabilidade dos nutrientes, tornando uma alternativa viável à nutrição animal...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, in situ degradability and colonization time of concentrate supplements containing different inclusion levels of crambe meal. Five inclusion levels of crambe meal (0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 10%, and 15%) replacing soybean meal in the concentrate supplements were evaluated. The chemical composition and nutrient digestibility were analyzed in a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments and three repetitions using regression analysis. A nonlinear regression procedure was used for construction of the nutrient degradation curves. Crude protein (CP) content, ether extract content, total digestible nutrients, total carbohydrates, mineral matter or in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility was not influenced by the inclusion of crambe meal in the concentrate supplement. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and hemicellulose content exhibited a decreasing linear trend and non-structural carbohydrate content showed an increasing linear trend with the inclusion of crambe meal in the concentrate supplement instead of soybean meal. The inclusion of crambe meal did not alter the effective degradability of DM, CP or NDF, whose mean degradability was 51.56%, 61.21% and 39.21%, respectively, for a rate of 5%/h. However, the inclusion of 15% crambe meal in the concentrate supplement resulted in a higher degradation potential of CP and NDF across the ruminal incubation times. The inclusion of up to 15% crambe meal in concentrate supplement for cattle instead of soybean meal alters its chemical composition, but does not influence DM digestibility or nutrient degradability, and is therefore a suitable alternative for animal nutrition.

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O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação do ferro inorgânico e do ácido fítico na dieta de suínos em terminação sobre a qualidade da carne após 24 horas e 7 dias de refrigeração. Foram utilizados 40 suínos machos castrados, na fase de terminação, de genética comercial, com 64,34 ± 6,64 kg de peso médio inicial e 108 dias de idade. Os animais foram pesados e alojados individualmente em baias de alvenaria com área de 3 m2 e piso compacto, onde receberam água e ração à vontade durante o período de 30 dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em modelo fatorial 2 x 2, sendo os fatores correspondentes às dietas com e sem ferro inorgânico suplementar (FeI) e com dois níveis de ácido fítico (AF) na ração, alto (4,85%) e baixo (2,98%). Ao atingirem 100,76 ± 6,54 kg de peso médio, os animais foram abatidos, sendo coletadas amostras do músculo longissimus dorsi para análise da qualidade da carne. As amostras foram submetidas às avaliações de pH, cor, marmorização, perda de água por pressão, força de cisalhamento, composição de ferro e oxidação lipídica. Os valores das variáveis avaliadas não foram diferentes entre os fatores, excetuando-se a concentração de ferro no músculo, que foi superior para a dieta com a inclusão de ferro inorgânico. A oxidação lipídica não foi influenciada pela presença ou não do AF e FeI. Os resultados demonstraram que dietas com níveis de AF mais elevados, com ou sem a suplementação de FeI, podem ser utilizadas para suínos em fase de terminação sem prejuízos à qualidade da carne durante a fase de refrigeração...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing inorganic iron and phytic acid to the diet for finishing pigs on meat quality after 24 hours and 7 days of refrigeration. Forty castrated male finishing pigs of a commercial genotype, with an initial mean weight of 64.34 ± 6.64 kg and age of 108 days, were used. The animals were weighed and housed individually in brick pens with an area of three m2 and compact floor, receiving water and ration ad libitum for 30 days. A randomized block design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme was used, corresponding to diets supplemented or not with inorganic iron and with two levels of phytic acid, high (4.85%) and low (2.98%). The animals were slaughtered when they had reached a mean weight of 100.76 ± 6.54 kg and longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected for the analysis of meat quality. The following parameters were analyzed in the samples: pH, color, marbling, water loss through pressure, shear force, iron composition, and lipid oxidation. No differences in the variables analyzed were observed between factors, except for muscle iron concentration, which was higher for the diet with inclusion of inorganic iron. Lipid oxidation was not influenced by the presence or absence of phytic acid and inorganic iron. The results show that diets with elevated phytic acid levels supplemented or not with inorganic iron can be used for finishing pigs without compromising meat quality during the refrigeration phase...

