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Introduction: The bone-implant interface has been studied extensively, but only few papers focused on the nutritional aspects that may affect bone quality, especially salt intake. Objective: To study the osseointegration of implants in salt-loaded rats with low mineral bone content. Methods: A total of 60 4-month-old male rats were divided in 2 groups ( n = 30), being these groups divided in 2 periods, (2 and 4 months). The control group received a normal diet, while the test group received a diet supplemented with 1% sodium chloride (NaCl). Implants were placed in the tibia of both groups. A total of 15 animals of each group were sacrificed at the 2 nd month of the experiment, while the remaining animals were sacrificed at the 4 th month. Results: No statistically significant difference was found in food intake between the groups on any experimental period, but a statistically significant difference was found in the liquid intake in the saline group in both periods. For all groups, osseointegration was observed in both groups. The mean percentage of osseointegration in the cortical bone, in the trabecular bone, and in the total osseointegrated surface between the control (46.38 ± 16.17%) and saline (49.13 ± 11.52%) groups at 2 months was not statistically different ( p = 0.61). The total osseointegration areas of the control (53.98 ± 12.06%) and saline (51.40 ± 13.01%) groups at the 4 th month of the study were not statistically ( p = 0.61). Conclusion: Ingestion of salt did not affect directly the osseointegration process during the period of the experiment. The results suggest that mineral losses may not affect the achievement of good osseointegration in aging rats. (AU)

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Introduction The bone-implant interface has been studied extensively, but only few papers focused on the nutritional aspects that may affect bone quality, especially salt intake. Objective To study the osseointegration of implants in salt-loaded rats with low mineral bone content. Methods A total of 60 4-month-old male rats were divided in 2 groups ( n = 30), being these groups divided in 2 periods, (2 and 4 months). The control group received a normal diet, while the test group received a diet supplemented with 1% sodium chloride (NaCl). Implants were placed in the tibia of both groups. A total of 15 animals of each group were sacrificed at the 2 nd month of the experiment, while the remaining animals were sacrificed at the 4 th month. Results No statistically significant difference was found in food intake between the groups on any experimental period, but a statistically significant difference was found in the liquid intake in the saline group in both periods. For all groups, osseointegration was observed in both groups. The mean percentage of osseointegration in the cortical bone, in the trabecular bone, and in the total osseointegrated surface between the control (46.38 ± 16.17%) and saline (49.13 ± 11.52%) groups at 2 months was not statistically different ( p = 0.61). The total osseointegration areas of the control (53.98 ± 12.06%) and saline (51.40 ± 13.01%) groups at the 4 th month of the study were not statistically ( p = 0.61). Conclusion Ingestion of salt did not affect directly the osseointegration process during the period of the experiment. The results suggest that mineral losses may not affect the achievement of good osseointegration in aging rats.

