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Flow cytometry (FC) is widely used in microbiology, immunology, hematology, and oncology. In the veterinary field, FC enabled the study of the immune response in cattle infected with different pathogens, as well as vaccine testing. However, few fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies recognize bovine antigens, limiting the possible benefits of FC and the implementation of multiparametric analysis for more complex studies. Two cytometry panels with five colors each were designed and implemented for the study and identification of populations and subpopulations of T cells derived from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of dairy heifers. Both panels detected differences in T cell subpopulations between heifers positively and negatively tested for tuberculin; they detected overexpression of CD25+ and CD45RO+ in tuberculin-positive heifers after stimulation with a culture filtrate protein extract (CFPE) from Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). We identified subpopulations of T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells using two multicolor panels. These panels could be used to analyze total bovine blood in immunopathogenic studies and vaccine development. The same strategy could be implemented in other species of veterinary interest.

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El diagnóstico de trastorno de personalidad límite en la adolescencia suele ser un tema controvertido. A continuación se presenta un caso clínico que expone las características habituales de presentación en la adolescencia y se discute además la necesidad de tener en cuenta los factores precursores del trastorno de personalidad límite a la vez que se relaciona la presencia de determinados trastornos de conducta como futuros precursores. Se insiste en la necesidad de usar programas de intervención precoz para este tipo de pacientes con los modelos que existen actualmente.

Diagnosing borderline personality disorder during adolescence is usually controversial. In this paper we present a clinical case in which an outline of the main characteristics of borderline personality disorder during adolescence is summarised. The need of taking into consideration the precursor characteristics of borderline personality disorder in young people is also highlighted. At the same time, other significant behavioural disorders found in young people are emphasized as possible forerunners of a borderline personality disorder diagnosis. Finally, we insist upon the need to implement early intervention programmes for these patients based on current models.

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Cuando reflexionamos tratando de acercarnos a la comprensión de un caso clínico en cualquier disciplina médica, nos hacemos esas preguntas que son comunes a toda sellas: ¿Cómo es? ¿Cómo funciona? ¿Cómo se formó? Estamos en la búsqueda de un modelo común, que pueda ser utilizado por cualquier disciplina médica que estudie la estructura humana del sistema masticatorio, para poder relacionarla mejor con sus funciones. Tratamos así de abordar otras dimensiones del ser vivo: la forma, el tamaño y la posición en el tiempo, relacionando la boca y el cuerpo en los casos clínicos que analizaremos juntos, resignificando el estudio craneal a partir de sus esquemas compensatorios y adaptativos, en el organismo en crecimiento.

When we reflect trying to approach the understanding of a clinical case in any medical discipline, we ask ourselves those questions that are common to all of them: How is it? How does it work? How was it formed? We are in pursuit of a common model that can be used by any medical discipline that studies the human structure of the masticatory system to be able to relate it better with their functions. Thus, we try to address other dimensions of the living being: shape, size and position in time, relating mouth and body in clinical cases that we are going to analyze together, resignifying cranial study from its compensatory and adaptive schemes, in the growing organism.

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Prolactin receptor (PRLr) is a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily 1 showing tissue specific structural diversity. Expression of PRLr isoforms in lymphoid tissues has been associated with immunomodulatory function of prolactin. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is characterized by chronic inflammation caused by the persistent infection of lymphoid tissues with Mycobacterium bovis. To test the hypothesis of the influence of PRLr in the pathogenesis of bTB, the aim of this study was to identify PRLr isoforms expressed during bTB in different tissues and to analyze their association with the pathogenesis of bTB. We examined lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues ex vivo from experimentally and naturally infected cattle, as well as from bTB-free cattle, by Western blot (WB) and immunohistochemistry (IH). In vitro, monocytes from exposed, infected, and healthy cattle were stimulated with M. bovis antigens and then analyzed by WB. To detect transcriptional levels of PRLr in macrophages (MØ) exposed to M. bovis, real time PCR was performed. WB revealed diversity of PRLr isoforms in tissues from infected cattle but not in tissues from bTB-free cattle. PRLr isoforms 100 kDa 75, 50 and 40 were found expressed in tissues of animals infected with M. bovis, while only the short isoform of 40 kDa correlated with the immunopathology and ability to infect MØ. We confirmed the synthesis of PRLr mRNA in MØ after M. bovis exposure and propose that molecular pathogen patterns of M. bovis might modulate inflammation during bTB through expression of the PRLr isoform in MØ.

