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The conventional medical paradigm often focuses on deficits and impairments, failing to capture the rich tapestry of experiences and abilities inherent in neurodiversity conditions. In this article, we introduce the 3E-Cognition perspective, offering a paradigm shift by emphasizing the dynamic interplay between the brain, body, and environment in shaping cognitive processes. The perspective fosters a more inclusive and supportive understanding of neurodiversity, with potential applications across various domains such as education, workplace, and healthcare. We begin by introducing the 3E-Cognition principles: embodied, environmentally scaffolded, and enactive. Then, we explore how the 3E-Cognition perspective can be applied to create inclusive environments and experiences for neurodiverse individuals. We provide examples in the realms of education, workplace, and healthcare. In all of these domains, spaces, methodologies, epistemologies, and roles that cater to diverse needs and strengths can be designed using the 3E principles. Finally, we discuss the challenges and benefits of implementing the 3E-Cognition perspective. We focus on the need for technological advancements and research in complex real-world scenarios; we suggest mobile brain/body imaging is a possible solution. We furthermore highlight the importance of recognizing and valuing the diverse manners of experiencing and interacting with the world, the promotion of diverse well-being, and the facilitation of innovation and creativity. Thus, we conclude that the 3E-Cognition perspective offers a groundbreaking approach to understanding and supporting neurodiversity: by embracing the inherent interconnectedness of the brain, body, and environment, we can create a more inclusive and supportive world.
Assuntos
Cognição , Neurociências , Humanos , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Meio Ambiente , Neurociências/métodosRESUMO
Background: More than 600 people die each year in developed countries from complications at the time of orotracheal intubation. Studies have shown that all predictors used so far have low ability to predict difficult airway. When analyzing this ability, both clinical suspicion, indirect laryngoscopy and even the different individual examinations showed predictive values higher than 80%. Objective: To evaluate the concordance between the Predictive Index of Difficult Intubation (PIDI) and the Cormack regarding the diagnosis of difficult intubation in patients undergoing open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy under balanced general anesthesia. Material and methods: Observational, prospective, cross-sectional, analytical concordance study, carried out in patients aged 18 to 60 who underwent open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The sample was probabilistic, the statistical analysis applied univariate and bivariate, specifically the Kappa index. Results: A total of 96 patients were analyzed; 77 were female with a mean age of 40.4 years. Said sample presented a PIDI of easy intubation in 75%, discreet difficulty in 21.9% and frank difficulty in 3.1%. After conventional direct laryngoscopy, 75% presented Cormack I, 16.7% presented Cormack II, 8.3% presented Cormack III. The bivariate analysis with the Kappa index statistic showed a value of 0.242. Conclusions: It is accepted the alternative hypothesis demonstrating that there is a correlation between the PIDI and the Cormack concerning the diagnosis of difficult intubation in patients undergoing open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy under balanced general anesthesia.
Introducción: más de 600 personas mueren al año en los países desarrollados por complicaciones con la intubación orotraqueal. Estudios han demostrado que todos los predictores utilizados hasta el momento tienen baja capacidad para predecir la vía aérea difícil. Al analizar esta capacidad, tanto la sospecha clínica como la laringoscopía indirecta y los diferentes exámenes individuales mostraron valores predictivos superiores al 80%. Objetivo: evaluar la concordancia entre el Índice predictivo de intubación difícil (IPID) y el Cormack respecto al diagnóstico de intubación difícil en pacientes intervenidos de colecistectomía abierta y laparoscópica bajo anestesia general balanceada. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, prospectivo, transversal, analítico de concordancia, realizado en pacientes de 18 a 60 años intervenidos de colecistectomía abierta y laparoscópica. La muestra fue de tipo probabilístico, el análisis estadístico aplicado univariado y bivariado, específicamente el Índice de Kappa. Resultados: se analizaron 96 pacientes; 77 fueron del sexo femenino, con una media de 40.4 años de edad. Se presentó un IPID de intubación fácil en 75%, dificultad discreta en 21.9% y dificultad franca en 3.1%. Posterior a la laringoscopía directa convencional, 75% presentó Cormack I, 16.7% Cormack II y 8.3% Cormack III. El análisis bivariado con el Índice de Kappa evidenció un valor de 0.242. Conclusiones: se acepta la hipótesis alterna que demuestra que sí hay correlación entre el IPID y el Cormack respecto al diagnóstico de intubación difícil en pacientes intervenidos de colecistectomía abierta y laparoscópica bajo anestesia general balanceada.
