RESUMO

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar uma atualização epidemiológica sobre a raiva em herbívoros e animais silvestres no Estado do Maranhão durante o período de 2010 a 2018. Foi realizada uma análise com base na estatística descritiva, por meio da distribuição de frequências relativas e absolutas. Do total de 409 amostras testadas, independente da espécie, 16,63% (68/409) foram positivas para raiva. Destas, 13,44% (55/409) foram bovinos, 2,44% (10/409) equídeos e 0,73% (3/409) animais silvestres. O percentual total de positividade, quando considerada a espécie ou grupo de espécies (animais silvestres) foi de 35,55% para bovinos, 25,18% para equídeos e 4,86% para animais silvestres. Observa-se ainda que o ano com maior positividade foi o de 2018 com cerca de 46,42% de animais positivos, seguido pelos anos de 2013 e 2012, com, respectivamente, 41,66% e 33,33% animais positivos. Em relação à distribuição geográfica da raiva, houve confirmação de casos em 31 dos 217 municípios do Maranhão, os quais encontram-se distribuídos entre as mesorregiões Norte, Centro, Leste e Oeste maranhense. Desse modo, a raiva está presente no Estado do Maranhão, principalmente entre a população bovina, que tem apresentado incidências elevadas até o presente momento.

This study aimed to present an epidemiological update on rabies in herbivores and wild animals in the State of Maranhão during the period 2010-2018. An analysis was performed, based on the descriptive statistics, through the distribution of relative and absolute frequencies. Of the 409 samples tested, independently of species, 16.63% (68/409) were positive for rabies. Of these, 13.44% (55/409) were cattle, 2.44% (10/409) of equidae and 0.73% (3/409) of wild animals. The total percentage of positivity was 35.55% for cattle, 25.18% for equidae and 4.86% for wild animals. It is observed that the year with the highest positivity was 2018 with about 46,43% of positive animals, followed by the years of 2013 and 2012, with respectively 41,67% and 33,33% of positive animals. Regarding the geographical distribution of rabies, cases were confirmed in 31 of the 217 municipalities of Maranhão, which are distributed among the mesoregions North, Center, East and West of Maranhão. Rabies is present in the State of Maranhão, mainly among the bovine population, which has presented high incidences until the present moment.

Assuntos

RESUMO

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar uma atualização epidemiológica sobre a raiva em herbívoros e animais silvestres no Estado do Maranhão durante o período de 2010 a 2018. Foi realizada uma análise com base na estatística descritiva, por meio da distribuição de frequências relativas e absolutas. Do total de 409 amostras testadas, independente da espécie, 16,63% (68/409) foram positivas para raiva. Destas, 13,44% (55/409) foram bovinos, 2,44% (10/409) equídeos e 0,73% (3/409) animais silvestres. O percentual total de positividade, quando considerada a espécie ou grupo de espécies (animais silvestres) foi de 35,55% para bovinos, 25,18% para equídeos e 4,86% para animais silvestres. Observa-se ainda que o ano com maior positividade foi o de 2018 com cerca de 46,42% de animais positivos, seguido pelos anos de 2013 e 2012, com, respectivamente, 41,66% e 33,33% animais positivos. Em relação à distribuição geográfica da raiva, houve confirmação de casos em 31 dos 217 municípios do Maranhão, os quais encontram-se distribuídos entre as mesorregiões Norte, Centro, Leste e Oeste maranhense. Desse modo, a raiva está presente no Estado do Maranhão, principalmente entre a população bovina, que tem apresentado incidências elevadas até o presente momento.

RESUMO

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar uma atualização epidemiológica sobre a raiva em herbívoros e animais silvestres no Estado do Maranhão durante o período de 2010 a 2018. Foi realizada uma análise com base na estatística descritiva, por meio da distribuição de frequências relativas e absolutas. Do total de 409 amostras testadas, independente da espécie, 16,63% (68/409) foram positivas para raiva. Destas, 13,44% (55/409) foram bovinos, 2,44% (10/409) equídeos e 0,73% (3/409) animais silvestres. O percentual total de positividade, quando considerada a espécie ou grupo de espécies (animais silvestres) foi de 35,55% para bovinos, 25,18% para equídeos e 4,86% para animais silvestres. Observa-se ainda que o ano com maior positividade foi o de 2018 com cerca de 46,42% de animais positivos, seguido pelos anos de 2013 e 2012, com, respectivamente, 41,66% e 33,33% animais positivos. Em relação à distribuição geográfica da raiva, houve confirmação de casos em 31 dos 217 municípios do Maranhão, os quais encontram-se distribuídos entre as mesorregiões Norte, Centro, Leste e Oeste maranhense. Desse modo, a raiva está presente no Estado do Maranhão, principalmente entre a população bovina, que tem apresentado incidências elevadas até o presente momento.(AU)

