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The integrated biochemical condition (IBC) of gonads is closely related to the reproductive success of highly migratory marine species. The IBC of gonads can be influenced not only by size and/or age, but also by environmental conditions. Here, female swordfish, Xiphias gladius, that migrate to temperate regions with a marked seasonality (e.g., the Southeastern Pacific Ocean, SEPO) were compared in relation to the IBCs (lipids, proteins, glucose and, fatty acid profiles) of their gonads; individuals with two body size ranges and distinct degrees of sexual maturity were evaluated, and considered as: small and/or virginal (SV: <170 cm lower jaw fork-length (LJFL), oocyte size (OS) <0.08 mm) vs large and/or maturing females (LM: >190 cm LJFL, OS >0.133 mm). This comparison was conducted in two environmentally contrasting seasons (winter vs spring). Our results showed that the gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly higher in LM than SV. Lipid contents varied significantly between seasons and body sizes. The highest lipid concentrations were recorded in the spring in large females. No significant differences were found when comparing the protein and glucose contents of the two evaluated seasons or body size ranges of the studied females. In turn, the fatty acid (FA) profiles of female gonads significantly varied for both seasons and body size ranges. A high content of saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) and poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were recorded in female gonads in the spring. The SFAs C16:0 and C18:0, the MUFA C18:1n9, and the essential PUFA C22:6n3 were the main contributors to the observed differences between spring and winter. These results could be used as indicators of the nutritional condition and health status of swordfish individuals. Hence, the IBC of female swordfish gonads have great potential to aid in estimating survival rates and stock abundances of this species. The integration of this information constitutes an asset in fishery management models with an ecosystem approach.

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Introducción: El cáncer en Cuba constituye un grave problema de salud debido a sus altas tasas de incidencia y mortalidad. Representa la primera causa de años de vida potencialmente perdidos y en el esófago es poco frecuente, su comportamiento es más agresivo y la supervivencia es baja. Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes operados por cáncer de esófago en Cuba en el periodo de 1988 al 2020. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional clínico epidemiológica multicéntrica, no randomizada, en el periodo de 1988 al 2020. El universo y la muestra quedaron constituido por 595 enfermos de 9 centros hospitalarios. Algunas variables estudiadas incluyeron sexo, edad, variedad histológica, intervención quirúrgica realizada y presencia de comorbilidades asociadas. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino (66,1 por ciento), la edad promedio fue 62,8 años. La hipoproteinemia estuvo presente en el 46,1 por ciento. El 43,2 por ciento fueron fumadores y el 35,8 por ciento ingería bebidas alcohólicas. El epidermoide fue la variedad histológica más frecuente (64,6 por ciento). Las técnicas quirúrgicas más utilizadas fueron la de Ivor Lewis (68,4 por ciento) y la transhiatal (63,6 por ciento). Predominó la anastomosis en un plano, término-lateral, de localización torácica para el epidermoide (68,4 por ciento) y la cervical para el adenocarcinoma (71,4 por ciento), realizada de forma manual en cara posterior. Conclusiones: El cáncer de esófago predominó en hombres mayores de 55 años fumadores y con hipoproteinemia. Las técnicas quirúrgicas más utilizadas fueron la de Ivor Lewis y la transhiatal(AU)