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OBJECTIVES: To explore the sociocultural context in which patients and dentists in urban and rural communities in Southern Brazil interpret dental problems. METHOD: Beliefs and experiences related to dental problems were explored in eight focus groups involving a total of 41 older patients, and in direct interviews with two dentists and two dental assistants. The interactions were audio recorded and transcribed for thematic analysis. RESULTS: The beliefs and experiences of the participants focused on four main themes: cultural beliefs; dental services; decisions to extract teeth; and expectations for change. A culture of pre-nuptial tooth loss and complete dentures was considered beneficial to young women. Although dental services at the time were scarce in the region, demands for relief of pain were extensive despite the fear and anxiety of the participants. Extraction of teeth and fabrication of complete dentures were the usual dental treatments available, although some participants felt that dentists withheld other treatment options. Participants were hopeful that dental services would improve for their children. CONCLUSIONS: Patients and dental professionals in urban and rural communities of Southern Brazil managed dental problems within a culture of limited access and availability of services that favoured dental extractions and complete dentures.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the incidence density (ID) of new root caries lesions and restorations among community-living south Brazilian older adults and to assess its association with predictor variables. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort with a random sample of elders from the municipality of Carlos Barbosa, in south Brazil. Trained dentists performed interviews and oral examinations in 388 individuals at baseline, of which 273 were retained at follow-up 4 years later. Our outcome was root caries ID, with 100 root-years as its unit of measure. Demographic, biological and lifestyle predictors were tested with Poisson regression. RESULTS: The mean number of roots at baseline among participants was 7.0 (SD ± 4.9) and the incidence rate per 100 root-year 4.9 (SD ± 8.9). Incidence of root caries among these older Brazilians was of 47.3%. The associated factors with the incidence of root caries were age, geographic location of residence, frequency of tooth brushing and stimulated saliva flow rate. CONCLUSION: Age, external environment, personal practices and oral status were predictors of the incidence of root caries. Preventive strategies including the use of fluorides and instruction to improve the attitude and behaviour towards oral hygiene are needed.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between depressive symptoms and root caries among independent-living older persons. All community-dwelling older adults (not hospitalized and not bedridden) living in Carlos Barbosa, RS, Brazil, were invited to participate, and 785 completed the study protocol (standardized questionnaire assessing socio-demographic information and health behavior, Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS] - brief version, and oral examination [DMFT-Root index, Visible Plaque Index and stimulated salivary flow]). Out of them, 390 participants with at least one natural tooth were included in the present analysis. The outcome of interest was the ratio between the number of decayed roots and the number of roots at risk. The association between independent variables (depression and socioeconomic aspects) and the outcome was assessed using negative binomial regression models. RESULTS: The final, fully adjusted model revealed that age (ß=0.03, p=0.001), female sex (ß=-0.23, p=0.08), living in a rural area (ß=0.25, p=0.008), tooth brushing frequency (ß=0.43, p=0.025) and stimulated salivary flow (ß=-0.012, p<0.0001) were significantly associated with the presence of root caries. In addition, the interaction between male sex and the presence of depression symptoms (ß=-0.99, p=0.012) was also independently and significantly associated with root caries. The interaction between male sex and depression symptoms was associated with root caries, suggesting that psychological mechanisms may be involved indirectly in the development of root caries in older adults.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between depressive symptoms and root caries among independent-living older persons. All community-dwelling older adults (not hospitalized and not bedridden) living in Carlos Barbosa, RS, Brazil, were invited to participate, and 785 completed the study protocol (standardized questionnaire assessing socio-demographic information and health behavior, Geriatric Depression Scale [GDS] - brief version, and oral examination [DMFT-Root index, Visible Plaque Index and stimulated salivary flow]). Out of them, 390 participants with at least one natural tooth were included in the present analysis. The outcome of interest was the ratio between the number of decayed roots and the number of roots at risk. The association between independent variables (depression and socioeconomic aspects) and the outcome was assessed using negative binomial regression models. Results: The final, fully adjusted model revealed that age (β=0.03, p=0.001), female sex (β=-0.23, p=0.08), living in a rural area (β=0.25, p=0.008), tooth brushing frequency (β=0.43, p=0.025) and stimulated salivary flow (β=-0.012, p<0.0001) were significantly associated with the presence of root caries. In addition, the interaction between male sex and the presence of depression symptoms (β=-0.99, p=0.012) was also independently and significantly associated with root caries. The interaction between male sex and depression symptoms was associated with root caries, suggesting that psychological mechanisms may be involved indirectly in the development of root caries in older adults.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre sintomas depressivos e cáries radiculares entre idosos independentes. Todos os idosos moradores da comunidade (não hospitalizados e não acamados) residentes em Carlos Barbosa, RS, foram convidados a participar, e 785 completaram o protocolo do estudo (questionário padronizado de avaliação sociodemográfica e comportamento de saúde, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica [GDS ] - versão resumida e exame oral [Índice de CPOD-Raiz, índice de placa visível e fluxo salivar estimulado]). Destes, 390 participantes com pelo menos um dente natural foram incluídos na presente análise. O desfecho foi a razão entre o número de raízes em decomposição e o número de raízes em risco. A associação entre variáveis independentes (depressão e aspectos socioeconômicos) e o desfecho foram avaliados utilizando modelos de regressão binomial negativa. O modelo final totalmente ajustado revelou que a idade (b=0,03, p=0,001), sexo feminino (b=-0,23, p=0,08), vivendo em área rural (b=0,25, p=0,008), frequência de escovação (b=0,43, p=0,025) e o fluxo salivar estimulado (b=-0,012, p<0,0001) foram significativamente associados à presença de cárie radicular. Além disso, a interação entre sexo masculino e a presença de sintomas de depressão (b=-0,99, p=0,012) também foi independente e significativamente associada com cáries radiculares. A interação entre sexo masculino e sintomas de depressão foi associada com cárie radicular, sugerindo que mecanismos psicológicos podem estar envolvidos indiretamente no desenvolvimento de cáries radiculares em adultos mais velhos.

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PURPOSE: To examine the extent to which denture satisfaction can be determined by a measure of the denture's functional quality and by patient-reported measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used data obtained from 117 edentulous individuals with a mean age of 73.7 (SD = 5.6) years in southern Brazil. The edentulous individuals rated their levels of general satisfaction with their actual dentures, using a visual analog scale. Explanatory variables included the individual's information about ability to chew, ability to speak, esthetics, and sociodemographic factors. The dentures were evaluated using the validated 9-item Functional Assessment of Dentures instrument. Bivariate statistical analyses and Poisson regression models (prevalence ratio [PR]; 95% CI; p < 0.05) were used to test the association of explanatory variables with patients' general satisfaction with their complete dentures. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant association between patients' general satisfaction and stability of maxillary (rocking movement) (adjusted PR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.07-1.52) and mandibular dentures (occlusal displacement) (adjusted PR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.16-2.43), masticatory ability (adjusted PR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.08-2.19), and the age of the mandibular denture (adjusted PR = 1.47; 95% CI: 1.10-1.97). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicated that measures of denture stability, masticatory ability, and age of dentures appeared to be determinants of patients' satisfaction with dentures.

