RESUMO
RESUMEN La violencia sexual es un problema mundial, y representa un delito grave que frecuentemente es difícil imputar, ante la ausencia de testigos. La valoración de las muestras de semen enviadas al laboratorio, para la detección de espermatozoides, es de gran importancia para encontrar al agresor; sin embargo, la evidencia no es sencilla, por la presencia de otros organismos y la labilidad espermática. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar espermatozoides humanos en muestras contaminadas con levaduras. Se aplicaron diferentes técnicas y recursos microscópicos. Se seleccionaron 46 muestras de semen fresco. Se dividieron en dos grupos: G1 normo u oligozoos-pérmicas (n = 28) y G2 azoospérmicas (n = 18). Cada muestra se diluyó 1:1 con solución fisiológica y se agregaron 0.05 mL de suspensión de levaduras Candida albicans. Como control, se procesaron testigos puros de espermatozoides (CE) y levaduras (CL). Las muestras se analizaron con microscopio óptico (MO), contraste de fase (CF), de luz polarizada (LP) y microscopio fluorescente (MF) con diferentes técnicas de tinción. El tinte Papanicolaou mostró mayor eficiencia que el tinte hematoxilina verde brillante (P < 0.05) para identificar espermatozoides con microscopio óptico. La detección de elementos refringentes mostró mayor correlación con la presencia de espermatozoides (CF: r = 0.966; P < 0.001), que la presencia de elementos birrefringentes (LP: r = 0.737; P < 0.001) y elementos fluorescentes (MF: r = 0.487; P < 0.05). La microscopía confocal con tinción de blanco de calcofluor-azul de Evans y naranja de acridina permitió la identificación de contaminación por levaduras. El empleo de técnicas microscópicas auxiliadas con técnicas de tinción permite confirmar la presencia de espermato zoides enteros o fragmentados en muestras de semen contaminadas con levaduras.
ABSTRACT Sexual violence is a global problem, and represents a serious felony which is often difficult to impute due to the absence of witnesses. The evaluation of semen samples sent to the laboratory, for the detection of spermatozoa is of great importance to find the aggressor. However the evidence is not simple due to the presence of other organisms and sperm lability. The objective of the present study was to identify human spermatozoa in samples contaminated with yeast. Different techniques and microscopic resources were applied and 46 samples of fresh semen were selected. They were divided into two groups: G1 normo or oligozoos-perms (n = 28) and G2 azoosperms (n = 18). Each sample was diluted 1:1 with physiological solution and 0.05 mL of yeast suspension Candida albicans was added. As controls, pure sperm (CE) and pure yeast (CL) were processed. The samples were analyzed with optical microscopy (MO), phase contrast (CF), polarized light (LP) and fluorescent microscope (MF) with different staining techniques. Papanicolaou dye showed greater efficiency than bright hematoxylin-green dye (P < 0.01) to identify spermatozoa with an optical microscope. The presence of refringent elements showed a higher correlation with the presence of spermatozoa (LP: r = 0.966; P < 0.001), that the presence of birrefringent elements (LP: r = 0.737; P < 0.001) and fluorescent elements (MF: r = 0.487, P < 0.05). Confocal microscopy with Evans blue calco-fluor white stain and acridine orange allowed the identification of yeast contamination. The use of microscopic techniques aided by staining techniques confirms the presence of whole or fragmented spermatozoa in semen samples contaminated with yeasts.
RESUMO
Resumen:Utilizando datos Pub Med Medline, Science Direct, Endocrine Society, Sociedad Argentina de Andrología se realizó una revisión bibliográfica para estudiar e interpretar el efecto de factores ambientales como pesticidas, tóxicos, solventes, calor y radiación electromagnética sobre la reproducción. Muchos se comportan como disruptores endocrinos alterando la homeostasis y provocando desequilibrio hormonal durante el desarrollo y en la descendencia. El monocultivo de transgénicos pulverizados con venenos impacta negativamente en la salud reproductiva masculina. La temperatura elevada por exposición a fuentes que irradian calor o permanecer muchas horas sentado, altera la espermatogénesis. Los artículos electrónicos emiten radiaciones perjudiciales incrementando la exposición ambiental a campos electromagnéticos que alteran la función testicular. Los varones expuestos incrementan el riesgo de infertilidad presentando membrana disfuncional, mayor fragmentación del ADN y alteraciones en morfología, movilidad y concentración espermáticas. Estos efectores del entorno laboral deben ser evaluados en la infertilidad masculina.