Introduction: Cancer in Cuba is a serious health concern due to its high incidence and mortality rates. It represents the first cause of years of life potentially lost and. Esophageal cancer is rare, but its behavior is more aggressive and its survival rate is low. Objective: To characterize patients operated on for esophageal cancer in Cuba in the period from 1988 to 2020. Methods: A nonrandomized, multicenter, clinical-epidemiological and observational research was carried out in the period from 1988 to 2020. The universe and the sample consisted of 595 patients from nine hospital institutions. Some of the variables studied included sex, age, histological variety, surgical intervention performed, and presence of associated comorbidities. Results: There was a predominance of the male sex (66.1 percent). The average age was 62.8 years. Hypoproteinemia was present in 46.1 percent. 43.2 percent of patients were smokers and 35.8 percent drank alcoholic beverages. Epidermoid was the most frequent histological variety (64.6 percent). The most widely used surgical techniques were Ivor Lewis (68.4 percent) and transhiatal (63.6 percent) esophagectomies. There was a predominance of one-plane, termino-lateral anastomosis of thoracic location for epidermoid cases (68.4 percent) and the cervical one for adenocarcinoma cases (71.4 percent), performed manually on the posterior face. Conclusion: Esophageal cancer prevailed in men over 55 years of age, smokers and with hypoproteinemia. The most used surgical techniques were Ivor Lewis and transhiatal esophagectomies(AU)

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Introducción: La fuga anastomótica es la principal complicación de la cirugía del esófago, con altos índices de incidencia y mortalidad. Objetivo: Identificar los factores involucrados en la aparición de la fuga anastomótica en pacientes operados de cáncer de esófago en Cuba en el periodo de 1988 al 2020. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional clínico epidemiológica multicéntrica, no randomizada, en el periodo de 1988 al 2020. El universo y la muestra quedaron constituidos por 2844 y 595 enfermos de 9 centros hospitalarios. Algunas variables estudiadas incluyeron sexo, edad, variedad histológica, intervención quirúrgica realizada, comorbilidades y su interrelación con la fuga anastomótica. Resultados: La fuga anastomótica predominó en el grupo de mayores de 55 años (17,8 por ciento), en el sexo femenino 65 (10,9 por ciento), en los no fumadores 79 (13,3 por ciento) y en los que no ingerían bebidas alcohólicas con 100 pacientes (16,8 por ciento). En enfermos con niveles de albúmina normales 98 (16,5 por ciento), con proteínas bajas 94 (15,7por ciento) y cifras normales de hemoglobina 105 (17,6 por ciento). En la variedad histológica adenocarcinoma 65 (10,9 por ciento), la técnica quirúrgica transhiatal 69 (11,6 por ciento), realizada de forma manual 123 (20,7 por ciento), de localización cervical 111 (18,6 por ciento), en cara anterior 57 (9,6 por ciento), en un plano 78 (13,1 por ciento), en la variante término-lateral 120 (20,2 por ciento). Conclusiones: La fuga anastomótica predominó en mujeres mayores de 50 años, con adenocarcinoma, operadas con técnicas transhiatales, manuales, en un plano, termino-laterales, en cara anterior y con hipoproteinemia(AU)

Introduction: Anastomotic leak is the main complication of esophageal surgery, with high incidence and mortality rates. Objective: To identify the factors involved in the appearance of anastomotic leak in patients operated on for esophageal cancer in Cuba in the period from 1988 to 2020. Methods: A nonrandomized, multicenter, clinical-epidemiological and observational investigation was carried out in the period from 1988 to 2020. The universe and the sample consisted of 2844 and 595 patients from nine hospital centers. Some of the variables studied included sex, age, histological variety, surgical intervention performed, comorbidities, and their interrelation with anastomotic leak. Results: Anastomotic leak prevailed in the group aged over 55 years (17.8 percent), in the female sex (65; 10.9 percent)), in nonsmokers (79; 13.3 percent)) and in those who did not ingest alcoholic beverages (100, 16.8; as well as in patients with normal albumin levels (98; 16.5), with low proteins (94; 15.7 percent) and with normal levels of hemoglobin (105; 17.6 percent). In the histological variety of adenocarcinoma (65; 10.9 percent), there was a predominance of the transhiatal surgical technique (69; 11.6 percent), performed manually (123; 20.7 percent), of cervical location (111; 18.6 percent), in the anterior face (57; 9.6 percent), in one plane (78; 13.1 percent), and in the termino-lateral variant (120; 20.2 percent). Conclusions: Anastomotic leak prevailed in women aged over 50 years, with adenocarcinoma, operated on through transhiatal techniques, manually, in one plane, using the termino-lateral variant, in the anterior face and with hypoproteinemia(AU)

