RESUMO
The prebiotics and probiotics market is constantly growing due to the positive effects of its consumption on human health, which extends beyond the digestive system. In addition, the synbiotic products market is also expanding due to the synergistic effects between pre- and probiotics that provide additional benefits to consumers. Pre- and probiotics are being evaluated for their effectiveness to treat and prevent infectious diseases in other parts of the human body where microbial communities exist. This review examines the scientific data related to the effects of pre- and probiotics on the treatment of diseases occurring in the skin, female urogenital tract, and respiratory tract. The evidence suggests that probiotics consumption can decrease the presence of eczema in children when their mothers have consumed probiotics during pregnancy and lactation. In women, probiotics consumption can effectively prevent recurrent urinary tract infections. The consumption of synbiotic products can reduce respiratory tract infections and their duration and severity. However, the outcomes of the meta-analyses are still limited and not sufficiently conclusive to support the use of probiotics to treat infectious diseases. This is largely a result of the limited number of studies, lack of standardization of the studies, and inconsistencies between the reported results. Therefore, it is advisable that future studies consider these shortcomings and include the evaluation of the combined use of pre- and probiotics.
Assuntos
Prebióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Sistema Respiratório/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Sistema Urogenital/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Sistema Respiratório/microbiologia , Pele/microbiologia , Sistema Urogenital/microbiologiaRESUMO
Probiotics and prebiotics are popular among consumers worldwide as natural approaches to prevent gastrointestinal diseases. The effects of their consumption on the gastrointestinal system have been extensively investigated. Recently, the efficacy of probiotics and prebiotics has been evaluated against naturally developing microbiome imbalance in the human body, such as in the oral cavity, skin, female urogenital tract, and respiratory tract. This review examines the scientific data related to the effects of probiotics on the treatment of diseases occurring in the oral cavity. Probiotics can effectively prevent and treat some infectious diseases in the oral cavity, such as halitosis and periodontitis, and can reduce the development of dental caries and the concentration of harmful bacteria, according to clinical studies. The results of this meta-analysis also suggest the use of probiotics to treat halitosis and periodontitis. However, the evidence may be inconclusive due in part to the use of a wide range of probiotics, non-standardized study design, small population size, poor quality reports, and inconsistent data. Therefore, future studies should homogenize terms and definitions for primary and secondary outcomes, increase the number of volunteers/patients in in vitro tests and clinical studies, and include an evaluation of the combined use of pre- and probiotics.
Assuntos
Cárie Dentária , Halitose , Periodontite , Prebióticos/administração & dosagem , Probióticos/administração & dosagem , Cárie Dentária/microbiologia , Cárie Dentária/terapia , Halitose/microbiologia , Halitose/terapia , Humanos , Periodontite/microbiologia , Periodontite/terapiaRESUMO
Ulmo honey originating from Eucryphia cordifolia tree, known locally in the Araucania region as the Ulmo tree is a natural product with valuable nutritional and medicinal qualities. It has been used in the Mapuche culture to treat infections. This study aimed to identify the volatile and non-volatile/semi-volatile compounds of Ulmo honey and elucidate its in vitro biological properties by evaluating its antioxidant, antibacterial, antiproliferative and hemolytic properties and cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells. Headspace volatiles of Ulmo honey were isolated by solid-phase microextraction (SPME); non-volatiles/semi-volatiles were obtained by removing all saccharides with acidified water and the compounds were identified by GC/MS analysis. Ulmo honey volatiles consisted of 50 compounds predominated by 20 flavor components. Two of the volatile compounds, lyrame and anethol have never been reported before as honey compounds. The non-volatile/semi-volatile components of Ulmo honey comprised 27 compounds including 13 benzene derivatives accounting 75% of the total peak area. Ulmo honey exhibited weak antioxidant activity but strong antibacterial activity particularly against gram-negative bacteria and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the main strain involved in wounds and skin infections. At concentrations >0.5%, Ulmo honey reduced Caco-2 cell viability, released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a dose dependent manner in the presence of foetal bovine serum (FBS). The wide array of volatile and non-volatile/semi-volatile constituents of Ulmo honey rich in benzene derivatives may partly account for its strong antibacterial and antiproliferative properties important for its therapeutic use. Our results indicate that Ulmo honey can potentially inhibit cancer growth at least partly by modulating oxidative stress.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Benzeno/farmacologia , Mel/análise , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/análise , Antineoplásicos/análise , Apiterapia , Benzeno/análise , Células CACO-2 , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Chile , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas , Humanos , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Microextração em Fase Sólida , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análiseRESUMO
Carotenoid (astaxanthin or lycopene) emulsions obtained by high pressure homogenization were investigated for their physical, oxidative and storage stability and biological fate on an in vitro digestion model of bioaccessibility. Emulsion stability evaluated at various processing environments (20-50°C, 2-10 pH, 0-500 mM NaCl, and 0-35 days storage at 25°C) depended on carotenoid and homogenization pressures (5, 10, 100 MPa). Trolox increased the oxidative stability of nanoemulsions (100 MPa) and acted synergistically with BHT in increasing the stability of lycopene nanoemulsion. Intestinal digestibility depended on homogenization pressures with the fastest release and lower amount of free fatty acids observed at 100 MPa. Carotenoid nanoemulsions (100 MPa) were partially (66%) digested and highly bioaccessible (>70%). Therefore, nanoemulsions provide an effective and stable system for efficient astaxanthin or lycopene delivery and bioavailability in foods, beverages, nutraceuticals and/or other agriproducts.