Abstract:Using data Pub Med Medline, Science Direct, Endocrine Society, Argentine Society of Andrology, a bibliographic review was made to study and interpret the effect of environmental factors such as pesticides, toxic, solvents, heat and electromagnetic radiation on reproduction. Most of these factors behave as endocrine disruptors altering the homeostasis and causing hormonal unbalance during development and offspring. Monoculture of transgenic sprayed with poisons negatively impacts on male reproductive health. Elevated temperature by exposure to sources that radiate heat or remain seated for many hours alters the spermatogenesis. Electronic articles emit harmful radiation by increasing environmental exposure to electromagnetic fields that testicular function. Exposed men increase the risk of infertility by presenting dysfunctional membrane, increased DNA fragmentation and alterations in sperm morphology, motility and concentration. These effectors in the work environment must be evaluated in male infertility.
Resumo: Utilização de dados Pub Med Medline, Science Direct, Sociedade Endócrina, Sociedade Argentina de Andrologia se realizó uma revisão bibliográfica para estudar e interpretar o efeito de fatores ambientales como pesticidas, tóxicos, solventes, calor e radiação eletromagnética sobre a reprodução. Muitos se comportan como disruptores endocrinos alterando a homeostase e provocando desequilibrio hormonal durante o desenvolvimento e na descida. O monocultivo de transgênicos pulverizados com venenos impacta negativamente na saúde reprodutiva masculina. A temperatura elevada por um desperdício de calor e calor irradia o tempo de espera, altera a espermatogénesis. Os artigos eletrônicos emitem radiações perjudiciales incrementando a análise ambiental a campos eletromagnéticos que alteram a função testicular. Los varones expuestos incrementan o risco de infertilidade apresentando membrana disfuncional, maior fragmentação do ADN e alterações em morfología, movilidade e concentração espermáticas. Estes exercícios do ambiente devem ser avaliados na infertilidade masculina.
RESUMO
This work demonstrates that the addition of metronidazole together with a ubiquitous quinone compound reduces adherence of Lactobacillus acidophilus to ovine vaginal cells. Spectrophotometric and voltammetric studies have shown that neoformed compounds were observed in these systems; there were also changes in their electroactive composition, and the oxidant status had a significantly higher value compared to the control (p<0.05). Based on reduction potential (E; mV), the distribution of electroactive compound concentrations suggests that the compounds with low reduction potential induce this behavior, which would indicate that the addition of metronidazole with a ubiquitous quinone compound to the vaginal system might increase the reductive capacity of these systems. This work shows that the study of behavior and fluctuations of the redox compounds that compose the vaginal environment, in terms of concentration and species of redox molecules, must be hierarchized in order to better understand the early stages of colonization by microorganisms.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Aderência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Epiteliais/microbiologia , Hidroquinonas/farmacologia , Lactobacillus acidophilus/efeitos dos fármacos , Metronidazol/farmacologia , Vagina/microbiologia , Animais , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/química , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Eletroquímica , Feminino , Humanos , Hidroquinonas/administração & dosagem , Hidroquinonas/química , Lactobacillus acidophilus/fisiologia , Metronidazol/administração & dosagem , Metronidazol/química , Estrutura Molecular , Oxirredução , Ovinos , Espectrofotometria , Vagina/citologiaRESUMO
This work demonstrates that the addition of metronidazole together with a ubiquitous quinone compound reduces adherence of Lactobacillus acidophilus to ovine vaginal cells. Spectrophotometric and voltammetric studies have shown that neoformed compounds were observed in these systems; there were also changes in their electroactive composition, and the oxidant status had a significantly higher value compared to the control (p < 0.05). Based on reduction potential (E; mV), the distribution of electroactive compound concentrations suggests that the compounds with low reduction potential induce this behavior, which would indicate that the addition of metronidazole with a ubiquitous quinone compound to the vaginal system might increase the reductive capacity of these systems. This work shows that the study of behavior and fluctuations of the redox compounds that compose the vaginal environment, in terms of concentration and species of redox molecules, must be hierarchized in order to better understand the early stages of colonization by microorganisms.
