RESUMO
Caffeine acts by antagonizing the effect of the endogenous homeostatic sleep factor adenosine. In the current study we aimed to evaluate the pattern of caffeine-induced insomnia and its relation to age and sex in a general population sample derived from a web survey. The sample included 75,534 participants (28.1% men) from 18 to 75 years who answered self-report questionnaires by accessing a website in Brazilian Portuguese (BRAINSTEP project). In our sample, 3620 (17.0%) men and 9920 (18.3%) women reported insomnia due to caffeine intake. Caffeine-induced insomnia increased with aging in both men and women. This difference remained after adjusting for sociodemographic, psychiatric and sleep related variables as well as caffeine intake. Women showed higher proportion of caffeine-induced insomnia than men, but this difference did not remain after controlling for covariates. Also, individuals with caffeine-induced insomnia reported poorer sleep quality, higher latency to fall asleep and a higher proportion of psychiatric diagnoses and daily use of hypnotic drugs. In conclusion, our results show an age-associated increase in caffeine-induced insomnia and poorer mental health indicators among people with caffeine-induced insomnia complaints.
Assuntos
Cafeína/efeitos adversos , Distúrbios do Início e da Manutenção do Sono/induzido quimicamente , Sono/efeitos dos fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Suicide is an important worldwide public health problem. The aim of this study was to characterize risk factors of suicidal behavior using a large Web-based sample. METHOD: The data were collected by the Brazilian Internet Study on Temperament and Psychopathology (BRAINSTEP) from November 2010 to July 2011. Suicidal behavior was assessed by an instrument based on the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire. The final sample consisted of 48,569 volunteers (25.9% men) with a mean ± SD age of 30.7 ± 10.1 years. RESULTS: More than 60% of the sample reported having had at least a passing thought of killing themselves, and 6.8% of subjects had previously attempted suicide (64% unplanned). The demographic features with the highest risk of attempting suicide were female gender (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.65 to 2.00); elementary school as highest education level completed (OR = 2.84, 95% CI = 2.48 to 3.25); being unable to work (OR = 5.32, 95% CI = 4.15 to 6.81); having no religion (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.90 to 2.29); and, only for female participants, being married (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.32) or divorced (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.41 to 1.96). A family history of a suicide attempt and of a completed suicide showed the same increment in the risk of suicidal behavior. The higher the number of suicide attempts, the higher was the real intention to die (P < .05). Those who really wanted to die reported more emptiness/loneliness (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.35 to 1.85), disconnection (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.30 to 1.81), and hopelessness (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.49 to 2.03), but their methods were not different from the methods of those who did not mean to die. CONCLUSIONS: This large Web survey confirmed results from previous studies on suicidal behavior and pointed out the relevance of the number of previous suicide attempts and of a positive family history, even for a noncompleted suicide, as important risk factors.
Assuntos
Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologia , Tentativa de Suicídio/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Intenção , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , PensamentoRESUMO
Objectives: To evaluate how personality traits are associated with occasional use, abuse, and dependence of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens in a large availability sample of adults via online questionnaires. Methods: The sample consisted of 8,646 individuals (24.7% men and 75.3% women) who completed an anonymous web survey. Involvement with drugs and temperament/character traits were assessed through the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Temperament and Character Inventory - Revised (TCI-R), respectively. Interactions among variables were analyzed using MANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment. Results: Novelty seeking was the trait most associated with increased involvement with alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. There was a significant association between harm avoidance and benzodiazepine use. Persistence was lower in cannabis-, benzodiazepine-, and cocaine-dependent subjects, as well as in hallucinogen abusers. Self-directedness was reduced in dependents of all drug classes. No strong relationships were found between other temperament or character dimensions and the severity of drug use. Conclusions: Novelty seeking was associated with increased involvement with all drugs studied in this sample, although to a lesser extent with benzodiazepines and hallucinogens. The temperament and character profile for benzodiazepine use was different from that of other drugs due to the relationship with higher harm avoidance and self-transcendence and lower self-directedness. .
