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Estimates using data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study, a national longitudinal sample of older adults in Mexico, show elevated risk for negative mental health outcomes for those experiencing COVID-19 infection or major COVID-19-related adverse events. Predicted elevated probabilities were greater for a major adverse event than for COVID-19 infection, and they varied across sociodemographic groups defined by age, sex, education, and urban-rural residence.

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Objectives: The paper offers an expanded framework for conducting empirical research on resilient aging. Methods: We review the conceptual frameworks for resilient aging and incorporate the role of economic factors as resources that contribute to resilience, in addition to social and psychological factors emphasized in the existing literature. Moreover, the idea of reinforcing cycles of resilience is incorporated in the framework. Existing empirical evidence that supports the conceptual arguments is presented. Results: Examples from Mexico and other low-middle-income countries are included, as well as from high-income countries. Data requirements for applying the conceptual framework in empirical analysis and the state of data availability are examined. We illustrate the measures that are available for this purpose using the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Discussion: We discuss and conclude that the state of the field is rich in data to conduct empirical work on resilience in old age.

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We exploit the longitudinal Mexican Health and Aging Study to estimate the effects of health shocks in the short-run on the subsequent economic well-being of the aging population in Mexico. While there is substantial evidence indicating negative economic effects of such changes in industrialized countries, little is known about health impacts on the future economic position of older adults in low- and middle-income countries. This paper takes an important step towards filling this gap in knowledge. Our results are widely relevant, with a large percentage of the world's population residing in developing countries such as Mexico that are experiencing rapid aging. We find evidence of negative impacts of health shocks on subsequent economic well-being of older adults in Mexico, but the effect varies according to several dimensions. First, the impact is clearly on income, not wealth. Second, responses are heterogenous across sources of income, with evidence of an impact mainly on labor income. Third, we find clear differences by gender in the impact of a health shock, with a larger negative impact on men. Fourth, we conclude that the population groups most negatively affected are those with the greatest degree of vulnerability prior to the shock, as measured by education and access to health insurance. Even though Mexico has made important gains with anti-poverty programs such as the Programa 70+ pension and a move towards universal health insurance, additional interventions targeted at the most vulnerable subsets of the aging population might be warranted.

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OBJECTIVE: To identify how patterns of family economic support help alleviate the cumulative effects of inequality, with focus on the financial support that children give their elderly parents. METHODS: This paper uses data from two cross-sections, 2001 and 2012, of the Mexican Health and Aging Study for the 50 years and older population. Analysis includes descriptive statistics to estimate differences in economic support based on family and individual characteristics; and a multinomial probit regression model, in each cross-section, to analyze the amount of money received for economic help and the associated characteristics. RESULTS: Economic help received was significantly reduced, both in proportion, from 20% to 10% between 2001 and 2012, and in the amount received, with differences by income quintile. In 2001, 14.9% of those in the lowest quintile (Q1) would move to Q4-Q5 with children's help; in 2012, this was 9.1%. The adjusted probability of receiving any amount of money from children decreased from 0.511 in 2001 to 0.340 in 2012. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, economic inequality in the 50 years and older population remains a constant. Economic help received from children varied by income quintile and plays an important role for those in the lowest income groups. More research is needed to understand the patterns of intergenerational exchanges as these cohorts of older adults continue to age and as future cohorts are entering old age with more pronounced changes than the current cohorts experienced over this critical decade.