Este trabajo demuestra que la incorporación de metronidazol conjuntamente con un compuesto quinónico ubicuo disminuye la adherencia de Lactobacillus acidophilus a células vaginales ovinas. Los estudios espectrofotométricos y voltamétricos mostraron que en estos sistemas aparecieron compuestos neoformados y que hubo modificaciones en la composición electroactiva; asimismo, el estatus oxidante presentó un valor significativamente superior con respecto al control (p < 0,05). Según los potenciales de reducción (E; mV), la distribución de las concentraciones de los compuestos electroactivos muestra que los compuestos con bajos potenciales de reducción inducen este comportamiento. Esto indicaría que la incorporación de esta mezcla al sistema vaginal aumentaría su capacidad reductora. El trabajo muestra que el estudio del comportamiento y las fluctuaciones de los compuestos redox que componen el ambiente vaginal, en términos de concentración y especies moleculares, debe ser jerarquizado para comprender mejor las primeras etapas de la colonización de este ambiente por parte de los microorganismos.
Assuntos
Animais , Doenças dos Ovinos/prevenção & controle , Doenças Vaginais/veterinária , Aderência Bacteriana/efeitos dos fármacos , Metronidazol/análise , Oxirredução/efeitos dos fármacos , Espectrofotometria/métodos , Ovinos/microbiologia , Metronidazol/farmacologiaRESUMO
Even though vulvovaginal candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis are seldom simultaneously found, we have detected this association at an above average frequency. Thus, we set out to study the activity of proteinases and phospholipases, virulence factors of Candida albicans, to assess their role in the above mentioned association. Of a total of 70 Candida isolates were retrieved from samples of vaginal secretions analyzed at our Diagnostic Service, 65 were identified as C. albicans (a group of n=26 obtained from clinical samples of pH>4.5 and a group of n=39 from clinical samples of pH=or<4.5). The evaluation of phospholipases activity was performed on malt agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar with the addition of egg yolk as substrate. The proteolytic activity was detected on plates of agar base medium with the addition of bovine albumin serum as substrate as sole nitrogen source. Phospholipases activity was essentially the same in both groups of samples (p=0.2003). Proteolytic activity was detected in 61.5% of the isolates from the group with pH=or<4.5 and in 96.2% in the group with pH>4.5; being the former much higher than the latter (p=0.0001). Based on these results we postulate that the simultaneous occurrence of bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis could be related to the proteolytic activity but unrelated to phospholipases activity.
Assuntos
Líquidos Corporais/microbiologia , Candida albicans/enzimologia , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/microbiologia , Proteínas Fúngicas/análise , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Peptídeo Hidrolases/análise , Fosfolipases/análise , Vagina/microbiologia , Adulto , Ágar , Líquidos Corporais/química , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Candida albicans/patogenicidade , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/complicações , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/enzimologia , Meios de Cultura/química , Grão Comestível , Gema de Ovo , Feminino , Gardnerella vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Vaginose Bacteriana/complicações , Vaginose Bacteriana/microbiologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
Bacterial vaginosis (VB) is a syndrome characterized by overgrowth of endogenous Gram negative bacterial flora and the lack of the normal flora. Within bacterial enzymes, sialidases have been considered a virulence factor of many pathogenic microorganisms colonizing the different mucous membranes. Their presence in vaginal discharges can be correlated with VB. The aim of this study was to detect the activity of this enzyme in women with this syndrome and without clinical evidence of genital infection. Out of a total 112 women studied, 51 were patients with VB and the other 61 women presented normal vaginal flora. For the quantification of enzyme activity, the technique based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of a derivative acid of the acetyl metoxifenil muramic acid was used. In the studied population both groups shared values from 0.5 to 5.1 nmoles of metoxifenol, whereas only 11 out of 52 patients with VB (21.17%), registered more than 5.1 nmoles. The presence of sialidase activity is not enough to confirm VB, except for values greater than 5.5 nmoles of the metoxifenol produced in the enzymatic reaction.
