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This study examined the association of clinical factors, independent of sex and high psychosocial adversity (HPAd), with the presence of ADHD or other mental disorders, specifically within a middle-income country with a non-Caucasian population. A multi-centric cross-sectional study was conducted in three sites in Colombia. Our study recruited trios of an ADHD proband, one sibling, and one parent. We used valid instruments for assessing parents and siblings. The sample included 223 siblings, an average age of 12.3 (SD 3.9), and 51.1% Females. The ADHD recurrence risk ratio (λ) was 12. The clinical factors mainly associated with the presence of ADHD, independent of sex and HPAd, were 1) Pregnancy and childbirth complications, 2) Delayed psychomotor development, 3) Temperament, and 4) Sleep disturbances. Our research showed that, independently of HPAd and the male sex, there were other clinical factors associated with ADHD and other psychiatric disorders in this population. These findings need to be replicated in similar populations globally.

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Data management "behind the scenes" refers to collection, cleaning, imputation, and demarcation; and despite of being indispensable processes, they are usually neglected and thus, generate erroneous information. During the collection are errors: omission of covariates, deviation from the objective, and insufficient quality. The omission of covariates distorts the result attributed to the main manoeuvre. Deviation from the primary objective commonly occurs when the outcome is rare, delayed, or subjective and promotes substitution by non-equivalent surrogate variables. Moreover, insufficient quality occurs due to inadequate instruments, omission of the measurement procedure, or measurements out of context, such as attribution at the wrong time or equivalent. Furthermore, cleaning implies identifying erroneous, extreme, and missing values, which may or may not be imputed, depending on the percentage. The values of the manoeuvre or the outcome are never imputed, nor are patients eliminated due to a lack of values. Finally, the demarcation of each variable seeks to give it a clinical meaning about the outcome, for which a hierarchical sequence of criteria is followed: 1) previous clinical study, 2) expert agreement, 3) clinical judgment of the investigator/investigators, and 4) statistics. Acting without quality controls in data management frequently causes involuntary lies and confuses instead of clarifying.

El manejo de datos "tras bambalinas" se refiere a los procesos de recopilación, limpieza, imputación y demarcación; los cuales, aun siendo indispensables, usualmente suelen ser descuidados, por lo que generan información errónea. Durante la recopilación son errores: omisión de covariables, desvío del objetivo, y calidad insuficiente. La omisión de covariables distorsiona el resultado atribuido a la maniobra principal. El desvío del objetivo primario es común cuando el desenlace es raro, tardado o subjetivo y promueve la sustitución por variables subrogadas no equivalentes. Además, la calidad insuficiente, sucede por instrumentos inadecuados, omisión del procedimiento de medición, o medición fuera de contexto -como atribución a destiempo o equivalente-. Por otro lado, la limpieza implica identificar valores erróneos, extremos y faltantes, que podrán ser o no imputados, dependiendo del porcentaje se imputará comúnmente por la medida de resumen. Nunca se imputan los valores de la maniobra ni del desenlace, ni se eliminan pacientes por falta de valores. Finalmente, la demarcación de cada variable busca un significado clínico en referencia al desenlace, para ello se sigue una secuencia jerárquica de criterios: 1) estudio clínico previo, 2) acuerdo de expertos, 3) juicio clínico del investigador/investigadores y 4) estadística. Actuar sin controles de calidad en el manejo de datos provoca frecuentemente mentiras involuntarias y confunde en lugar de esclarecer.

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This study aimed to evaluate markers of the CLOCK gene rs1801260 and rs4864548 in Mexican adolescents, addressing clinical and biological aspects previously associated with ADHD. 347 Mexican adolescents were assessed for mental disorders, metabolic disruption and related conditions, circadian preference, as well as genotyping for the CLOCK. We found a significant association between ADHD and the AA and AG genotypes of rs1801260. Also, we identified in the ADHD group that the total Triiodothyronine and total Thyroxine values were respectively 10 ng/dl units and 0.58 ug/dl units lower in females than in males. Previously reported common variations of the CLOCK gene have been associated with ADHD like the Rs1801260 polymorphism hereby we could consider it as risk factor, but genetic, biochemical and clinical studies in the Mexican population are entailed.