Assuntos
Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Carência Psicossocial , Características de Residência , Esquizofrenia/epidemiologia , Incidência , Fatores de Risco , Meio SocialRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how personality traits are associated with occasional use, abuse, and dependence of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and hallucinogens in a large availability sample of adults via online questionnaires. METHODS: The sample consisted of 8,646 individuals (24.7% men and 75.3% women) who completed an anonymous web survey. Involvement with drugs and temperament/character traits were assessed through the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and the Temperament and Character Inventory - Revised (TCI-R), respectively. Interactions among variables were analyzed using MANOVA with Bonferroni adjustment. RESULTS: Novelty seeking was the trait most associated with increased involvement with alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. There was a significant association between harm avoidance and benzodiazepine use. Persistence was lower in cannabis-, benzodiazepine-, and cocaine-dependent subjects, as well as in hallucinogen abusers. Self-directedness was reduced in dependents of all drug classes. No strong relationships were found between other temperament or character dimensions and the severity of drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Novelty seeking was associated with increased involvement with all drugs studied in this sample, although to a lesser extent with benzodiazepines and hallucinogens. The temperament and character profile for benzodiazepine use was different from that of other drugs due to the relationship with higher harm avoidance and self-transcendence and lower self-directedness.
Assuntos
Benzodiazepinas/efeitos adversos , Caráter , Usuários de Drogas/psicologia , Alucinógenos/efeitos adversos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Temperamento , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Análise de Variância , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Usuários de Drogas/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Transtornos da Personalidade/induzido quimicamente , Inventário de Personalidade , Fatores Sexuais , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The association between childhood trauma and personality traits has been poorly characterized and reported. Our aim was to evaluate whether distinct types of childhood abuse and neglect are associated with various personality dimensions using data from a large web-based survey. A total of 12,225 volunteers responded anonymously to the Internet versions of the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised (TCI-R) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) via our research website, but only 8,114 subjects (75.7% women, mean age 34.8±11.3yrs) who met the criteria for validity were included in the analysis. Childhood trauma was positively associated with harm avoidance and was negatively associated with self-directedness and, to a lesser extent, with cooperativeness. The associations were robust with emotional abuse and neglect but were non-significant or mild with physical trauma. Emotional neglect was associated with reduced reward dependence and persistence. All types of abuse, but not neglect, were associated with increased novelty seeking scores. Reporting of childhood trauma, especially of an emotional nature, was associated with maladaptive personality traits. Further investigation of the effects of different types of childhood trauma on psychological and neurobiological parameters is warranted.
Assuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis/psicologia , Transtornos da Personalidade/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Adultos Sobreviventes de Eventos Adversos na Infância/psicologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Análise de Variância , Aprendizagem da Esquiva , Criança , Comportamento Cooperativo , Emoções , Feminino , Humanos , Internet , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Autoimagem , Transtornos de Estresse Traumático/etiologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We aimed to investigate UFD1L polymorphisms in schizophrenia and in relation to cognition. A total of 299 cases and 363 controls were genotyped, and 130 patients completed nine neuropsychological tests. We found that rs5992403 AA-genotype carriers showed lower scores on the set-shifting task. Therefore, UFD1L may participate in the core cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia.
Assuntos
Transtornos Cognitivos/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Proteínas/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transporte Vesicular , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Atenção/fisiologia , Transtornos Cognitivos/etiologia , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Inibição Psicológica , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Esquizofrenia/complicações , Aprendizagem VerbalRESUMO
ZDHHC8 rs175174 polymorphism is located in 22q11.2 region and its role in brain volume has not been fully addressed. A total of 282 schizophrenia patients and 379 controls were genotyped. A sample of 138 patients underwent brain MRI scan. No association was found between schizophrenia and genotypes. Nevertheless, GG-genotype carriers presented gray matter volume (GMV) reduction in frontal lobe compared to A-allele carriers, and cerebellar hemispheres GMV reductions were found in G-allele carriers compared to AA-genotype. Moreover, A-allele carriers presented posterior brain GMV reductions when compared to GG-genotype. These data suggest that ZDHHC8 may play a role in cortical volumes.
