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INTRODUCTION: The mortality rate among tuberculosis patients (TB fatality) has been attributed to irregular chemotherapy, delay in diagnosis, multidrug resistance, and HIV coinfection. OBJECTIVE: To analyze TB fatality rates by sex, clinical presentation and HIV coinfection in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Cohorts of residents in the city of Campinas who either died during treatment for tuberculosis or had the disease confirmed after death were divided into three intervals: 2001-2003, 2004-2006, and 2007-2009. Data were obtained from the database of the Tuberculosis Surveillance System of the University of Campinas, and notifications were gathered through TB-WEB Health São Paulo Secretary. Statistical significance was determined using a chi-square test, considering p < 0.05. RESULTS: Between 2001 and 2009, 3,416 TB patients were diagnosed: 2,827 (82.8%) were new TB cases and 589 (17.2%) were retreatments. Between the first and second triennium, the number of new patients decreased by 18%, and 23% among retreatments. Between the second and third intervals, the reduction was 5% and 21%, respectively. General case fatality rate declined from 11.4% to 9.9% across intervals, and was most significant among patients that had previously abandoned treatment (17.3% to 5.1%). Fatality rates among patients coinfected with TB-AIDS were 2-3 times that of patients not infected with TB-AIDS throughout the intervals. Fatality between the first and third triennium among TB-AIDS co-infected patients declined (24.8% to 19.5%), while increasing slightly among non-AIDS TB patients (7.3% to 8%) during this period. CONCLUSION: Though mortality among TB-AIDS patients declined from 2001-2009, rates among non-AIDS TB remained stagnant. Improved TB diagnosis and treatment is needed to further decrease TB mortality in Campinas.

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Objetivo: identificar fatores associados ao tabagismo em pacientes com tuberculose (TB) pulmonar. Métodos: estudo transversal utilizando entrevista domiciliar com pacientes em tratamento para tuberculose pulmonar na Atenção Primária à Saúde em Campinas (SP), no período de 2013­2014. Foram incluídos pacientes não institucionalizados com 18 anos ou mais. As características de fumantes, ex-fumantes e não fumantes foram comparadas mediante Qui-quadrado de Pearson. Para comparar fumantes com não fumantes as variáveis com p < 0,20 foram incluídas em regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: dos 195 entrevistados 37,9% eram não fumantes; 24,6% ex-fumantes; e 37,4% fumantes. Em fumantes, observaram-se maiores frequências de pais e cônjuges fumantes em relação aos ex-fumantes. O perfil dos fumantes caracterizou-se por: escolaridade baixa, apresentar falta de ar e uso abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas. Não tentar parar de fumar nos últimos 12 meses associou-se a familiar/amigo que oferece cigarro. Conclusão: destacou-se a necessidade de incluir a família no tratamento do tabagismo e o uso abusivo de álcool em pacientes com TB pulmonar.

Objective: to identify factors associated with smoking in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: Cross-sectional study using a home interview with patients undergoing treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis in Primary Health Care in Campinas/SP, Brazil, 2013-2014. Non-institutionalized patients 18 years of age or older were included. The characteristics of smokers, former smokers and nonsmokers were compared using Pearson's chi square. To compare smokers with nonsmokers variables with p <0.20 were included in multiple logistic regression. Results: Of the 195 interviewees, 37.9% were non-smokers, 24.6% were ex-smokers and 37.4% were smokers. In smokers, higher frequencies of smokers among parents and spouses were observed in comparison to ex-smokers. The profile of smokers was characterized by: low schooling, shortness of breath and abusive use of alcoholic beverages. Not trying to quit smoking in the last 12 months was associated with family / friend who offer cigarette. Conclusion: It was highlighted the need to include the family in the treatment of smoking and in the abuse of alcohol in patients with pulmonary TB.