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Background: Mucoperiosteal fl ap surgeries (MFS) are carried out to provide access to the alveolar bone and root surfaces in several clinical situations. Nevertheless, they lead to a variable degree of alveolar bone resorption. Raloxifene is an agonist in bone, and acts inhibiting bone loss. Objective: To evaluate the effect of raloxifene in preventing alveolar bone resorption after MFS using an experimental model of mouse mandibles. Methods: MFS was performed on the buccal aspect of the left side of the mandible (BL) in 20 male CF1 Musdomesticus mice divided into two groups with the same number of animals: the experimental group was treated once daily with raloxifene injections (3 mg/kg), and the placebo group was treated with daily injections of the vehicle. The buccal aspects of right hemimandibles were used as controls (BR). Mandibles were removed, defl eshed and stained with toluidine blue in a stereomicroscope. Digital images were obtained and the alveolar bone loss was measured (mm²) using an image analysis software. Results: The BL area exhibited signifi cantly more bone loss (Student t test; p < 0.01) when compared to the BR area, in both groups. No statistically signifi cant difference was observed between the experimental and the placebo groups. Conclusion: In this study, raloxifene did not inhibit alveolar bone resorption following MFS in male mice.

Introdução: Cirurgias de retalho mucoperiosteal (CRM) são realizadas para permitir acesso ao osso alveolar e à superfície radicular em várias situações clínicas. No entanto, elas levam a um grau variável de reabsorção óssea alveolar. O raloxifeno tem ação agonista em tecido ósseo e atua inibindo perda óssea. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do raloxifeno na prevenção de reabsorção óssea alveolar após CRM usando o modelo experimental de mandíbulas de camundongos. Métodos: Foram realizadas CRMs na face vestibular, lado esquerdo, das mandíbulas (VE) de 20 camundongos CF1 Musdomesticus machos, divididos em dois grupos com mesmo número de animais: o grupo experimental foi tratado uma vez ao dia com injeções de raloxifeno (3 mg/kg), e o grupo placebo foi tratado uma vez ao dia com injeções do veículo. A face vestibular do lado direito da hemimandíbula foi usada como controle (BD). As mandíbulas foram removidas, dissecadas e coradas com azul de toluidina sob um estereomicroscópio. Imagens digitais foram obtidas e a perda óssea alveolar foi medida (mm²) usando um software de análise de imagens. Resultados: A área VE exibiu perda óssea signifi cativamente maior (teste t de Student; p < 0,01) quando comparada com a área BD, em ambos os grupos. Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente signifi cativa entre os grupos experimental e placebo. Conclusão: Neste estudo, o raloxifeno não inibiu a reabsorção óssea alveolar após CRM em camundongos machos.

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BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence suggests that an individual's level of mastication may play a role in their cognitive status. This suggests that in edentate individuals wearing complete denture, non-optimal mastication via inadequate denture could be related to cognitive status. OBJECTIVES: To examine the impact of quality of denture on cognitive status of a sample of elderly edentate Brazilian individuals wearing complete denture. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional analysis of data collected from 117 edentate elders (mean age 73.7 ± 5.6 years) wearing complete denture, in southern Brazil. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Brazilian version of the mini-mental state examination (MMSE). Clinical examination was conducted to evaluate the quality of dentures by use of the FAD (functional assessment of dentures) instrument. Masticatory ability was assessed by self-reported questions. RESULTS: The mean MMSE score for the total sample was 23.1 (SD=4.4) and was associated with age (p=0.001), education (p<0.0001), depressive symptoms (p=0.003), as well as the masticatory ability (p=0.001) and functional quality of dentures (p<0.0001). Unsatisfactory masticatory ability was more frequent in edentate individuals with lower FAD score (p<0.0001) and led to a lower MMSE total score. Unsatisfactory masticatory ability was associated with MMSE scores (p=0.002) after adjustment. CONCLUSION: The study results support the potential role of optimal functional quality of dentures in maintaining cognitive activity in elders. This association may be explained via mastication pathway. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The potential beneficial effect of functional dentures on cognitive status via mastication could encourage preventive strategies to decrease substantial risk of morbidity in elders.

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OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence and predictors of coronal caries among community-dwelling elderly in a southern Brazilian city. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted using a simple random sample of persons aged 60 years or older in Carlos Barbosa city, southern Brazil. Interviews and oral examinations were conducted among 388 dentate individuals at baseline and among 273 at 4-year follow-up. The incidence of coronal caries was modeled by means of negative binomial regression. RESULTS: Some 184 (76.7%) participants presented with new coronal caries lesions or restorations, whose mean number was 2.2 ± 2.1, whereas the 4-year mean coronal caries incidence rate was 0.28 ± 0.29. In the multivariate model that controlled for baseline predictors, older age, male gender, living in a rural area, current smoking, and negative self-perception of oral health were associated with coronal caries incidence. Among clinical variables, the use of partial dentures was a predictor, whereas higher saliva flow rate was a protective factor for the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Demographic factors, primary determinants of health, behavioral, and clinical variables were predictors of the incidence of coronal caries. As people enter old age, even stronger emphasis should be put on preventive strategies.

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