RESUMO
Introducción: el uso de guías para el tratamiento antibiótico empírico constituye una estrategia fundamental para contener el aumento sostenido en la resistencia bacteriana y en los gastos en antibióticos. En 1998, en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell se adecuaron las guías de antibioticoterapia empírica par alas infecciones más frecuentes asistidas en salas generales y en emergencia, en base a la epidemiología local. Desde esa fecha se comenzó la vigilancia deel uso de antibióticos. Objetivos: analizar los resultados de esta vigilancia sobre el gasto y el consumo de antibióticos y sobre la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Metodología: se determinó el gasto generado por los antibióticos recomendados en las guías de atención hospitalaria, en salas generales y en emergencia (penicilina, aminopenicilinas, cefalosporinas, macrólidos). Para estimar el consumo en pacientes hospitalizados se calculó la dosis diaria definida (DDD)/100 camas día para cada uno de los antibióticos. Se compararon los resultados de gasto y consumo 2001-2. Se comparó la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de los gérmenes más frecuentes del período 2001-2 con la previa a la adecuación de las guías terapéuticas. Resultados: los antibióticos recomendados representaron enel año 2001, 57 por ciento del gasto en antibióticos (2.206.652,57 pesos) y en 2002, 54 por ciento (1.441.280 pesos). Los antibióticos más usados fueron las animopenicilinas. El consumo de cefuroxime intravenoso disminuyó 60 por ciento (de 13.1 a 5.36 DDD/100 camas-día). El consumo de ceftriaxona intravenosa y de amoxicilina oral aumentó 38 por ciento y 16 por ciento, respectivamente. Para el resto de los antibióticos el consumo se mantuvo constante. Las tasas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de los gérmenes más frecuentes (S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, E, coli, Shigella spp) a los antibióticos recomendados en las guías terapéuticas se mantuvieron por encima de 80 por ciento. Conclusiones: estos son los primeros resultados de la vigilancia del uso ded antibióticos en este hospital y demuestran la vigencia y la aceptación de las guías de antibióticoterapia empírica propuestas. Es difícil interpretar la disminución del gasto en antibióticos debido a la variación en el precio de estos medicamentos en este período.
Assuntos
Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/economia , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Custos de MedicamentosRESUMO
We studied microorganisms associated with infant diarrhea in a group of 256 children admitted to a public pediatric hospital in Montevideo, Uruguay. Diagnostic procedures were updated to optimize detection of potential pathogens, which were found in 63.8% of cases, and to be able to define their characteristics down to molecular or antigenic type. Coinfection with two or more agents was detected in more than one-third of positive studies. Escherichia coli enteric virotypes, especially enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), were shown to be prevalent. Rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter (mainly Campylobacter jejuni), and Shigella flexneri were also often identified. Enterotoxigenic E. coli, Salmonella, and Giardia lamblia were sporadically recognized. Unusual findings included two enteroinvasive E. coli strains, one Shigella dysenteriae 2 isolate, and a non-O:1 Vibrio cholerae culture. EPEC bacteria and S. flexneri (but not Salmonella) showed unusually frequent antimicrobial resistance, especially towards beta-lactam antibiotics, which is the subject of ongoing work.
Assuntos
Cryptosporidium/isolamento & purificação , Diarreia/etiologia , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Criptosporidiose/parasitologia , Cryptosporidium/classificação , Giardia lamblia/classificação , Giardíase/parasitologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/classificação , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas/microbiologia , Humanos , Lactente , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Rotavirus/classificação , Infecções por Rotavirus/virologia , UruguaiRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To report the results of the use of antimicrobial guidelines for the management of children with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. METHODS: Admittance and discharge criteria and algorithms for diagnosis and treatment were established. The decision to treat with antibiotics was based on radiologic findings in pneumonia with pulmonary consolidation and left to the attending physician's criteria in the remaining cases. The use of antibiotics was limited to penicillin and derivatives (ampicillin, amoxicillin) and macrolides. RESULTS: Of the 1163 children treated as bacterial pneumonia, hospitalized in public and private health facilities in Montevideo from September, 1997, through September, 1998, standard case management was applied in 1082 (93%). Age distribution was: <1 month, 1%; between 1 and 11 months, 29%; between 1 and 5 years, 50%; >5 years, 20%. Chest radiography showed evidence of pulmonary consolidation in 843 children (73%). Bacteria were detected in blood culture and/or pleural fluid of 57 children (5%). In 51 the identified microorganism was Streptococcus pneumoniae, susceptible to penicillin in 30, intermediate in 6 and resistant in 5 (maximum MIC, 4 microg/ml); in 10 cases etiologic diagnosis was made by antigen detection. Empyema was present in 62 children (5.3%); 38 (3.27%) required treatment in an intensive care unit; and 5 (0.4%) died. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with standard case management was highly satisfactory. Outcome of children treated with penicillin and derivatives was good, including children with empyema and pneumatocele and two patients with penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. At the present time S. pneumoniae resistant to penicillin is not an important problem in children with pneumonia in Uruguay. Surveillance of identified microorganisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility must continue.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Penicilinas/uso terapêutico , Pneumonia Bacteriana/tratamento farmacológico , Algoritmos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecções Comunitárias Adquiridas/tratamento farmacológico , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Empiema Pleural/complicações , Feminino , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Hospitalização , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Macrolídeos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pneumonia Bacteriana/complicações , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Radiografia Torácica , Resultado do Tratamento , UruguaiRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Flu vaccination in otherwise healthy infants and young children is important to prevent severe disease, as well as to control epidemic spread of influenza infection. AIMS: To examine the safety and immunogenicity of a paediatric presentation of a purified, inactivated, triton split influenza vaccine. METHODS: Two doses of the vaccine, provided in prefilled syringes of 0.25 ml, were administered, one month apart, to 67 children under 3 years of age. RESULTS: Nine cases of immediate reaction to vaccination (macules/papules) were observed after the second injection only. During the study period, 9% of children experienced at least one delayed local reaction, and 28% of children presented at least one systemic reaction. Almost all reactions were mild and transient. Immunogenicity results surpassed the European Community recommendations for a 0.50 ml dose of vaccine in adults. CONCLUSION: This paediatric formulation of inactivated flu vaccine appears safe and immunogenic in children from 6 months to 3 years of age; the convenient presentation in a prefilled syringe of 0.25 ml volume will facilitate administration of the dose recommended for young children.