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ABSTRACT: Introduction: The mortality rate among tuberculosis patients (TB fatality) has been attributed to irregular chemotherapy, delay in diagnosis, multidrug resistance, and HIV coinfection. Objective: To analyze TB fatality rates by sex, clinical presentation and HIV coinfection in Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Cohorts of residents in the city of Campinas who either died during treatment for tuberculosis or had the disease confirmed after death were divided into three intervals: 2001-2003, 2004-2006, and 2007-2009. Data were obtained from the database of the Tuberculosis Surveillance System of the University of Campinas, and notifications were gathered through TB-WEB Health São Paulo Secretary. Statistical significance was determined using a chi-square test, considering p < 0.05. Results: Between 2001 and 2009, 3,416 TB patients were diagnosed: 2,827 (82.8%) were new TB cases and 589 (17.2%) were retreatments. Between the first and second triennium, the number of new patients decreased by 18%, and 23% among retreatments. Between the second and third intervals, the reduction was 5% and 21%, respectively. General case fatality rate declined from 11.4% to 9.9% across intervals, and was most significant among patients that had previously abandoned treatment (17.3% to 5.1%). Fatality rates among patients coinfected with TB-AIDS were 2-3 times that of patients not infected with TB-AIDS throughout the intervals. Fatality between the first and third triennium among TB-AIDS co-infected patients declined (24.8% to 19.5%), while increasing slightly among non-AIDS TB patients (7.3% to 8%) during this period. Conclusion: Though mortality among TB-AIDS patients declined from 2001-2009, rates among non-AIDS TB remained stagnant. Improved TB diagnosis and treatment is needed to further decrease TB mortality in Campinas.

RESUMO: Introdução: A letalidade por tuberculose tem sido atribuída à quimioterapia irregular, à demora no diagnóstico, à multidrogarresistência, à coinfecção com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Objetivo: Analisar letalidade por tuberculose segundo sexo, apresentação clínica, presença da coinfecção pelo HIV, em Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Metodologia: Foram verificadas coortes de residentes em Campinas que morreram durante tratamento para tuberculose e aqueles notificados após óbito, agrupados em três intervalos: 2001-2003, 2004-2006 e 2007-2009. As informações foram obtidas no Banco de Dados para Vigilância da Tuberculose da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), com captação das notificações no Sistema de Notificação e Acompanhamento de Casos de Tuberculose da Secretaria Estadual de Saúde de São Paulo. A significância estatística foi verificada pelo teste χ2 considerando p < 0,05. Resultados: Entre 2001 e 2009, foram diagnosticados 3.416 pacientes com tuberculose: 2.827 (82,8%) sem tratamento anterior e 589 (17,2%) com retratamentos. Entre o primeiro e o segundo triênio, o número de pacientes novos diminuiu 18% sem tratamento anterior e 23% entre retratamentos. Entre o segundo e o terceiro intervalo, a redução foi de 5 e 21%, respectivamente. A letalidade geral declinou de 11,4 para 9,9%, diferença mais significante entre os que haviam abandonado tratamento anteriormente (17,3 para 5,1%). A letalidade entre pacientes com coinfecção tuberculose-síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (Aids) foi 2-3 vezes maior que entre tuberculose sem aids durante todo o período estudado. A letalidade entre o primeiro e o terceiro triênio declinou no grupo com tuberculose-aids (24,8 para 19,5%), enquanto teve ligeiro aumento entre tuberculose sem aids (7,3 para 8%). Conclusão: Embora a mortalidade entre pacientes com tuberculose-aids tenha diminuído de 2001-2009, as taxas no grupo tuberculose sem aids permaneceram estagnadas. Melhorias no diagnóstico e no tratamento são necessárias para a redução da mortalidade entre pacientes com tuberculose em Campinas.

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Estado de saúde e qualidade de vida (QV) estão relacionados a fatores educacionais, saneamento, renda e serviços de saúde e incluem aspectos físicos, cognitivos, emocionais, culturais e socioeconômicos, além da saúde mental, vitalidade e capacidade funcional. Objetivos: avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada a aspectos do estado de saúde em comunidades rurais e verificar a associação entre estado de saúde e variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de trabalho. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 355 residentes rurais, com idade acima de 18 anos. Foram aplicados questionário sócio-demográfico e o SF-36. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e de regressão linear múltipla para identificar variáveis que influenciam nos aspectos de saúde. O nível de significância foi de 5% e IC de 95%. Resultados: A idade média foi 38,3 anos e 64,5% eram mulheres. A escolaridade média foi de 5,8 anos de estudos. 31% eram trabalhadores rurais. A prevalência de tabagismo foi 20,3% e de alcoolismo, 19,1%. 40,1% relataram problema de saúde e 40,9% usavam medicamentos. Idade, sexo, cor, estado civil, tabagismo, renda, horas de trabalho semanal, problema de saúde e uso de medicamento apresentaram associação estatística com domínios do SF-36. Conclusão: Variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas indicaram contribuir para melhores aspectos de saúde e qualidade de vida da população rural.