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[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To identify how patterns of family economic support help alleviate the cumulative effects of inequal-ity, with focus on the financial support that children give their elderly parents.Methods. This paper uses data from two cross-sections, 2001 and 2012, of the Mexican Health and Aging Study for the 50 years and older population. Analysis includes descriptive statistics to estimate differences in economic support based on family and individual characteristics; and a multinomial probit regression model, in each cross-section, to analyze the amount of money received for economic help and the associated characteristics.Results. Economic help received was significantly reduced, both in proportion, from 20% to 10% between 2001 and 2012, and in the amount received, with differences by income quintile. In 2001, 14.9% of those in the lowest quintile (Q1) would move to Q4–Q5 with children’s help; in 2012, this was 9.1%. The adjusted probability of receiving any amount of money from children decreased from 0.511 in 2001 to 0.340 in 2012.Conclusions. In Mexico, economic inequality in the 50 years and older population remains a constant. Eco-nomic help received from children varied by income quintile and plays an important role for those in the lowest income groups. More research is needed to understand the patterns of intergenerational exchanges as these cohorts of older adults continue to age and as future cohorts are entering old age with more pronounced changes than the current cohorts experienced over this critical decade.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Determinar la manera en que los modelos de apoyo económico familiar contribuyen a aliviar los efectos acumulativos de la desigualdad, haciendo especial hincapié en el apoyo financiero que los hijos brin-dan a sus padres ancianos.Métodos. Esta investigación emplea datos de dos secciones transversales, del 2001 y del 2012, del estudio mexicano de salud y envejecimiento en una población de 50 años o más. El análisis incluye estadísticas descriptivas para calcular las diferencias de apoyo económico de acuerdo con las características individ-uales y familiares; y un modelo de regresión probit multinomial en cada corte transversal para analizar la cantidad de dinero que se ha recibido a modo de ayuda económica y las características asociadas.Resultados. Entre el 2001 y el 2012, la ayuda económica recibida se redujo significativamente, tanto en la proporción, de 20% a 10%, como en la cantidad recibida, con diferencias según el quintil de ingresos. En el 2001, un 14,9% de las personas en el quintil más bajo (Q1) podían llegar a los quintiles Q4–Q5 con la ayuda de sus hijos; en el 2012, un 9,1% de las personas. La probabilidad ajustada de recibir cualquier cantidad de dinero de los hijos disminuyó de 0,511 en el 2001 a 0,340 en el 2012.Conclusiones. En México, la desigualdad económica en la población de 50 años o más sigue siendo una constante. La ayuda económica recibida por parte de los hijos ha variado según el quintil de ingresos y desempeña un papel esencial para las personas en los grupos de ingresos más bajos. Es necesario investi-gar más para comprender los modelos de los intercambios intergeneracionales a medida que estas cohortes de personas mayores envejecen y las futuras cohortes entran en la vejez con cambios más acusados que los que han sufrido las cohortes actuales durante este decenio crítico.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Identificar como os padrões de auxílio econômico dos familiares contribuem para diminuir os efeitos cumulativos da desigualdade, com enfoque no auxílio financeiro dos filhos aos pais idosos.Métodos. Este artigo se baseia em dados obtidos no Estudo de Envelhecimento e Saúde realizado em coortes transversais da população com 50 anos de idade ou mais no México, em 2001 e 2012. Estatísticas descritivas foram calculadas para estimar diferenças no auxílio financeiro segundo características individuais e familiares. Um modelo de regressão logística multinomial “probit” foi usado em cada iteração do estudo para analisar a quantia recebida na ajuda econômica e as características associadas.Resultados. Entre 2001 e 2012, houve uma redução significativa da ajuda econômica, tanto em termos pro-porcionais (de 20% a 10%) quanto em termos da quantia recebida, com diferenças por quintil de renda. Em 2001, 14,9% das pessoas no quintil de renda mais baixo (Q1) ascendiam aos quintis Q4–Q5 com a ajuda dos filhos; em 2012, este percentual caiu para 9,1%. Entre 2001 e 2012, a probabilidade ajustada de receber uma quantia em dinheiro dos filhos diminuiu de 0,511 para 0,340.Conclusões. A desigualdade econômica na população com 50 anos ou mais no México é persistente. A ajuda econômica recebida dos filhos variou segundo o quintil de renda e é importante nas faixas de menor renda. Outros estudos são necessários para entender os padrões de intercâmbio intergeracional, já que estes idosos continuam envelhecendo e as coortes futuras avançam em idade e se defrontarão com transfor-mações ainda maiores que as enfrentadas pelas coortes atuais ao longo desta década crucial.