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Se describe el caso clínico de un paciente de 58 años de edad con antecedentes personales de insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva mal controlada, quien acudió a emergencias del Hospital Luis Bernaza de Guayaquil, Ecuador, por presentar dolor abdominal difuso, constipación y masa inguinoescrotal gigante. Se realizan los estudios pertinentes y se diagnostica una hernia inguinoescrotal gigante con pérdida de domicilio, sin datos de obstrucción intestinal. Se empleó la técnica de Goñi Moreno durante 12 días para aumentar el diámetro de la cavidad abdominal y regresar el contenido del saco a su lugar. Se efectuó laparotomía exploratoria y hernioplastia con resultado satisfactorio y seguimiento por consulta externa durante 2 meses, sin alteraciones.

The case report of a 58 years patient with personal history of a poor controlled congestive heart failure is described, who went to the emergency service of Luis Bernaza Hospital in Guayaquil, Ecuador, due to a diffuse abdominal pain, constipation and giant inguinoescrotal mass. The pertinent studies were carried out and a giant inguinoescrotal hernia is diagnosed with home loss, without data of intestinal obstruction. The Goñi Moreno technique was used during 12 days to increase the diameter of the abdominal cavity and return the content from the sack to its place. An exploratory laparotomy and hernioplastia were carried out with satisfactory result and follow up in the outpatient department during 2 months, without alterations.

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RESUMEN: Introducción: El Stent-Save a Life! (SSL) LATAM working group diseñó una encuesta para objetivar la reducción de la actividad de los laboratorios de hemodinamia en Latinoamérica durante la pandemia COVID-19. Ante la amenaza de nuevos confinamientos en Chile, nos propusimos objetivar las consecuencias de la primera ola de contagios en nuestra actividad. Objetivos: Discutir la repercusión de la pandemia en la cardiología intervencional en Chile. Métodos: El grupo SSL realizó una encuesta telemática a todos los países de Latinoamérica incluido Chile. Se registraron las coronariografías (CAG), intervenciones coronarias percutáneas (ACTP) e intervenciones estructurales, comparando dos períodos determinados por el confinamiento por la pandemia, cada uno de dos semanas. Pre-COVID-19: período previo al confinamiento, y COVID-19: período durante el confinamiento. Se analizan, a partir de esta encuesta, los resultados aplicados a nuestro país. Resultados: Se obtuvo respuesta de trece centros. Hubo una reducción en el número global de procedimientos entre período Pre-COVID-19 y COVID-19 de un 65,1%. Se reportó una disminución de 67% en las CAG, de un 59,4% en las ACTP y de un 92% en los procedimientos terapéuticos estructurales. Entre ambos períodos se redujo la consulta por Síndrome Coronario Agudo por elevación del segmento ST (SCACEST) en 40,8%. Conclusiones: En nuestro país se objetivó una reducción marcada de la actividad asistencial de la cardiología intervencional durante la pandemia COVID-19 y una disminución significativa en el número de pacientes tratados por SCACEST. Los resultados de nuestro país son similares a los reportados por países de Latinoamérica, Europa y Norteamérica.

ABSTRACT: Background: The Stent-Save a Life! (SSL) LATAM working group designed a survey to demonstrate the reduction in the activity of cardiac catheterization laboratories in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the risk of a new confinement in Chile, we decided to assess the impact of the first wave of contagions on our activity. Aims: To discuss the repercussion of the COVID-19 pandemic on the activity of interventional cardiology in Chile. Methods: The SSL group conducted a telematic survey in all Latin American countries. Coronary angiography, coronary interventions (PCI) and structural interventions were registered, comparing two periods of two weeks duration each: before and during COVID-19 confinement. Results obtained in Chile are analyzed. Results: Thirteen centers in Chile answered the survey. There was an overall decrease of 65.1% in the number of procedures between the pre and the post COVID-19 periods. Coronary angiographies decreased 67%, PCI 59.4% and therapeutical structural procedures 92%. The reduction in acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation (STEMI) was 40,8% between periods. Conclusions: In Chile, a significant reduction in healthcare activity related to interventional cardiology and a significant decrease in the number of patients treated with STEMI was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results are similar to those reported by Latin American, European and North American countries.