Estado de salud y calidad de vida están relacionados con factores educacionales, saneamiento, renta y servicios de salud. Incluye aspectos físicos, cognitivos, emocionales, culturales y socioeconómicas, además de salud mental, vitalidad y capacidad funcional. Objetivos: Evaluar la calidad de vida relacionada con el aspectos de salud en comunidades rurales y verificar la asociación entre el estado de salud y variables demográficas, socioeconómicas y trabajo. Métodos: Estudio transversal con 355 residentes rurales, mayores de 18 años. Fueron aplicados un cuestionario sociodemográfico y el SF-36. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y de regresión linear múltiple para identificar variables que influenciam los aspectos de salud. El significación (5%) y el IC (95%). Resultados: La edad media fue 38,3 años y el 64,5% eram mujeres. El promedio de escolaridad fue 5,8 años de estudio. 31% eram trabajadores rurales. La prevalencia de tabaquismo fue del 20,3% y alcoholismo, el 19,1%. 40,1% reportó problemas de salud y el 40,9% consume drogas. La edad, sexo, raza, estado civil, tabaquismo, renta, horas semanales de trabajo, problemas de salud y uso de fármacos se asoció estadísticamente con el SF-36. Conclusión: Las variables demográficas y socioeconómicas demostraron contribuir para mejores aspectos de salud y calidad de vida de la población rural. Palabras clave: Salud rural. Calidad de vida. Población rural.

The health status and quality of life (QOL) factors are related to education, sanitation, income, and health services. Health status and quality of life include physical, cognitive, emotional, cultural and socioeconomic factors, in addition to mental health, vitality, and physical functioning. Objectives: To assess quality of life issues related to aspects of health status in rural communities and the association between health status and demographic, socioeconomic and working variables. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 355 rural residents, over 18. We applied a sociodemographic questionnaire, and the SF-36. Descriptive and multiple linear regression analysis were carried out to identify variables that influence health aspects. The significance level was 5% and the confidence interval was 95%. Results: The mean age was 38.3 years, and 64.5% of these individuals were women. The average schooling was 5.8 years 30.4% of these were rural workers. The prevalence of tobacco use was 20.3%, and alcohol use was 19.1%. 40.1% of the participants reported to suffer from health problems; and drug use represented 40.9%. Age, gender, race, marital status, tobacco use, income, weekly working hours, health problems and medication use presented a significant association with the SF-36. Conclusion: Demographic and socioeconomic variables indicated to contribute to a better health and quality of life of the rural population.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyze the knowledge, attitudes and practices about TB in a prison and in public health services (PHS). METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out and KAP (knowledge, attitudes and practices) questionnaire was applied to 141 prisoners, 115 prison's employees and 158 PHS workers. Epi-Info version 6.04 was used for comparison of proportions with statistic significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Mistaken concepts on TB were observed among the three searched groups. PHS also showed basic errors on TB knowledge thus pointing out imperfections on training. CONCLUSION: KAP revealed efficient for data collection of general knowledge items but was limited on practices and attitudes and so its use as the only tool for data collection about knowledge, attitudes and practices on TB is not advisable. It is suggested its regular use to aid educational activities and considering the high prevalence of TB among prisoners, it is noted the need to involve the Departments of Health in the supervision of educational activities in the prison system.

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OBJETIVO: Analisar o conhecimento, atitudes e práticas sobre a TB em uma unidade prisional e na rede pública de saúde (RPS). METODOLOGIA: Foi realizado estudo transversal com aplicação do questionário KAP (knowledge, atittudes and practices) na coleta de dados. Participaram 141 detentos, 115 funcionários do presídio e 158 da RPS. O programa Epi-Info versão 6.04 foi utilizado para comparação de proporções com significância estatística para p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Foram observados conceitos equivocados sobre a doença entre os três grupos pesquisados. Na RPS foram detectados erros básicos sobre o conhecimento da TB, concluindo-se que há falhas nos treinamentos. O KAP mostrou-se eficaz na coleta de dados gerais sobre conhecimento, porém foi limitado e frágil nas informações sobre práticas e atitudes, não sendo aconselhável a sua utilização como instrumento único na coleta de dados sobre conhecimento, práticas e atitudes em TB. É sugerida sua utilização periódica como auxiliar nas atividades educativas e, considerando a elevada prevalência de TB entre detentos, aponta-se para a necessidade do envolvimento das Secretarias de Saúde na supervisão destas atividades educativas no sistema prisional .