Assuntos
Neuraminidase/metabolismo , Vagina/enzimologia , Vaginose Bacteriana/enzimologia , Líquidos Corporais/enzimologia , Líquidos Corporais/microbiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Gardnerella vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Síndrome , Vagina/microbiologia , Vaginose Bacteriana/diagnóstico , Vaginose Bacteriana/microbiologiaRESUMO
La vaginosis bacteriana (VB) es un síndrome caracterizado por el sobrecrecimiento bacteriano deflora endógena Gram negativa, que desplaza a la flora lactobacilar normal. Dentro de las enzimasbacterianas, las sialidasas han sido consideradas factores de virulencia de muchos microorganismos patógenosque colonizan las distintas mucosas. Su presencia en fluidos vaginales puede estar correlacionada con VB. Elpropósito de este estudio fue comprobar la actividad de dicha enzima en mujeres con este síndrome y sin evidenciaclínica de infección genital. Se estudiaron 112 mujeres (51 fueron pacientes con VB y 61 mujeres conflora colonizante habitual). Para la cuantificación de la actividad sialidasa se empleó la técnica basada en lahidrólisis enzimática de un derivado ácido del ácido metoxifenil acetil murámico. En la población estudiada seencontró que ambos grupos mostraron valores comprendidos entre 0.5 a 5.1 nmoles de metoxifenol, mientrasque 11 de 52 pacientes con VB (21.17%), registraron valores superiores a 5.1 nmoles. La presencia de actividadsialidasa solamente no es índice de VB, excepto para valores mayores de 5.5 nmoles de metoxifenol, producidosen la reacción enzimática. (AU)
Bacterial vaginosis (VB) is a syndromecharacterized by overgrowth of endogenous Gram negative bacterial flora and the lack of the normalflora. Within bacterial enzymes, sialidases have been considered a virulence factor of many pathogenic microorganismscolonizing the different mucous membranes. Their presence in vaginal discharges can be correlatedwith VB. The aim of this study was to detect the activity of this enzyme in women with this syndrome andwithout clinical evidence of genital infection. Out of a total 112 women studied, 51 were patients with VB andthe other 61 women presented normal vaginal flora. For the quantification of enzyme activity, the technique basedon the enzymatic hydrolysis of a derivative acid of the acetyl metoxifenil muramic acid was used. In the studiedpopulation both groups shared values from 0.5 to 5.1 nmoles of metoxifenol, whereas only 11 out of 52 patientswith VB (21.17%), registered more than 5.1 nmoles. The presence of sialidase activity is not enough to confirmVB, except for values greater than 5.5 nmoles of the metoxifenol produced in the enzymatic reaction. (AU)
Assuntos
Estudo Comparativo , Humanos , Feminino , Vaginose Bacteriana/enzimologia , Neuraminidase/metabolismo , Vagina/enzimologia , Vaginose Bacteriana/microbiologia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Síndrome , Líquidos Corporais/enzimologia , Líquidos Corporais/microbiologia , Vagina/microbiologia , Gardnerella vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Vaginose Bacteriana/diagnósticoRESUMO
La vaginosis bacteriana (VB) es un síndrome caracterizado por el sobrecrecimiento bacteriano deflora endógena Gram negativa, que desplaza a la flora lactobacilar normal. Dentro de las enzimasbacterianas, las sialidasas han sido consideradas factores de virulencia de muchos microorganismos patógenosque colonizan las distintas mucosas. Su presencia en fluidos vaginales puede estar correlacionada con VB. Elpropósito de este estudio fue comprobar la actividad de dicha enzima en mujeres con este síndrome y sin evidenciaclínica de infección genital. Se estudiaron 112 mujeres (51 fueron pacientes con VB y 61 mujeres conflora colonizante habitual). Para la cuantificación de la actividad sialidasa se empleó la técnica basada en lahidrólisis enzimática de un derivado ácido del ácido metoxifenil acetil murámico. En la población estudiada seencontró que ambos grupos mostraron valores comprendidos entre 0.5 a 5.1 nmoles de metoxifenol, mientrasque 11 de 52 pacientes con VB (21.17%), registraron valores superiores a 5.1 nmoles. La presencia de actividadsialidasa solamente no es índice de VB, excepto para valores mayores de 5.5 nmoles de metoxifenol, producidosen la reacción enzimática. (AU)