Assuntos
Intubação Intratraqueal , Laringoscopia , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Transversais , Anestesia GeralRESUMO
Introducción: En la educación médica superior cubana la superación profesional es la vía para el perfeccionamiento de la preparación didáctica del claustro y un programa, que parte de las necesidades determinadas, se considera un resultado científico pertinente. Objetivo: Proponer un programa de superación en didáctica elaborado para los docentes de la carrera de Estomatología. Métodos: Se trata de una investigación de desarrollo para contribuir a la superación profesional en didáctica en los docentes de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara. Se utilizó una metodología que asume como método general el dialéctico-materialista, que en la especificidad de la etapa investigativa que se reporta es predominantemente cualitativa y empleó los métodos histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, sistémico-estructural y análisis documental. Resultados: Se presentaron las ideas fundamentales del programa, los cuales se adecuaron a las necesidades de superación profesional pedagógica en el contexto investigado. Se establecieron las exigencias y el manejo de las diversas formas organizativas que se combinan dentro de las acciones del programa. Conclusiones: La propuesta de un programa de superación profesional en didáctica para los docentes de Estomatología incluye diversidad de formas organizativas, responde a necesidades locales y está contextualizado a las particularidades del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la estomatología en Cuba(AU)
Introduction : in Cuban higher medical education, professional improvement is the way to perfect the teaching preparation of the faculty and a program that, based on the determined needs, is considered a pertinent scientific result. Objective : to propose the main ideas about a program of improvement in didactics prepared for the odontology teachers. Methods : a development investigation was carried out at Dentistry Faculty of Villa Clara´s Medical Sciences University. Some methods were used: historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive systemic-structural and documentary analysis. Results : The program was adapted to the needs of professional pedagogical improvement in the investigated context. A synthesis of each aspects presented: introduction, general objective, foundation, structural components and evaluation. The structural components in each one of the areas are described in more details. It is pointed out on the novelty: the establishment of demands and the management of the various organizational forms that are combined within their actions. Conclusions : a professional improvement program is proposed for the preparation in teaching of dentistry teachers, which differs in its conception from what had traditionally been offered to them. It includes a diversity of complementary organizational forms, responds to local needs for pedagogical improvement and is contextualized to the particularities of the dentistry teaching-learning process in Cuba, among other attributes(AU)
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Humanos , Capacitação Profissional , Docentes de Odontologia/tendênciasRESUMO
RESUMEN Las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones forman parte esencial del desarrollo científico-tecnológico actual, han invadido todas las esferas de la vida humana, incluyendo la educación. En esta compleja vorágine es recurrente la tendencia a la formación de seres humanos peligrosamente atados a necesidades e intereses creados artificialmente por estos medios y la propaganda que divulgan. El presente trabajo pretende resaltar cuestiones relacionadas con su empleo en el contexto universitario, con énfasis en algunas consecuencias negativas que puede provocar su uso inadecuado o abusivo, y alentar a la universidad cubana a concretar una didáctica educativa congruente con las necesidades sociales actuales.
ABSTRACT Information and Communication Technologies are an essential part of current scientific-technological development; they have invaded all spheres of human life, including education. In this complex maelstrom there is a recurring tendency to the formation of human beings dangerously tied to needs and interests artificially created by these media and the propaganda they disseminate. The present work aims to highlight issues related to its use in the university context, with emphasis on some negative consequences that its inappropriate or abusive use may cause, and to encourage the Cuban university to specify an educational didactics congruent with current social needs.
