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AIMS: To explore the traditional Mexican religious fiesta as a primary locus for community-based excessive drinking and violence against women. The research argues that the pattern of drinking and violence cannot be placed within explanations that tie a breakdown in social norms to drinking nor drinking to a breakdown in social norms. DESIGN: The data were gathered over 14 continuous months of participant observation in 1995 and 1996, followed by two summer research projects in 1997 and 1998. The researcher documented the activities of the participants at each fiesta and followed-up each event with interviews of the parties involved in violent confrontations. In addition, life stories and archival data on violence were conducted and used to situate current findings against historical data. SETTING: All data were collected in the community of Santa Maria Atzompa. Atzompa is a cabécera or municipal seat, for six colonias (large neighborhoods), and three ranchos (agriculturally based communities) and has a population of just over 5200. The main community of Atzompa, where most of the research was conducted, has a population of 2700+. PARTICIPANTS: Over 1000 individuals participated in community religious fiestas that the researcher attended. More than half of these were men, and almost all the men present participated in the binge drinking. MEASUREMENTS: Sixteen religious fiestas and 13 non-religious fiestas were documented through participant observation and photographs. FINDINGS: In every religious-based fiesta, violence erupted and was directed primarily against women. Husband and wife abuse accounted for 10 of the 16 violent disruptions (63%) while male/male abuse accounted for six (38%). CONCLUSIONS: The perpetuation of binge drinking and violence are part of a historic cycle of male dominance that dates back to the introduction of alcohol distillation during colonization by the Spaniards in the 16th century, compounded today by frustration over their inability to control the economic and political aspects of their households and community. Women's acquiescence to the violence is a form of mediation over male frustrations that allow women to continue in their roles as economic providers.

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It has been demonstrated that, in the diabetic rat, pregnancy and lactation are severely altered: in this study, we have measured the size of Langerhans islets of rat pups, the offspring of experimental diabetic mothers and nondiabetic controls. Diabetes was induced through streptozotocin administration (dose, 60 mg/kg body wt.). This drug was injected in every animal; their blood sugar was measured 1 week later (Haemo-Glukotest, Boehringer Mannheim), and they were then separated into three groups according to their fasting blood sugar levels: (a) severe diabetics (above 16.5 mM/l); (b) mild diabetics (6.5-16.5 mM/l); and (c) nondiabetic normals. They received insulin therapy (2-4 I.U./day) as the mild diabetics exhibited a slightly higher than normal fasting blood sugar, and the diabetic ones, above 15 mM/l. The areas of Langerhans islets of pups were measured 1 and 5 days after parturition; pancreas sections were dyed (haematoxylin-eosin) and morphometry was then performed using a digitalized magnetic tabloid connected to a Zeiss Morphomat 30 (Kontron). On the first day after parturition, the pancreas section areas in pups from mildly and severely diabetic mothers were smaller than those in neonates from nondiabetic controls (P < 0.001). The areas in neonates from severely diabetic mothers showed a more intense decrease than those from mildly diabetic animals (P < 0.01). On day 5 after delivery, the areas of Langerhans islets in offspring from normal mothers decreased and those in pups from diabetic mothers tended to normalize (P < 0.01), particularly those from the severely sick group (P < 0.01). We conclude that after parturition the offspring is no longer exposed to the high blood sugar levels found in both diabetic groups of mothers, thereby no hyperinsulinemia is needed; as time elapses, then, the area of their Langerhans islets tends to normalization.

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Histology, size, and insulin content of Langerhans islets from normal and recent experimental hyperthyroid (REH) dogs were studied. Insulin localization in the islets was revealed by immunohistochemistry, and the remaining two variables were analyzed by computerized microspectrophotometry according to an original technique described here. Observed under the light microscope, the REH dog pancreas section shows larger than normal islets whose scarce beta-granules are mainly located near B-cell borders and grouped along capillaries. The brown areas occupied by insulin in Langerhans islets from REH and normal dogs (mean +/- SEM) are 5182 +/- 311 and 4236 +/- 287 microns2, the total mean insulin amount per respective islet section-as expressed in absorbance arbitrary units-is 1108 and 1846, and the light absorbances per such area units are 0.214 +/- 0.070 and 0.436 +/- 0.060, respectively. Measuring these variables in dog and human (large) pancreases by the conventional methods successfully used for small pancreases would have been technically impossible.