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The objective of this manuscript is to analyze the socioeconomic and family characteristics of 50 years and older population who are at high risk of testing positive for Covid-19, being hospitalized or intubated in Mexico. We used two sources of information, the database of the Ministry of Health on Covid-19 and the Mexican Health and Aging Study in Mexico, in the first, regression models are estimated to calculate the risk and they are applied in the second to analyze socioeconomic and family vulnerabilities. Results show that gender and age are strong predictors of high risk. Those with less schooling, those who work without having a place, those who perceive their economic situation as fair or bad, as well as those who live in single-person households, receive financial and non-financial help from their children are presented as a highly vulnerable group to Covid-19 and its repercussions. It is necessary to develop strategies and support aimed to minimize the impacts of events such as the pandemic, ensure access to quality and timely health services, an economic income in accordance with the needs, and maintaining the standards of well-being of older adults.

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Este trabajo analiza la atrición de la Encuesta Nacional sobre Salud y Envejecimiento en México entre el 2001 y el 2012, un proyecto longitudinal sobre adultos mayores. Para la tercera ronda de este operativo estadístico, la pérdida acumulada representó la tercera parte de la muestra inicial; la principal causa fue por fallecimiento, seguida por la no localización y el rechazo. Con modelos de regresión se examinan asociaciones de características económicas, de salud y sociodemográficas de los participantes en el 2001 con cada tipo de atrición en el 2003 y el 2012. Los resultados señalan que las variables de salud tuvieron mayor asociación con la pérdida por fallecimiento, mientras que las características económicas y sociodemográficas estuvieron asociadas con la no localización y el rechazo. Documentar el carácter de la atrición proporciona valiosos elementos para investigaciones basadas en la ENASEM, pues los resultados longitudinales podrían ser afectados por un posible sesgo selectivo en la muestra. The Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) is a longitudinal project focused on older population. In this paper, we analyze attrition in three rounds of the study, between 2001 and 2012. The attrition represents a third of the initial sample in wave three. Death is the main cause of attrition, followed by lo to follow-up and refusal. Using regression models we examined associations of health, economic and demographic characteristics of participants and survey characteristics in 2001 on each cause of attrition in 2003 and 2012. Results indicate that health variables such as the number of chronic diseases have a greater association with death attrition, while economic and demographic characteristics of the study participants are associated with loss to follow-up and refusal. Documenting the character of attrition provides valuable information for research based on the MHAS data, since the results of longitudinal studies could be affected by a possible selectivity bias in the sample.

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Similar to other developing countries, population aging in Mexico has accelerated, raising concerns that economic disparities will widen even more. We use data from the Mexican Health and Aging Study for 2001 and 2012 to derive measures of economic security ─ income and its sources, and wealth and its components ─ and describe how they changed over time and varied across key characteristics. The database is unique for a developing country: longitudinal and spanning a relatively long time period, and nationally representative of older persons (n=12,400; ages 50+). We conduct descriptive analysis for the full sample, and for sub-samples defined by 'safety net' indicators, health status, and demographic characteristics. Given that this time period included crucial economic and social changes in Mexico, we derive period results, measuring differences across time in two cross-sections; and longitudinal results, capturing changes among individuals as they age. In-depth examination of income and wealth identifies important contributors to old-age economic security in Mexico; we confirm several expected patterns and provide first evidence about others. Older adults with low income and asset values in Mexico have less diverse income sources and asset types; real incomes of older persons decreased substantially, and their income and asset portfolios became less diverse over the period. With older age, Mexicans relied more heavily on transfers and family help, and less on earnings. Overall, limited safety net options and worse health conditions were associated with less robust and deteriorating economic profiles.