RESUMO

Solitary bees and wasps that nest in cavities in tree trunks are important components of terrestrial ecosystems, providing pollination services, and in the case of wasps, the regulation of their prey populations. However, little is known about the vertical strata where bees and wasps build their nests. This is especially the case of urban forest remnants in the Amazon, which is relevant in the context of the global crisis in insect losses. We investigated the existence of vertical stratification in the nesting of solitary bees and wasps in an urban forest in Rio Branco, state of Acre, in the western Brazilian Amazon. We focused on whether wood temperature, ants, and termites are predictors of bee and wasp nesting. We sampled bee and wasp nests in the forest using trap-nests made with wooden blocks containing cavities with three different diameters for twelve months. Trap-nests were installed randomly at three heights in the forest. We collected 145 nests of 25 species, belonging to 11 genera and 6 families. A higher number of nests and species were collected in the upper stratum of the forest, strengthening the hypothesis that there is vertical stratification in the assemblage of solitary bees and wasps. Wood surface temperature and termite attacks on trap-nests were significantly different between strata, which may explain the vertical stratification of bee and wasp assemblages. Considering the importance of these insects for tropical forest ecosystems, the conservation of structurally complex and stratified forests is of paramount importance to maintain the diversity of this insect group.

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RESUMO

The traditional way of dealing with plant diseases has been the use of chemical products, but these harm the environment and are incompatible with the global effort for sustainable development. The use of Bacillus and related species in the biological control of plant diseases is a trend in green agriculture. Many studies report the positive effect of these bacteria, but a synthesis is still necessary. So, the objective of this work is to perform a meta-analysis of Bacillus biocontrol potential and identify factors that drive its efficacy. Data were compiled from articles published in journals listed in two of the main scientific databases between 2000 and 2021. Among 6159 articles retrieved, 399 research papers met the inclusion criteria for a systematic review. Overall, Bacilli biocontrol agents reduced disease by 60% compared to control groups. Furthermore, experimental tests with higher concentrations show a strong protective effect, unlike low and single concentration essays. Biocontrol efficacy also increased when used as a protective inoculation rather than therapeutic inoculation. Inoculation directly in the fruit has a greater effect than soil drenching. The size of the effect of Bacillus-based commercial products is lower than the newly tested strains. The findings presented in this study confirm the power of Bacillus-based bioinoculants and provide valuable guidance for practitioners, researchers, and policymakers seeking effective and sustainable solutions in plant disease management.

Assuntos

RESUMO

In floodplain communities, beta diversity is influenced by different factors; however, environmental heterogeneity and floods are believed to be particularly influential. The influence of environmental heterogeneity and floods on beta diversity may vary among guilds that present different ecological traits. This study evaluated the correlation between the environmental heterogeneity and flood periods and the beta diversity of trophic and reproductive guilds of fish assemblages. Sampling was conducted quarterly between 2000 and 2012 in the upper Paraná River floodplain. The environmental heterogeneity and period (i.e., dry or flood) were associated with the beta diversity of each guild based on the results of generalized least squares linear models. Only guilds with parental care were influenced by the interaction between environmental heterogeneity and period. The beta diversity of the other guilds presented no relationship between environmental heterogeneity and period. It is likely that species with parental care presented less dispersal capacity, which increased the dissimilarity among assemblages. The higher dispersion rates of the other guilds may be responsible for the lack of relationship between the beta diversity and the environmental heterogeneity and period. In sum, these results suggest that reproductive guilds influence how environmental heterogeneity and floods affect beta diversity variation.(AU)

A diversidade beta é influenciada por diferentes fatores em comunidades de planícies de inundação; contudo, acredita-se que a heterogeneidade ambiental e inundações sejam particularmente influentes. A influência da heterogeneidade ambiental e inundações na diversidade beta podem variar entre guildas que apresentam diferentes características ecológicas. Este estudo avaliou a correlação entre heterogeneidade ambiental, os períodos de inundação e a diversidade beta de guildas tróficas e reprodutivas de peixes. A amostragem foi realizada trimestralmente entre 2000 e 2012 na planície de inundação do Alto rio Paraná. Heterogeneidade ambiental e o período (i.e., seca ou cheia) foram associados à diversidade beta de cada guilda por modelos lineares de quadrados mínimos generalizados. Somente guildas com cuidados parentais foram influenciadas pela interação entre heterogeneidade ambiental e período. A diversidade beta das outras guildas não apresentou relação com heterogeneidade ambiental e período. É provável que espécies com cuidados parentais apresentem menor capacidade de dispersão, o que aumenta a diferença entre as assembleias. As maiores taxas de dispersão de outras guildas podem ser responsáveis pela ausência de relação entre a diversidade beta e heterogeneidade ambiental e o período. Em suma, os resultados sugerem que as guildas reprodutivas influenciam a forma como a heterogeneidade ambiental e as inundações afetam a variação da diversidade beta.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

In floodplain communities, beta diversity is influenced by different factors; however, environmental heterogeneity and floods are believed to be particularly influential. The influence of environmental heterogeneity and floods on beta diversity may vary among guilds that present different ecological traits. This study evaluated the correlation between the environmental heterogeneity and flood periods and the beta diversity of trophic and reproductive guilds of fish assemblages. Sampling was conducted quarterly between 2000 and 2012 in the upper Paraná River floodplain. The environmental heterogeneity and period (i.e., dry or flood) were associated with the beta diversity of each guild based on the results of generalized least squares linear models. Only guilds with parental care were influenced by the interaction between environmental heterogeneity and period. The beta diversity of the other guilds presented no relationship between environmental heterogeneity and period. It is likely that species with parental care presented less dispersal capacity, which increased the dissimilarity among assemblages. The higher dispersion rates of the other guilds may be responsible for the lack of relationship between the beta diversity and the environmental heterogeneity and period. In sum, these results suggest that reproductive guilds influence how environmental heterogeneity and floods affect beta diversity variation.(AU)