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In bitches in anestrus, artificial endometrial sex cycles were induced. Estrus was induced by 17 beta-estradiol benzoate administration; matched untreated and vehicle-treated controls were studied. Early metadiestrus (6th day after appearance of metestrum cells in vaginal smears) was induced by the sequential administration of 17 beta-estradiol benzoate and progesterone: matched studies with only one hormone or vehicles were also carried out. In different groups of animals, blood sugar (BS), serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and serum free fatty acids (FFA) in the basal conditions and during glucose and insulin tests were studied. Insulin was immunocytolocalized in sections of pancreas from a part of these animals. Size and insulin content in Langerhans islets were measured by morphometric and cytospectrophotometric computerized analysis. Extra-pancreatic factors--space of distribution, t1/2 in blood stream--regulating serum IRI and BS levels were calculated. The hypoglycemic effect of insulin was enhanced by estrogenization, together with insulin accumulation in Langerhans islets. Progesterone treatment caused mild insulin resistance together with depletion of pancreatic insulin stores in the long run. Glucose tolerance of progesterone-injected bitches was improved after estrogen priming with greater space of distribution of glucose. Furthermore, a high basal serum FFA levels in bitches receiving the hormone sequence was observed. We may therefore conclude that the metabolic and endocrine changes induced in bitches by artificial sex cycles converge towards excellent BS homeostasis leads to the replenishing of pancreatic insulin stores, so that estrogen-progesterone administration in sequence appears to be, in this experimental condition, non-diabetogenic.

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Mongrel, male, fasted, unanesthetized dogs under the following alternative treatments: 1) nil, 2) orchidectomy 4 months before the study, 3) orchidectomy 10 months in advance, 4) orchidectomy like in (3) followed by i.m. propylenglycol treatment, 0.05 ml/kg body wt./day, 15 days (vehicle controls, and 5) testosterone hemisuccinate in propylenglycol, 0.75 mg in 0.05 ml/kg body wt./day, for 15 days, were used in this study. Pancreas slices of animals of every group were stained with immunoperoxidase. The animals were fasted, anesthetized for pancreas removal. Pancreatic section mean absorbance was estimated in a Zeiss cytospectrophotometer with a coupled computer. Blood sugar (BS) and both serum, immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and free fatty acids (FFA) were assayed in these.

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Mongrel, male, fasted, unanesthetized dogs under the following alternative treatments: 1) nil, 2) orchidectomy 4 months before the study, 3) orchidectomy 10 months in advance, 4) orchidectomy like in (3) followed by i.m. propylenglycol treatment, 0.05 ml/kg body wt./day, 15 days (vehicle controls, and 5) testosterone hemisuccinate in propylenglycol, 0.75 mg in 0.05 ml/kg body wt./day, for 15 days, were used in this study. Pancreas slices of animals of every group were stained with immunoperoxidase. The animals were fasted, anesthetized for pancreas removal. Pancreatic section mean absorbance was estimated in a Zeiss cytospectrophotometer with a coupled computer. Blood sugar (BS) and both serum, immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and free fatty acids (FFA) were assayed in these.