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Estudantes , Educação Médica , Projetos de Tecnologias de Informação e ComunicaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adiposity is a major component of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), low muscle strength has also been identified as a risk factor for MetS and for cardiovascular disease. We describe the prevalence of MetS and evaluate the relationship between muscle strength, anthropometric measures of adiposity, and associations with the cluster of the components of MetS, in a middle-income country. METHODS: MetS was defined by the International Diabetes Federation criteria. To assess the association between anthropometric variables (waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (W/H), body mass index (BMI)), strength (handgrip/kg bodyweight (HGS/BW)) and the cluster of MetS, we created a MetS score. For each alteration (high triglycerides, low HDLc, dysglycemia, or high blood pressure) one point was conferred. To evaluate the association an index of fat:muscle and MetS score, participants were divided into 9 groups based on combinations of sex-specific tertiles of WC and HGS/BW. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of MetS in the 5,026 participants (64% women; mean age 51.2 years) was 42%. Lower HGS/BW, and higher WC, BMI, and W/H were associated with a higher MetS score. Amongst the 9 HGS/BW:WC groups, participants in the lowest tertile of HGS/BW and the highest tertile of WC had a higher MetS score (OR = 4.69 in women and OR = 8.25 in men;p < 0.01) compared to those in the highest tertile of HGS/BW and in the lowest tertile of WC. CONCLUSION: WC was the principal risk factor for a high MetS score and an inverse association between HGS/BW and MetS score was found. Combining these anthropometric measures improved the prediction of metabolic alterations over either alone.
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Adiposidade , Força da Mão , Síndrome Metabólica/diagnóstico , Músculo Esquelético/fisiopatologia , Obesidade Abdominal/diagnóstico , Circunferência da Cintura , Adulto , Fatores de Risco Cardiometabólico , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Bases de Dados Factuais , Feminino , Nível de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Síndrome Metabólica/fisiopatologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade Abdominal/epidemiologia , Obesidade Abdominal/fisiopatologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prevalência , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Background: Chronic non-communicable diseases are prevalent conditions in developing countries, such as Colombia. Several socioeconomic and educational factors have been associated with these pathologies. However, there is little country-specific information regarding the self-reported prevalence of chronic diseases and their association with the aforementioned factors in Colombia. Objectives: To evaluate the current situation of chronic non-transmissible diseases in Colombia by self-report and to analyze its potential relationship with sociodemographic, economic and educational factors. Methods: This is a cross-sectional baseline sub-analysis from the prospective, standardized collaborative PURE study in Colombia. Participants were recruited between 2005 to 2009, in 11 departments of the country, and included 7,485 subjects of 35 to 70 years old. Questionnaires of self-reported chronic non-communicable diseases, and demographic, socioeconomic and educational variables were applied. Results: Hypertension was the most prevalent chronic condition reported with a prevalence of 22.2% (21.2%-23.1%, 95% CI), followed by diabetes with a prevalence of 5.7% (5.1%-6.2%, 95% CI), asthma 2.7% (2.2%-3.0%, 95% CI), coronary heart disease 2.4% (2.0%-2.7%, 95% CI), stroke and heart failure 1.5% (1.2%-1.8%, 95% CI) each, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 1.2% (0.6%-1.5%, 95% CI), and cancer 1.2% (1.0%-1.5%, 95% CI). Among the study sample, 23.3% (22.4%-24.3%, 95% CI) reported having one chronic NCDs, and 6.4% (5.9%-7.0%, 95% CI) reported having multiple chronic NCDs. The prevalence of multiple NCDs increased significantly with age, was more common in those from households with higher income, whereas it was significantly lower in persons with high education.The central and central-east regions of the country are those with the higher prevalence of self-reported NCDs. Conclusion: The results of the current study indicate the presence of socioeconomic and educational inequalities in the distribution of chronic NCDs in the Colombian population.
Assuntos
Doenças não Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Autorrelato , Adulto , Idoso , Doença Crônica , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doenças não Transmissíveis/economia , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Despite the availability of efficient methods to evaluate blood pressure (BP) and of safe and efficient medication to treat and control hypertension, the levels of awareness, treatment and control are very low globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. To highlight the importance of improving these rates, the International Society of Hypertension (ISH) endorsed by the World Hypertension League have implemented the May Measurement Month initiative. We present here the results obtained in Colombia. The Fundación Oftalmológica de Santander (FOSCAL) led the implementation of this strategy in Colombia and 11 departments participated. The data collection followed the guidelines of the ISH. The information collected was compiled for the report generation and the submission to the Technical Secretariat of the ISH. Data cleaning was performed locally by FOSCAL. Data were collated and analysed centrally. A total of 22 258 participants (58.8% female) were included in the analysis. Mean age was 40.9 ± 17.7 years. Age and sex-standardized BP excluding participants receiving BP medications was 118/74.3 mmHg, and in those on treatment 125/78 mmHg. High BP was present in 5036 (22.8%) individuals, 1637 of 18 644 (8.8%) who were not receiving anti-hypertensive medications were hypertensive, and 961 of 3359 (28.6%) receiving treatment were not controlled. These results highlight the need to develop innovative promotion strategies at individual and population levels to increase the awareness of the importance of BP, and the consequences of not having well-controlled hypertension. This initiative is an effective and easy to implement strategy that should be maintained in the coming years.