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Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dietética de L-Valina e L-Glutamina + L-Ácido Glutâmico para leitões desmamados sobre o desempenho, frequência de diarreia, peso dos órgãos, pH da digesta, morfologia intestinal e viabilidade econômica. Foram utilizados 72 leitões com 7,53 ± 0,84 kg de peso vivo e 24 dias de idade, submetidos a quatro tratamentos, dos 24 aos 46 dias de idade, correspondendo às dietas sem suplementação dos aminoácidos ou dieta controle (DC), com suplementação de glutamina + ácido glutâmico (DG), com glutamina + ácido glutâmico + valina (DGV), e com valina (DV). Foram estabelecidas duas fases sequenciais, pré-inicial I e pré-inicial II, com duração de 12 e 11 dias, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições e três suínos por unidade experimental. Nove dias após o desmame, aos 32 dias de idade, um leitão por baia foi abatido para avaliar o peso dos órgãos, pH da digesta e a morfologia intestinal. Dos 47 aos 65 dias todos os animais receberam uma única dieta. Não foram observados efeitos para o desempenho nas fases pré-inicial I e II, porém para o período total avaliado (24 a 65 dias de idade) os leitões previamente alimentados com DGV consumiram menos ração e apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar em relação aos animais do grupo DV. Para os parâmetros morfométricos, a DG, comparativamente à DC e DV, proporcionou maior profundidade de cripta do íleo. Houve vantagem econômica para as rações suplementadas com L-Valina e L-Glutamina + L-Ácido Glutâmico, validando seu uso na dieta de leitões desmamados até os 46 dias de idade...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of diets for weaned piglets with L-valine and L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid on performance, frequency of diarrhea, organ weight, digesta pH, intestinal morphology, and economic viability. Seventy-two piglets with a live weight of 7.53 ± 0.84 kg and 24 days of age were used. The animals were submitted to the following four treatments from 24 to 46 days of age: diet not supplemented with amino acids (control diet, CD); diet supplemented with glutamine + glutamic acid (GD); diet supplemented with glutamine + glutamic acid + valine (GVD), and diet supplemented with valine (VD). Two sequential phases (pre-initial I and pre-initial II) with a duration of 12 and 11 days, respectively, were established. A completely randomized design, consisting of six repetitions and three pigs per experimental unit, was used. Nine days after weaning, at 32 days of age, a piglet per pen was slaughtered for the evaluation of organ weight, digesta pH and intestinal morphology. All animals received a single diet from days 47 to 65. No effects on performance were observed during the pre-initial phases I and II; however, when the whole study period was considered (24 to 65 days of age), piglets fed GVD consumed less feed and exhibited better feed conversion than animals of the VD group. With respect to morphometric parameters, GD provided a greater ileal crypt depth than CD and VD. There was an economic advantage of diets supplemented with L-valine and L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid, validating their use in diets for weaned piglets until 46 days of age...