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In the Southeast Pacific Ocean, Xiphias gladius migrates through the Chilean coastal zone for feeding. Here, it forages for different prey items from autumn to spring, acquiring a great variety of energy and nutritional reserves. We evaluated seasonal variations in the biochemical reserves (i.e., contents of lipids, proteins, and glucose), total energy content and fatty acid profile of specimens captured during the austral autumn, winter, and spring. Our results show that higher amounts of lipids were found in the winter and spring, while protein and glucose were higher in the autumn. Thus, the energy content showed significant differences, with higher levels in winter and spring. Furthermore, the fatty acid profile was more diverse in the spring than the autumn and winter and was characterized by higher amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings suggest that temporal changes in the biochemical reserves, total energy content and fatty acid profile support the idea of a "trophic migration" (i.e., the feeding period) established by the dynamics of fishery fleets. The high amounts of lipids and diverse fatty acid profile found in the spring could indicate the end of the trophic migration during this season. Thus, X. gladius may reach an optimum nutritional condition in the spring and make energetic adjustments to carry out its reproductive migration during the austral summer. Therefore, this species seems to meet the high energy demands of the reproductive season by foraging for a wide range of prey items from autumn to spring and storing an increased amount of lipids at the end of the feeding period. Overall, our data provides crucial baseline knowledge for future research on the ecophysiology of X. gladius, as well as for the management and conservation of this fishery resource under an ecosystem approach.

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El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer la frecuencia y la manera en que las plantas medicinales son empleadas por las gestantes del Centro de Salud Viña Alta del distrito de La Molina. En el estudio participaron veintiuna gestantes, quienes respondieron una encuesta, validada por expertos, sobre el uso de plantas medicinales. Se demostró que el 86,00 % de las gestantes utilizaron plantas medicinales, y que 67,00 % no consultó con un médico sobre su empleo. La manera más frecuente de consumo de las plantas medicinales fue la vía oral, en forma de infusiones. Las plantas medicinales más utilizadas fueron manzanilla, perejil, eucalipto, boldo, aloe, menta y ruda; y algunas de ellas mostraron efecto teratogénico, estimulante uterino, abortivo, entre otros. Es necesario conocer la cantidad real y la manera más frecuente en que las gestantes consumen las plantas medicinales, con la finalidad de clasificar estos productos de acuerdo al nivel de seguridad que ofrecen y promover el uso racional de la medicina tradicional para contribuir en la salud pública.

This research aimed to find out the frequency and ways of using medicinal plants by pregnant women treated at the Centro de Salud Viña Alta, located in La Molina district. Twenty-one (21) pregnant women voluntarily participated in the study, where they were administered an expert-validated survey regarding the use of medicinal plants. The results showed that 86 % of the pregnant women used medicinal plants and 67 % did not ask their doctor before using them. The most frequent way of using the medicinal plants was by oral intake as herbal teas. The most widely used medicinal plants were chamomile, parsley, eucalyptus, boldo, aloe, mint and rue, some of which produced a teratogenic effect, uterine stimulant action, abortifacient effect, among others. It is necessary to know the actual quantity and most frequent way of using medicinal plants by pregnant women to classify these products as for its safety level and promote the rational use of traditional medicine to contribute to public health.