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INTRODUCTION: Functioning in Bipolar Disorder (BD) is affected in a substantial proportion of patients. The impact of demographic, clinical, cognitive, and genetic factors on functioning has been shown individually; however, as a complex phenomenon, a global approach to identify the most relevant as well as possible interactions is needed. METHODS: 102 patients with type I BD in euthymia were invited for evaluation of demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics as well as genotype for Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF gene to determine those associated with poor functioning according to the FAST scale cut-off score. Clinical evaluation included assessment of residual affective symptoms and anxiety. Cognitive evaluation included the COBRA scale, verbal memory, and executive functions testing. RESULTS: Residual depressive symptoms, anxiety, cognitive complaints and being a Met carrier were more frequent in the poor functioning group and were entered in a logistic regression model. Being a Met carrier (OR=4.46, CI=1.19-16.67) and cognitive complaints (OR=1.29, CI= 1.13-1.46) were the most important predictors of poor functioning in type I BD. LIMITATIONS: Cross-sectional study, with select population limiting generalizability of findings. CONCLUSIONS: A better understanding of underlying factors affecting cognition, including the possible involvement of BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, its systematic evaluation and a continued search for targeted treatment, along with recognition and attention of residual affective and anxious symptoms might improve psychosocial outcomes such as functioning in this population.

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OBJECTIVE: Limited prosocial emotions (LPE) has been recently incorporated into international classifications as a specifier for conduct disorder in the DSM-5 and for all disruptive behavioural disorders in the ICD-11. The aims of the current work were to determine (a) the accuracy of each of the characteristics used to assess the LPE specifier and (b) whether the manner in which symptoms group together supports the idea of LPE having core characteristics. METHOD: Trained clinicians conducted interviews and determined LPE characteristics using responses from 74 parent/guardian and child/adolescent participants. RESULTS: The distribution of LPE characteristics among those participants with LPE (n = 13) was compared to those with only one LPE characteristic (n = 11). The proposal of callous lack of empathy (CLE) and shallow deficient affect (SDA) as core characteristics was supported by strong associations with the presence of the LPE specifier, larger specificity, and sensitivity indices than those for unconcerned about performance and lack of remorse or guilt, as well as by a robust aggregation in a latent class analysis. CONCLUSIONS: CLE and SDA could be considered as core characteristics of LPE in children and adolescents.

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Abstract Background A relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity has been consistently documented. Obesity and metabolic syndrome have been associated with misalignment between daily activities and circadian rhythm. ADHD patients have a high prevalence of delayed sleep phase syndrome, which is a circadian rhythm disorder. Understanding this relationship is important for the evaluation of obese population at risk. Objective The aim of this narrative review was to summarize the information updated until 2019 about the role of circadian rhythms in obese ADHD individuals. Method A search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Google Scholar database. The terms ADHD, obesity, circadian rhythm, sleep disorders, adolescent, adult, Adolesc, circadian, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and child were combined with logical functions. Results A total of 132 articles were reviewed. Evidence showed that ADHD subjects have an increased risk to present obesity and circadian rhythms disorders. Some possible pathways for this relationship have been hypothesized including obesity as a risk factor, an underpinned common biological dysfunction, and behavioral and cognitive features of individuals with ADHD. As most of the articles are methodologically cross-sectional, it is not possible to establish causative associations. Discussion and conclusion This review points out the importance of early recognizing and treating circadian rhythms disorders and obesity in ADHD patients. Future studies must be carried out with a longitudinal design to establish the effect of each comorbidity in the treatment of individuals with ADHD.