Assuntos

RESUMO

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dietética de L-Valina e L-Glutamina + L-Ácido Glutâmico para leitões desmamados sobre o desempenho, frequência de diarreia, peso dos órgãos, pH da digesta, morfologia intestinal e viabilidade econômica. Foram utilizados 72 leitões com 7,53 ± 0,84 kg de peso vivo e 24 dias de idade, submetidos a quatro tratamentos, dos 24 aos 46 dias de idade, correspondendo às dietas sem suplementação dos aminoácidos ou dieta controle (DC), com suplementação de glutamina + ácido glutâmico (DG), com glutamina + ácido glutâmico + valina (DGV), e com valina (DV). Foram estabelecidas duas fases sequenciais, pré-inicial I e pré-inicial II, com duração de 12 e 11 dias, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições e três suínos por unidade experimental. Nove dias após o desmame, aos 32 dias de idade, um leitão por baia foi abatido para avaliar o peso dos órgãos, pH da digesta e a morfologia intestinal. Dos 47 aos 65 dias todos os animais receberam uma única dieta. Não foram observados efeitos para o desempenho nas fases pré-inicial I e II, porém para o período total avaliado (24 a 65 dias de idade) os leitões previamente alimentados com DGV consumiram menos ração e apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar em relação aos animais do grupo DV. Para os parâmetros morfométricos, a DG, comparativamente à DC e DV, proporcionou maior profundidade de cripta do íleo. Houve vantagem econômica para as rações suplementadas com L-Valina e L-Glutamina + L-Ácido Glutâmico, validando seu uso na dieta de leitões desmamados até os 46 dias de idade...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of diets for weaned piglets with L-valine and L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid on performance, frequency of diarrhea, organ weight, digesta pH, intestinal morphology, and economic viability. Seventy-two piglets with a live weight of 7.53 ± 0.84 kg and 24 days of age were used. The animals were submitted to the following four treatments from 24 to 46 days of age: diet not supplemented with amino acids (control diet, CD); diet supplemented with glutamine + glutamic acid (GD); diet supplemented with glutamine + glutamic acid + valine (GVD), and diet supplemented with valine (VD). Two sequential phases (pre-initial I and pre-initial II) with a duration of 12 and 11 days, respectively, were established. A completely randomized design, consisting of six repetitions and three pigs per experimental unit, was used. Nine days after weaning, at 32 days of age, a piglet per pen was slaughtered for the evaluation of organ weight, digesta pH and intestinal morphology. All animals received a single diet from days 47 to 65. No effects on performance were observed during the pre-initial phases I and II; however, when the whole study period was considered (24 to 65 days of age), piglets fed GVD consumed less feed and exhibited better feed conversion than animals of the VD group. With respect to morphometric parameters, GD provided a greater ileal crypt depth than CD and VD. There was an economic advantage of diets supplemented with L-valine and L-glutamine + L-glutamic acid, validating their use in diets for weaned piglets until 46 days of age...(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

O estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação do ferro inorgânico e do ácido fítico na dieta de suínos em terminação sobre a qualidade da carne após 24 horas e 7 dias de refrigeração. Foram utilizados 40 suínos machos castrados, na fase de terminação, de genética comercial, com 64,34 ± 6,64 kg de peso médio inicial e 108 dias de idade. Os animais foram pesados e alojados individualmente em baias de alvenaria com área de 3 m2 e piso compacto, onde receberam água e ração à vontade durante o período de 30 dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em modelo fatorial 2 x 2, sendo os fatores correspondentes às dietas com e sem ferro inorgânico suplementar (FeI) e com dois níveis de ácido fítico (AF) na ração, alto (4,85%) e baixo (2,98%). Ao atingirem 100,76 ± 6,54 kg de peso médio, os animais foram abatidos, sendo coletadas amostras do músculo longissimus dorsi para análise da qualidade da carne. As amostras foram submetidas às avaliações de pH, cor, marmorização, perda de água por pressão, força de cisalhamento, composição de ferro e oxidação lipídica. Os valores das variáveis avaliadas não foram diferentes entre os fatores, excetuando-se a concentração de ferro no músculo, que foi superior para a dieta com a inclusão de ferro inorgânico. A oxidação lipídica não foi influenciada pela presença ou não do AF e FeI. Os resultados demonstraram que dietas com níveis de AF mais elevados, com ou sem a suplementação de FeI, podem ser utilizadas para suínos em fase de terminação sem prejuízos à qualidade da carne durante a fase de refrigeração...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing inorganic iron and phytic acid to the diet for finishing pigs on meat quality after 24 hours and 7 days of refrigeration. Forty castrated male finishing pigs of a commercial genotype, with an initial mean weight of 64.34 ± 6.64 kg and age of 108 days, were used. The animals were weighed and housed individually in brick pens with an area of three m2 and compact floor, receiving water and ration ad libitum for 30 days. A randomized block design in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme was used, corresponding to diets supplemented or not with inorganic iron and with two levels of phytic acid, high (4.85%) and low (2.98%). The animals were slaughtered when they had reached a mean weight of 100.76 ± 6.54 kg and longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected for the analysis of meat quality. The following parameters were analyzed in the samples: pH, color, marbling, water loss through pressure, shear force, iron composition, and lipid oxidation. No differences in the variables analyzed were observed between factors, except for muscle iron concentration, which was higher for the diet with inclusion of inorganic iron. Lipid oxidation was not influenced by the presence or absence of phytic acid and inorganic iron. The results show that diets with elevated phytic acid levels supplemented or not with inorganic iron can be used for finishing pigs without compromising meat quality during the refrigeration phase...(AU)

Assuntos