This study aimed to present an epidemiological update on rabies in herbivores and wild animals in the State of Maranhão during the period 2010-2018. An analysis was performed, based on the descriptive statistics, through the distribution of relative and absolute frequencies. Of the 409 samples tested, independently of species, 16.63% (68/409) were positive for rabies. Of these, 13.44% (55/409) were cattle, 2.44% (10/409) of equidae and 0.73% (3/409) of wild animals. The total percentage of positivity was 35.55% for cattle, 25.18% for equidae and 4.86% for wild animals. It is observed that the year with the highest positivity was 2018 with about 46,43% of positive animals, followed by the years of 2013 and 2012, with respectively 41,67% and 33,33% of positive animals. Regarding the geographical distribution of rabies, cases were confirmed in 31 of the 217 municipalities of Maranhão, which are distributed among the mesoregions North, Center, East and West of Maranhão. Rabies is present in the State of Maranhão, mainly among the bovine population, which has presented high incidences until the present moment.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Calcium titanate zirconate, Ca(Ti(1-x)Zrx)O3 (CZT), powders have been synthesised by the polymeric precursor method. The structural analysis of the CZT powders was monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) and textural analysis. The photocatalytic properties were evaluated by methylene blue (MB) decomposition and real textile wastewater (RTW) combined treatment (coagulation/flocculation/photocatalysis). Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of RTW was successfully reduced from 6195 mg L-1 (untreated) to 662 mg L-1 after coagulation/flocculation with a tannin-based coagulant (Tanfloc®) and finally to 471 mg L-1 after combined treatment (coagulation/flocculation/photocatalysis) applying ultraviolet radiation and CaTiO3 as photocatalyst.

Assuntos

RESUMO

PIP: The National School of Public Health aided by WHO conducted a survey between 1984 and 1985 in 7 communities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, enlisting 1900 women aged 15-49 from 2019 households selected. 1783 were interviewed, yielding a response rate of 92%. 538 (30%) women were single, 7.2% of who had no sexual experience. 4.5% of the sample were widowed, divorced, or separated. Their familiarity with contraceptives was as follows: oral contraceptives, (OCs) 99.7%; female sterilization and the condom, 90%; coitus interruptus and vasectomy; 33%; the diaphragm, 27%; and natural methods; 22%. 83% of the women used OCs; less than 20% used the condom, coitus interruptus, or spermicides; and 5% had used the IUD. 8% of those 40 decided on tubal sterilization. 67% of the women in sexual unions used contraceptives vs. 35% of single women with sexual activity. Nonuse increased after age 35, while more than 50% of women 20 did not use contraceptives. Half of the sterilized women underwent the procedure before age 30 when they had 4 children. 66% of ligations were done during birth, and accompanied 63% Cesarean section. Only 28 of sterilizations were done by laparoscopy on another occasion. Misinformation about sterilization was rife, as 15% of sterilized women states that they wanted to bear a child in the future, and 11% thought that they could get pregnant. 42% of women aged 35 and over were sterilized by laparoscopy. In hospitals and clinics the average sterilized woman was 29.4 years old and had 3.5 children. Contraceptive prevalence was higher than the national average, it was comparable to the level in countries that have traditionally low fertility. The fact that OCs, the pill, and tubal ligation made up the predominant pattern of contraceptive use is the result of the inability of the health care system to provide an integrated family planning program with education about and provision of contraceptives.^ieng

Assuntos

RESUMO

This paper examines the practice of abortion, especially induced abortion among low income women. The discussion is based on survey data collected between 1984 and 1985 in seven slum communities (favelas) situated in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Despite restrictive law, induced abortion is extremely frequent. Among married women 21.4 per cent reported experience of induced abortion. Most abortions were performed by physicians, however the quality of care of these procedures can be questioned since almost all induced abortions are illegal there is no possible supervision by health authorities. The incidence of post-abortion complication is very high, especially for those performed by traditional midwifes or by the woman herself. More than 60 per cent of the women were not using contraception at the time of pregnancy. About, 21 per cent reported that they were using the pill. Such a high pill failure rate is inacceptable, and probably was related to incorrect use. This points to the need for a better access to family planning care within the health services. The consequences of the restrictive abortion laws in Brazil are also discussed. Restrictions that in practice prove to have little impact on the practice of induced abortion, appear to be very effective in brooding even more the social-economic inequalities.