Bacterial vaginosis (VB) is a syndromecharacterized by overgrowth of endogenous Gram negative bacterial flora and the lack of the normalflora. Within bacterial enzymes, sialidases have been considered a virulence factor of many pathogenic microorganismscolonizing the different mucous membranes. Their presence in vaginal discharges can be correlatedwith VB. The aim of this study was to detect the activity of this enzyme in women with this syndrome andwithout clinical evidence of genital infection. Out of a total 112 women studied, 51 were patients with VB andthe other 61 women presented normal vaginal flora. For the quantification of enzyme activity, the technique basedon the enzymatic hydrolysis of a derivative acid of the acetyl metoxifenil muramic acid was used. In the studiedpopulation both groups shared values from 0.5 to 5.1 nmoles of metoxifenol, whereas only 11 out of 52 patientswith VB (21.17%), registered more than 5.1 nmoles. The presence of sialidase activity is not enough to confirmVB, except for values greater than 5.5 nmoles of the metoxifenol produced in the enzymatic reaction. (AU)
Assuntos
Estudo Comparativo , Humanos , Feminino , Vaginose Bacteriana/enzimologia , Neuraminidase/metabolismo , Vagina/enzimologia , Vaginose Bacteriana/microbiologia , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Síndrome , Líquidos Corporais/enzimologia , Líquidos Corporais/microbiologia , Vagina/microbiologia , Gardnerella vaginalis/isolamento & purificação , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Vaginose Bacteriana/diagnósticoRESUMO
La vaginosis bacteriana (VB) es un síndrome caracterizado por el sobrecrecimiento bacteriano deflora endógena Gram negativa, que desplaza a la flora lactobacilar normal. Dentro de las enzimasbacterianas, las sialidasas han sido consideradas factores de virulencia de muchos microorganismos patógenosque colonizan las distintas mucosas. Su presencia en fluidos vaginales puede estar correlacionada con VB. Elpropósito de este estudio fue comprobar la actividad de dicha enzima en mujeres con este síndrome y sin evidenciaclínica de infección genital. Se estudiaron 112 mujeres (51 fueron pacientes con VB y 61 mujeres conflora colonizante habitual). Para la cuantificación de la actividad sialidasa se empleó la técnica basada en lahidrólisis enzimática de un derivado ácido del ácido metoxifenil acetil murámico. En la población estudiada seencontró que ambos grupos mostraron valores comprendidos entre 0.5 a 5.1 nmoles de metoxifenol, mientrasque 11 de 52 pacientes con VB (21.17%), registraron valores superiores a 5.1 nmoles. La presencia de actividadsialidasa solamente no es índice de VB, excepto para valores mayores de 5.5 nmoles de metoxifenol, producidosen la reacción enzimática.
Bacterial vaginosis (VB) is a syndromecharacterized by overgrowth of endogenous Gram negative bacterial flora and the lack of the normalflora. Within bacterial enzymes, sialidases have been considered a virulence factor of many pathogenic microorganismscolonizing the different mucous membranes. Their presence in vaginal discharges can be correlatedwith VB. The aim of this study was to detect the activity of this enzyme in women with this syndrome andwithout clinical evidence of genital infection. Out of a total 112 women studied, 51 were patients with VB andthe other 61 women presented normal vaginal flora. For the quantification of enzyme activity, the technique basedon the enzymatic hydrolysis of a derivative acid of the acetyl metoxifenil muramic acid was used. In the studiedpopulation both groups shared values from 0.5 to 5.1 nmoles of metoxifenol, whereas only 11 out of 52 patientswith VB (21.17%), registered more than 5.1 nmoles. The presence of sialidase activity is not enough to confirmVB, except for values greater than 5.5 nmoles of the metoxifenol produced in the enzymatic reaction.