Assuntos
Aciltransferases/genética , Córtex Cerebral/patologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Esquizofrenia/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Análise de Variância , Feminino , Genótipo , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Affective temperaments may represent heritable subclinical manifestations of mood disorders. The concept of ego defense mechanisms also has provided a model for the comprehension of mood psychopathology. The relationships between affective temperaments, defense styles and depressive symptoms remain unknown. METHODS: We obtained data from a subsample of the Brazilian Internet Study on Temperament and Psychopathology (BRAINSTEP). Socio-demographic information was collected and participants completed the Affective and Emotional Temperament Composite Scale (AFECTS), the defense style questionnaire (DSQ-40) and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). RESULTS: Among 9937 participants (4472 male; 45%), individuals with hyperthymic or euthymic temperaments were more likely to present a mature defense style, whereas an immature defensive style was predominantly observed in individuals with cyclothymic, volatile, depressive, dysphoric, euphoric and disinhibited temperaments. Higher immature and lower mature defense style scores were independently associated with depressive symptoms. Participants with either euthymic or hyperthymic temperaments were less likely to endorse depressive symptoms. Euthymic and hyperthymic temperaments moderated the correlations of mature/immature defenses with depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS: The data was collected from a convenience web-based sample. The study was cross-sectional. CONCLUSIONS: Affective temperaments are associated with distinct defense styles. These two personality theories provide distinct but interacting views for comprehension of depressive psychopathology.
Assuntos
Afeto , Mecanismos de Defesa , Depressão/psicologia , Temperamento , Adulto , Brasil , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Chronotype has long been associated with mental disorders and temperamental features. This study aims to investigate the association of circadian preference with a new model for emotional and affective temperament. In this Web survey, 6436 subjects (27.2% males) answered the Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS), the Circadian Energy Scale (CIRENS), and questions on subjective sleep parameters for a sleep-based chronotype measure. Temperament was more strongly correlated with daily energy score than with chronotype. For emotional dimensions, Volition, Coping, and Control positively correlated with high and stable daily energy, contrary to Sensitivity. Evening types showed a less adaptive emotional profile than morning and intermediate types, who showed a relatively similar emotional pattern. Focus and order (facets of Control), energy (facet of Volition), caution (facet of Inhibition), and problem facing (facet of Coping) were distinctive for the three circadian types, being particularly low in evening types and high in morning types. Differences between affective temperaments were more pronounced for morning and afternoon than for evening scores. Cyclothymic and euphoric temperaments, which relate to bipolar disorders, and apathetic, volatile, and disinhibited temperaments, which relate to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), showed the latest chronotype (i.e., evening preference). In conclusion, temperament was more associated with absolute energy levels than with chronotype. Evening types had less emotional control, coping, volition, and caution, and more affective instability and externalization. The circadian daily energy profile can be very informative about human temperament and vice versa, and their combined assessment may be useful in the evaluation of psychiatric patients.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Emoções/fisiologia , Temperamento/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The internet provides a research opportunity for psychiatry and psychology. This article presents the development and preliminary data of a large web-survey created to study how temperament relates to other psychological measures, behavior and psychiatric disorders. METHODS: We used the Affective and Emotional Composite Temperament Scale (AFECTS) to evaluate temperament and we selected several self-report instruments to evaluate behavior, psychological constructs and mental disorders. The system provides anonymous psychological (phase 1) and psychiatric (phase 2) feedback and includes questions to assess the validity of the answers. Each phase has around 450 questions. This system was broadcast utilizing Brazilian media. RESULTS: After the exclusion of 21.5% of the volunteers (those who failed the validation questions), 41,427 participants concluded the first part of the system (mean age=31.2±10.5 yrs, 26.9% males), and 21,836 (mean age=32.5±10.9 yrs, 25.1% males) completed phase 2. Around 25% have received a psychiatric diagnosis from a mental health professional. Demographic and temperament profiles of those who completed either only 80 questions, only phase 1, or the whole system were similar. The rate of non-serious answers (e.g. on bizarre behaviors) was very low and congruency of answers was very high. The internal consistency of classical trait scales (TCI-R and PANAS) was high (Cronbach's alpha>0.80) for all dimensions. LIMITATIONS: Relatively high dropout rate due to the length of the process and an overrepresentation of female, young and well-educated subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The BRAINSTEP provides valid and abundant data on psychological and psychiatric measures.