A diversidade beta é influenciada por diferentes fatores em comunidades de planícies de inundação; contudo, acredita-se que a heterogeneidade ambiental e inundações sejam particularmente influentes. A influência da heterogeneidade ambiental e inundações na diversidade beta podem variar entre guildas que apresentam diferentes características ecológicas. Este estudo avaliou a correlação entre heterogeneidade ambiental, os períodos de inundação e a diversidade beta de guildas tróficas e reprodutivas de peixes. A amostragem foi realizada trimestralmente entre 2000 e 2012 na planície de inundação do Alto rio Paraná. Heterogeneidade ambiental e o período (i.e., seca ou cheia) foram associados à diversidade beta de cada guilda por modelos lineares de quadrados mínimos generalizados. Somente guildas com cuidados parentais foram influenciadas pela interação entre heterogeneidade ambiental e período. A diversidade beta das outras guildas não apresentou relação com heterogeneidade ambiental e período. É provável que espécies com cuidados parentais apresentem menor capacidade de dispersão, o que aumenta a diferença entre as assembleias. As maiores taxas de dispersão de outras guildas podem ser responsáveis pela ausência de relação entre a diversidade beta e heterogeneidade ambiental e o período. Em suma, os resultados sugerem que as guildas reprodutivas influenciam a forma como a heterogeneidade ambiental e as inundações afetam a variação da diversidade beta.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The relationships between the degree of dietary overlap and food availability, and implications for food selectivity of fish species were evaluated at floodplain lakes on the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. The hypothesis tested were: i) species become less selective in lakes with high availability of food resources; and ii) species (interspecific) or individual (intraspecific) present higher food overlap in conditions of high availability of food resources. In general, with the results was observed that species become less selective when the environment provided higher availability of food resources. Interspecific overlap did not show a pattern when evaluating availability of food resources in the lakes. However, intraspecific overlap tended to be more accentuated in conditions of high availability of resource food.

As relações entre o grau de sobreposição alimentar e disponibilidade de alimentos, e as implicações para a seletividade alimentar de espécies de peixes foram avaliadas em lagoas da planície de inundação do Alto rio Paraná, Brasil. As hipóteses testadas foram: i) as espécies tornam-se menos seletivas em lagoas com alta disponibilidade de recursos alimentares; e ii) espécies (interespecífica) ou indivíduos (intraspecífica) apresentam maior sobreposição alimentar em condições de alta disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. Em geral, com os resultados observou-se que as espécies se tornam menos seletivas quando o ambiente proporciona maior disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. A sobreposição interespecífica não demostrou padrão quando avaliado a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares nas lagoas. No entanto, a sobreposição intraespecífica foi mais acentuada nas condições de elevada disponibilidade de recursos alimentares.

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RESUMO

ABSTRACT. The relationships between the degree of dietary overlap and food availability, and implications for food selectivity of fish species were evaluated at floodplain lakes on the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. The hypothesis tested were: i) species become less selective in lakes with high availability of food resources; and ii) species (interspecific) or individual (intraspecific) present higher food overlap in conditions of high availability of food resources. In general, with the results was observed that species become less selective when the environment provided higher availability of food resources. Interspecific overlap did not show a pattern when evaluating availability of food resources in the lakes. However, intraspecific overlap tended to be more accentuated in conditions of high availability of resource food.

RESUMO. As relações entre o grau de sobreposição alimentar e disponibilidade de alimentos, e as implicações para a seletividade alimentar de espécies de peixes foram avaliadas em lagoas da planície de inundação do Alto rio Paraná, Brasil. As hipóteses testadas foram: i) as espécies tornam-se menos seletivas em lagoas com alta disponibilidade de recursos alimentares; e ii) espécies (interespecífica) ou indivíduos (intraspecífica) apresentam maior sobreposição alimentar em condições de alta disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. Em geral, com os resultados observou-se que as espécies se tornam menos seletivas quando o ambiente proporciona maior disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. A sobreposição interespecífica não demostrou padrão quando avaliado a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares nas lagoas. No entanto, a sobreposição intraespecífica foi mais acentuada nas condições de elevada disponibilidade de recursos alimentares.

RESUMO

The relationships between the degree of dietary overlap and food availability, and implications for food selectivity of fish species were evaluated at floodplain lakes on the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. The hypothesis tested were: i) species become less selective in lakes with high availability of food resources; and ii) species (interspecific) or individual (intraspecific) present higher food overlap in conditions of high availability of food resources. In general, with the results was observed that species become less selective when the environment provided higher availability of food resources. Interspecific overlap did not show a pattern when evaluating availability of food resources in the lakes. However, intraspecific overlap tended to be more accentuated in conditions of high availability of resource food.(AU)

As relações entre o grau de sobreposição alimentar e disponibilidade de alimentos, e as implicações para a seletividade alimentar de espécies de peixes foram avaliadas em lagoas da planície de inundação do Alto rio Paraná, Brasil. As hipóteses testadas foram: i) as espécies tornam-se menos seletivas em lagoas com alta disponibilidade de recursos alimentares; e ii) espécies (interespecífica) ou indivíduos (intraspecífica) apresentam maior sobreposição alimentar em condições de alta disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. Em geral, com os resultados observou-se que as espécies se tornam menos seletivas quando o ambiente proporciona maior disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. A sobreposição interespecífica não demostrou padrão quando avaliado a disponibilidade de recursos alimentares nas lagoas. No entanto, a sobreposição intraespecífica foi mais acentuada nas condições de elevada disponibilidade de recursos alimentares.(AU)

Assuntos