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Las lesiones ligamentarias múltiples son más frecuentes en trauma de alta energía. La reconstrucción simultánea del LCA y LCP es una opción atractiva para lograr rápida rehabilitación y una menor inestabilidad residual. La reconstrucción con doble haz del LCP ha demostrado superioridad clínica y biomecánica frente a la reconstrucción con un haz simple, sin diferencias significativas clínicas en el tipo de técnica utilizada: inlay o transtibial. Los estudios anatómicos y biomecánicos han puesto en evidencia la existencia de dos haces funcionales para el LCA. La reconstrucción anatómica parece ofrecer superioridad frente a la reconstrucción con un haz, pues cada uno de los haces reconstruidos controlaría de una manera independiente la estabilidad translacional y rotacional. Realizamos la reconstrucción ligamentaria intraarticular simultánea con técnicas anatómicas, restaurando la estabilidad y función de una manera selectiva e independiente en cada haz de cada ligamento, para posiblemente disminuir o retardar la aparición de la artrosis.

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Este estudio identifica la relación existente entre las estructuras dento-maxilares y el sistema morfológico craneal, en pacientes en los que han sido encontradas características oclusales de asimetría bilateral. Además, hemos investigado el comportamiento de estas estructuras de acuerdo al lado más afectado por la asimetría, así comolas consecuencias en el diagnóstico y en el tratamiento ortodóntico-ortopédico que esta problemática impone. Para cuantificar estos desvíos de forma, hemos desarrollado un sistema de medición, el cual puede ser facilmente trasladable al cefalograma frontal de manera de obtener un concepto tridimensional de estas anomaías(AU)

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Este estudio identifica la relación existente entre las estructuras dento-maxilares y el sistema morfológico craneal, en pacientes en los que han sido encontradas características oclusales de asimetría bilateral. Además, hemos investigado el comportamiento de estas estructuras de acuerdo al lado más afectado por la asimetría, así comolas consecuencias en el diagnóstico y en el tratamiento ortodóntico-ortopédico que esta problemática impone. Para cuantificar estos desvíos de forma, hemos desarrollado un sistema de medición, el cual puede ser facilmente trasladable al cefalograma frontal de manera de obtener un concepto tridimensional de estas anomaías

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Human and bovine tuberculosis (TB) are currently a serious health problem in Latin America. Although the causal agents were discovered more than one century ago, the control of these illnesses is still beyond our reach: human TB accounts for more than one hundred deaths each day in this region, whereas bovine TB represents a public health risk as well as a major economic problem. We herein analyze the situation of human and bovine TB in Latin America, and present studies from our laboratories on bacterial virulence factors, intrinsic resistance features in the host, and the protective response induced in cattle through vaccination or immunization. Finally, the convenience for implementing and/or revising the use of currently available tools for TB control in the region is discussed.

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BACKGROUND: The clinical accuracy of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) using intermittent harmonic imaging and intravenous perfluorocarbon containing microbubbles during dipyridamole stress has not been evaluated in a multicenter setting. HYPOTHESIS: The accuracy of dipyridamole stress contrast echo in the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD) using myocardial perfusion images is high in comparison with technetium-99 (99Tc) sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography (MIBI SPECT) and increases the accuracy of wall motion data. METHODS: In 68 consecutive nonselected patients (46 men; mean age 66 years) from three different institutions in two countries. dipyridamole stress echo and SPECT with 99mTc MIBI were compared. Continuous intravenous (IV) infusion of perfluorocarbon exposed sonicated dextrose albumin (PESDA) (2-5 cc/min) was administered for baseline myocardial perfusion using triggered harmonic end systolic frames. Real-time digitized images were used for wall motion analysis. Dipyridamole was then injected in two steps: (1) 0.56 mg/kg for 3 min, (2) 0.28 mg/kg for 1 min, if the first step was negative for an inducible wall motion abnormality. After dipyridamole injection, myocardial contrast enhancement and wall motion were analyzed again by the same methodology. RESULTS: There were 35 patients with perfusion defects by SPECT. Wall motion was abnormal in 22, while MCE was abnormal in 32. Wall motion and MCE each had one false positive. The proportion of correctly assigned patients was significantly better with MCE than with wall motion (p = 0.03; chi square test). CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial contrast echocardiography, using intermittent harmonic imaging and intravenous perfluorocarbon containing microbubbles, is a very effective method for detecting coronary artery disease during dipyridamole stress echo.

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