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Introducción: La estenosis tardía y retracción del órgano sustituto al mediastino es una situación compleja. Objetivo: Mostrar una alternativa poco invasiva ante la retracción y retención del colon en el mediastino, posterior a una esofagocoloplastia. Caso clínico: Se presenta una paciente de sexo femenino de 18 años de edad con antecedente de ingestión accidental de caustico al año y medio de nacida. El tratamiento fue una esofagocoloplastia retroesternal, se utilizó el colon derecho. Después de 16 años presentó una fistula esofágica con estenosis y retracción del segmento del colon utilizado hacia el mediastino. Conclusiones: Fue factible extirpar el colon retenido en el mediastino y la esofagogastroplastia tubular ya que siempre ofrece ventajas. Fue muy importante la integración multidisciplinaria entre cirujanos de adultos y pediátricos lo que permitió realizar este procedimiento complejo(AU)

Introduction: Late stenosis and retraction of the substitute organ towards the mediastinum is a complex situation. Objective: To show a minimally invasive alternative to retraction and retention of the colon towards the mediastinum after esophagocoloplasty. Clinical case: The case is presented of an 18-year-old female patient with a history of accidental ingestion of a caustic product at one year and a half after birth. The treatment was a retrosternal esophagocoloplasty, for which the right colon was used. After 16 years, she presented an esophageal fistula with stenosis and retraction of the segment of the used colon towards the mediastinum. Conclusions: It was feasible remove the colon retained in the mediastinum as well as perform the tubular esophagogastroplasty, since it always offers advantages. Multidisciplinary integration between adult and pediatric surgeons was very important, allowing this complex procedure to be performed(AU)

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ABSTRACT: Intensification of drought in Mediterraneantype climates has limited seedling establishment. The knowledge of the ecology of selected species and its intraspecific variation to water stress at the seedling stage should be considered in order to overcome limitations. We investigated variations in growth, survival, and leaflevel physiology in four provenances of the endemic Cryptocarya alba (Mol.) during water stress and after rewatering. Seedlings were cultured in the nursery during 23 months and then subjected to two watering treatments based on soil water content (wellwatered and water restriction, 0.38 and 0.17 cm3 cm3, respectively) for 45 days. At the end of the watering treatments, seedling growth, above and belowground biomass, survival, and leaf gas exchange were measured. Right after the watering treatments, the surviving seedlings were submitted to a recovery period of 21 days, in which all seedlings were rewatered at 0.38 cm3 cm3 of soil water content and measured for leaf gas exchange. Provenances differed in growth and biomass allocation. Unlike growth and biomass, interaction between provenance and watering treatments was found for photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and water use efficiency of northern provenances, exhibiting the highest performance under water restriction. However, most variations observed occurred before the rewatering period and only a few occurred after this period. The four provenances under study exhibited similar photosynthesis and stomatal conductance after rewatering. Our study demonstrated phenotypic variation of C. alba and the capability of the species to withstand and recover from water stress.

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Intensification of drought in Mediterranean–type climates has limited seedling establishment. The knowledge of the ecology of selected species and its intraspecific variation to water stress at the seedling stage should be considered in order to overcome limitations. We investigated variations in growth, survival, and leaf–level physiology in four provenances of the endemic Cryptocarya alba (Mol.) during water stress and after re–watering. Seedlings were cultured in the nursery during 23 months and then subjected to two watering treatments based on soil water content (well–watered and water restriction, 0.38 and 0.17 cm3 cm−3, respectively) for 45 days. At the end of the watering treatments, seedling growth, above– and belowground biomass, survival, and leaf gas exchange were measured. Right after the watering treatments, the surviving seedlings were submitted to a recovery period of 21 days, in which all seedlings were re–watered at 0.38 cm3 cm−3 of soil water content and measured for leaf gas exchange. Provenances differed in growth and biomass allocation. Unlike growth and biomass, interaction between provenance and watering treatments was found for photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and water use efficiency of northern provenances, exhibiting the highest performance under water restriction. However, most variations observed occurred before the re–watering period and only a few occurred after this period. The four provenances under study exhibited similar photosynthesis and stomatal conductance after re–watering. Our study demonstrated phenotypic variation of C. alba and the capability of the species to withstand and recover from water stress.

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