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The actions of ovariectomy performed 4 months in advance on pancreas cytology and also upon the blood sugar, serum immunoreactive insulin and circulating free fatty acid changes over glucose and insulin tests, were studied in female dogs. We concluded that ovariectomy does not affect blood sugar -basally or during the tests-, glucose space and clearance rate of glucose from circulation. Conversely, the integrated insulinemic response over glucose test was highly risen (956%) by ovariectomy in such animals; the rise occurs despite they show a broadened (59%) insulin space, is slightly mediated by a reduction (132%) in insulin clearance from circulation, and appears to be chiefly mediated by a major enhancement in insulin secretion. The immunocytolocalization of insulin in the pancreatic tissue of ovariectomized female dogs showed hypertrophy of Langerhans islets, beta-degranulation but no vacuolation. However, the piling up of the beta-granules by the vascularly pole of the B-cells as well as the appearance of a pretty number of small islets and microislets widespread over the acini, absent in the pancreatic tissue of the untreated controls in anestrous, indicate for the insulin secretory potency of the pancreas of the ovariectomized female dog to be apparently high. In the female dog, ovariectomy affects serum free fatty acid levels via at least two mechanisms, viz., a) stimulation of lipid storage over the glucose test, and b) reduction in lipomobilization as insulin antagonism predominates.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The actions of ovariectomy performed 4 months in advance on pancreas cytology and also upon the blood sugar, serum immunoreactive insulin and circulating free fatty acid changes over glucose and insulin tests, were studied in female dogs. We concluded that ovariectomy does not affect blood sugar -basally or during the tests-, glucose space and clearance rate of glucose from circulation. Conversely, the integrated insulinemic response over glucose test was highly risen (956

) by ovariectomy in such animals; the rise occurs despite they show a broadened (59

) insulin space, is slightly mediated by a reduction (132

) in insulin clearance from circulation, and appears to be chiefly mediated by a major enhancement in insulin secretion. The immunocytolocalization of insulin in the pancreatic tissue of ovariectomized female dogs showed hypertrophy of Langerhans islets, beta-degranulation but no vacuolation. However, the piling up of the beta-granules by the vascularly pole of the B-cells as well as the appearance of a pretty number of small islets and microislets widespread over the acini, absent in the pancreatic tissue of the untreated controls in anestrous, indicate for the insulin secretory potency of the pancreas of the ovariectomized female dog to be apparently high. In the female dog, ovariectomy affects serum free fatty acid levels via at least two mechanisms, viz., a) stimulation of lipid storage over the glucose test, and b) reduction in lipomobilization as insulin antagonism predominates.

RESUMO

The pancreatic cytology and the glycemic, insulinemic and serum free fatty acid responses in dogs during hyperglycemia induced by glucose and over hypoglycemia evoked by insulin have been studied. The dogs were in the alternative following conditions: untreated, under propylenglycol treatment (vehicle controls) and under testosterone propionate plus its vehicle. Testosterone dose: 0.75 mg/kg body wt./day, once daily. Both intramuscular treatments lasted 2 weeks. In the pancreas of the untreated dogs, the islets presented irregular edges with acute prominences, and B-cells could be clearly appreciated, with a high content of dark brown beta-granules of insulin. B-cells presented negative images of nuclei located in the central areas of such cells. In the pancreas of the testosterone treated dogs, the yellowish cytoplasms of the B-cells looked empty, bearing just a few beta-granules (small amount of stored insulin). The B-cells appear to present a great number of vacuoles in testosterone treated dogs. The curve of glycemia in the glucose and insulin tests, the glucose space and the half-life time of insulin in circulation in dogs under testosterone plus vehicle treatment were similar to those observed in dogs treated with propylenglycol pursuant to the same experimental design used in the other two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Assuntos

RESUMO

The pancreatic cytology and the glycemic, insulinemic and serum free fatty acid responses in dogs during hyperglycemia induced by glucose and over hypoglycemia evoked by insulin have been studied. The dogs were in the alternative following conditions: untreated, under propylenglycol treatment (vehicle controls) and under testosterone propionate plus its vehicle. Testosterone dose: 0.75 mg/kg body wt./day, once daily. Both intramuscular treatments lasted 2 weeks. In the pancreas of the untreated dogs, the islets presented irregular edges with acute prominences, and B-cells could be clearly appreciated, with a high content of dark brown beta-granules of insulin. B-cells presented negative images of nuclei located in the central areas of such cells. In the pancreas of the testosterone treated dogs, the yellowish cytoplasms of the B-cells looked empty, bearing just a few beta-granules (small amount of stored insulin). The B-cells appear to present a great number of vacuoles in testosterone treated dogs. The curve of glycemia in the glucose and insulin tests, the glucose space and the half-life time of insulin in circulation in dogs under testosterone plus vehicle treatment were similar to those observed in dogs treated with propylenglycol pursuant to the same experimental design used in the other two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)