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BACKGROUND: Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Worldwide, a third of ischemic heart disease is due to abnormal cholesterol levels and it is the most common cause of cardiovascular deaths in Colombia. In Colombia, no representative, large-scale study has assessed the prevalence of dyslipidemia. The aim of the present analysis was to identify the magnitude of the problem in Colombia, a middle-income-country with large regional, geographic, and socio-economical differences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample comprised 6628 individuals aged 35 to 70â¯years (mean age 50.7â¯years, 64.1% women) residing in the four Colombian regions. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 87.7% and was substantially higher among participants older than 50â¯years, male, rural residents, and those with a lower level of education (66.8%), and with a lower income (66.4%). High non HDL-c was the most common abnormality (75.3%). The values of total cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol were higher in areas with the lowest health needs index than in the areas with intermediate and highest health need index, the isolated HDL-c value was much lower. CONCLUSION: Colombia has a high prevalence of abnormalities of the lipid profile. The causes of the high rates of dyslipidemia were not well define in this study, but were more common in rural and poorer regions and among those with lower socio-economical status. Strategies to tackle the adverse lipid profile to reduce CVD are needed in Colombia, particularly in rural areas and among the areas with the higher health need index.
Assuntos
Dislipidemias/epidemiologia , Lipídeos/sangue , Medição de Risco/métodos , População Rural , População Urbana , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Idoso , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Dislipidemias/sangue , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Introducción: en la República Cooperativa de Guyana, la conducta suicida constituye un serio problema de salud, con una tasa anual de 44 suicidios por 100 000 habitantes, especialmente en la Región 5. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento del intento suicida en pacientes atendidos en un hospital guyanés. Método: se realizó un estudio de serie de casos, mediante el análisis de las hojas de cargo del servicio de emergencias y de las historias clínicas de 28 pacientes con intentos suicidas, atendidos en el Hospital Mahaicony, Guyana, durante el período enero-junio del 2015. Resultados: el grupo etario más afectado fue entre 10 y 29 años para un 67,86%, sin diferencias significativas entre mujeres y hombres con 53,57% vs. 46,43% respectivamente. Los individuos de ascendencia india incidieron hasta un 71,43%; seguido por la africana con 21,43%; y los mixtos con 7,14%. El grado de escolaridad predominante el alfabetizado con un 64,29% y el método de ingestión de sustancias tóxicas alcanzó un 92,86%, seguido por la toma de tabletas con 7,14%. Conclusiones: en esta región, el intento suicida es un problema de salud, por lo que se deben adoptar estrategias encaminadas a reducirlo, mediante la identificación y el control de los factores de riesgo. .
Introduction: suicidal behavior constitutes a serious health problem in the Cooperative Republic of Guyana with an average annual rate of 44 suicides per 100 000 inhabitants. Objective: to describe suicide attempts occurred at a Guyanese hospital. Method: a case series study based on emergency service charge sheets and medical records of 28 suicide attempts, attended at the Mahaicony Hospital, Guyana, from January to June, 2015. Results: the age group from 10 to 29 was the most affected with 67.86%, without significant differences between women and men 53.57% and 46.43% each. Indians descendants represented 71.43%; followed by Africans with 21.43% and mixtures showed a 7.14%. Literacy was the predominant level of education up to 64.29% and the ingestion of toxic substances up to 92.86% was the leading method, followed by the ingestion of tablets with 7.14%. Conclusions: suicide attempt is a health problem in this region, so strategies to identify and control the risk factors are the key for reducing its incidence.