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the knowledge, attitudes and practices about TB in a prison and in public health services (PHS). METHODS: A cross sectional study was carried out and KAP (knowledge, attitudes and practices) questionnaire was applied to 141 prisoners, 115 prison's employees and 158 PHS workers. Epi-Info version 6.04 was used for comparison of proportions with statistic significance at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Mistaken concepts on TB were observed among the three searched groups. PHS also showed basic errors on TB knowledge thus pointing out imperfections on training. CONCLUSION: KAP revealed efficient for data collection of general knowledge items but was limited on practices and attitudes and so its use as the only tool for data collection about knowledge, attitudes and practices on TB is not advisable. It is suggested its regular use to aid educational activities and considering the high prevalence of TB among prisoners, it is noted the need to involve the Departments of Health in the supervision of educational activities in the prison system. .

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Objective. To describe suicide rates by county size in the five geopolitical areas of Brazil. Methods. This was an ecological, descriptive study of suicide deaths in Brazil that occurred among the population 10 years of age and older in 2004–2010. Data were obtained from the National Mortality Information System of Brazil. Counties were defined by size as: very large (200 000+), large (< 200 000–100 000), medium (< 100 000–50 000), small (< 50 000– 20 000), very small (< 20 000–10 000, and micro (< 10 000). Age-adjusted suicide rates were calculated for all counties and for population-size groups in each geopolitical area. Rate ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to compare suicide risk between groups and the reference. Results. The national, average suicide mortality rate was 5.7 deaths/100 000 inhabitants. Except in the North and North-East, suicide mortality rates increased from the very large (> 200 000) to the micro counties (< 10 000 population). Very high rates were scattered in the North and Mid-West among the indigenous peoples (> 30 deaths per 100 000). At highest risk were micro counties in the South (13.6 deaths per 100 000), with elderly males (60+ years, 31.4) and males 40–59 years (31.3) being the sex/age group with the highest rates. Conclusions. To reduce suicide mortality in Brazil, public health authorities must support mental health training in small cities and multi-professional interventions among the indigenous peoples. In addition, the causes behind underreporting of suicide deaths must be resolved in several areas.

Objetivo. Describir las tasas de suicidio según el tamaño del municipio en las cinco áreas geopolíticas del Brasil. Métodos. Estudio ecológico y descriptivo de las defunciones por suicidio en el Brasil ocurridas en la población de 10 años de edad y mayores en el período del 2004 al 2010. Se obtuvieron datos del Sistema Nacional de Información sobre Mortalidad del Brasil. Los municipios fueron definidos según su tamaño como: muy grandes (200 000 o más habitantes), grandes (de 100 000 a menos de 200 000), medios (de 50 000 a menos de 100 000), pequeños (de 20 000 a menos de 50 000), muy pequeños (de 10 000 a menos de 20 000) y micromunicipios (menos de 10 000). Se calcularon las tasas de suicidio ajustadas por edad para todos los municipios y según el tamaño de la población en cada área geopolítica. Se utilizaron la razón de tasas y el intervalo de confianza de 95% para comparar el riesgo de suicidio entre los distintos grupos y el grupo de referencia. Resultados. La tasa nacional promedio de mortalidad por suicidio fue de 5,7 defunciones/ 100 000 habitantes. Excepto en el norte y en el noreste las tasas de mortalidad por suicidio aumentaron entre los municipios muy grandes (más de 200 000) y los micromunicipios (menos de 10 000 habitantes). Se observaron tasas muy elevadas dispersas en el norte y el centro oeste entre las personas indígenas (más de 30 defunciones por 100 000). El mayor riesgo fue observado en los micromunicipios del Sur (13,6 defunciones por 100 000), donde los varones ancianos de más de 60 años (31,4) y los de 40 a 59 años (31,3) fueron los grupos de edad y sexo que presentaron las tasas más elevadas. Conclusiones. Para reducir la mortalidad por suicidio en el Brasil, las autoridades de salud pública deben abordar la capacitación en materia de salud mental en las pequeñas ciudades y promover las intervenciones interdisciplinarias en los pueblos indígenas. Además, en varias zonas se deben resolver las causas que provocan la insuficiente notificación de las defunciones por suicidio.

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This study aimed to analyze the incidence of tuberculosis (TB), AIDS and tuberculosis-AIDS co-infection in the municipality of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the period 2001 - 2009. A historical trend study, it uses secondary data from the Tuberculosis Surveillance Database of the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and the São Paulo State STD-AIDS Center of Excellence and Training. It included new cases of TB, AIDS, and of tuberculosis-AIDS reported in the municipality of Campinas. A decrease in cases of TB until 2007 was observed, with an increase in 2008 and 2009. There was a general reduction in AIDS from 2007, but with an increase among men aged 60 or over, in the years 2007 to 2009. For tuberculosis-AIDS co-infection, the tendency was to reduce. The proportion of HIV tests not undertaken, among patients with tuberculosis, was high (27.5%). This scenario shows the need for integration of the databanks into the planning and control activities.

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This study aimed to analyze the incidence of tuberculosis (TB), AIDS and tuberculosis-AIDS co-infection in the municipality of Campinas, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the period 2001 - 2009. A historical trend study, it uses secondary data from the Tuberculosis Surveillance Database of the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and the São Paulo State STD-AIDS Center of Excellence and Training. It included new cases of TB, AIDS, and of tuberculosis-AIDS reported in the municipality of Campinas. A decrease in cases of TB until 2007 was observed, with an increase in 2008 and 2009. There was a general reduction in AIDS from 2007, but with an increase among men aged 60 or over, in the years 2007 to 2009. For tuberculosis-AIDS co-infection, the tendency was to reduce. The proportion of HIV tests not undertaken, among patients with tuberculosis, was high (27.5%). This scenario shows the need for integration of the databanks into the planning and control activities.

Este estudo objetivou analisar as incidências da tuberculose (TB), AIDS e coinfecção TB-AIDS no município de Campinas, SP, Brasil no período de 2001 a 2009. Trata-se de estudo de tendência histórica, em que se utilizaram dados secundários do Banco de Dados em Vigilância da Tuberculose-Unicamp e do Centro de Referência e Treinamento DST-AIDS do Estado de São Paulo. Foram incluídos casos novos de TB, de AIDS e da coinfecção TB-AIDS notificados pelo município de Campinas. Observou-se decréscimo dos casos de TB até 2007, com aumento em 2008 e 2009. Na AIDS ocorreu redução geral a partir de 2007, mas com aumento entre os homens com 60 anos e mais, entre os anos 2007 e 2009. Para a coinfecção TB-AIDS, a tendência foi de redução. A proporção de testes anti-HIV não realizados, entre pacientes com tuberculose, foi elevada (27,5%). Esse cenário revela a necessidade de integração dos bancos de dados nas atividades de planejamento e controle.

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la incidencia de tuberculosis (TBC), SIDA y el co-infección SIDA-TB en Campinas-SP-Brasil, 2001-2009. Se trata de un estudio de la tendencia histórica con datos de la Base de Datos de Monitoreo de TBC-UNICAMP y del sitio web del Centro de Referencia en SIDA de São Paulo. Se incluyeron los casos nuevos de TBC, SIDA y co-infección SIDA-TBC registrados a cada año en Campinas. Se observó disminución de casos de tuberculosis en 2007, con aumento en 2008-2009. El SIDA se produjo en la reducción global a partir de 2007, pero aumentan entre los hombres mayores de 60 años, en los años 2007-2009. Para la co-infección TB-VIH la tendencia de reducción. La proporción de exámenes VIH no realizados en pacientes con TBC fue alta (27,5%). Este escenario pone de manifiesto la necesidad de integración de las bases de datos de TBC y SIDA para las actividades de planificación y control.

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OBJECTIVE: To describe suicide rates by county size in the five geopolitical areas of Brazil. METHODS: This was an ecological, descriptive study of suicide deaths in Brazil that occurred among the population 10 years of age and older in 2004-2010. Data were obtained from the National Mortality Information System of Brazil. Counties were defined by size as: very large (200,000+), large (< 200,000-100,000), medium (< 100,000-50,000), small (< 50,000-20,000), very small (< 20,000-10,000, and micro (< 10,000). Age-adjusted suicide rates were calculated for all counties and for population-size groups in each geopolitical area. Rate ratio and 95% confidence interval were used to compare suicide risk between groups and the reference. RESULTS: The national, average suicide mortality rate was 5.7 deaths/100,000 inhabitants. Except in the North and North-East, suicide mortality rates increased from the very large (> 200,000) to the micro counties (< 10,000 population). Very high rates were scattered in the North and Mid-West among the indigenous peoples (> 30 deaths per 100,000). At highest risk were micro counties in the South (13.6 deaths per 100,000), with elderly males (60+ years, 31.4) and males 40-59 years (31.3) being the sex/age group with the highest rates. CONCLUSIONS: To reduce suicide mortality in Brazil, public health authorities must support mental health training in small cities and multi-professional interventions among the indigenous peoples. In addition, the causes behind underreporting of suicide deaths must be resolved in several areas.

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