Resumen Antecedentes La relación entre el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) y la obesidad se ha documentado consistentemente. Por otro lado, el síndrome metabólico y la obesidad se han asociado con un desfase del ritmo circadiano. En poblaciones clínicas con TDAH se han encontrado una alta prevalencia del trastorno de fase de sueño retrasada, el cual es un trastorno del ritmo circadiano. Entender la relación entre estos padecimientos es importante para evaluar la población en riesgo de obesidad. Objetivo Resumir la información actualizada hasta 2019 sobre el rol del ritmo circadiano en individuos obesos con TDAH. Método Se realizó una búsqueda de artículos en las bases de datos MEDLINE, EMBASE y Google Scholar. Los términos TDAH, obesidad, ritmos circadianos, trastornos del sueño, adolescentes, adultos y niños se combinaron con operadores lógicos. Resultados Se revisaron un total de 132 artículos. La evidencia demostró que los sujetos con TDAH tienen un alto riesgo de sufrir obesidad y ritmos circadianos alterados. Existen algunas hipótesis para establecer esta relación, incluyendo la obesidad como factor de riesgo para TDAH, la disfunción biológica común entre estos trastornos y las características conductuales y cognitivas de los individuos con TDAH. Sin embargo, como la mayoría de los artículos son transversales, no es posible establecer una asociación causal. Discusión y conclusión Esta revisión señala la importancia del reconocimiento temprano y tratamiento de los trastornos del ritmo circadiano y obesidad en pacientes con TDAH. Estudios futuros deben realizarse de manera longitudinal para establecer el efecto de estas comorbilidades en el tratamiento de los individuos con TDAH.

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Medicine is characterized by the application of the scientific method through clinical judgment, by correct interpretation and use of the clinical course and/or natural history of the disease; its best description is observed in the architecture of clinical research. Through a temporal sequence, this model explains the phenomenon of causality with three sections: baseline status, maneuver, and outcome. The baseline status assesses who the patient is, where does he come from, his general conditions, the diagnosis, stage and aggressiveness of the pathology, complications, previous therapies, socioeconomic-cultural level, habits, therapeutic indications or contraindications, and the expected evolution is anticipated. In the maneuver, risk or prognostic factors, specific or symptomatic treatment, and general measures can be evaluated. In the outcome, early and late evolution are monitored. The model also allows the causes of follow-up loss to be determined. Anticipating patient evolution by recognizing his condition, disease, and expected effect of medical decisions allows acting in advance, since waiting for the manifestations of the evolutionary process of disease results in detriment to the patient.

La medicina se caracteriza por la aplicación del método científico a través del juicio clínico, por la correcta interpretación y el uso del curso clínico o historia natural de la enfermedad; su descripción más lograda la observamos en la arquitectura de la investigación clínica. A través de una secuencia temporal, este modelo explica el fenómeno de causalidad con tres apartados: estado basal, maniobra y desenlace. En el estado basal se evalúa quién es el paciente, de donde proviene, sus condiciones generales, el diagnóstico, el estadio y la agresividad de la patología, las complicaciones, terapias previas, nivel socioeconómi­co-cultural, hábitos, indicaciones o contraindicaciones terapéuticas y se prevé la evolución esperada. De la maniobra se pueden evaluar los factores de riesgo o pronóstico, tratamiento específico, sintomático y medidas generales. En el desenlace se vigila la evolución temprana y tardía. El modelo también permite determinar las causas de pérdida de seguimiento. Anticipar la evo­lución del paciente al reconocer su condición, enfermedad y efecto esperado de la decisiones médicas permite actuar antici­padamente, ya que esperar las manifestaciones del proceso evolutivo de la enfermedad resulta en detrimento del paciente.

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Resumen La medicina se caracteriza por la aplicación del método científico a través del juicio clínico, por la correcta interpretación y el uso del curso clínico o historia natural de la enfermedad; su descripción más lograda la observamos en la arquitectura de la investigación clínica. A través de una secuencia temporal, este modelo explica el fenómeno de causalidad con tres apartados: estado basal, maniobra y desenlace. En el estado basal se evalúa quién es el paciente, de donde proviene, sus condiciones generales, el diagnóstico, el estadio y la agresividad de la patología, las complicaciones, terapias previas, nivel socioeconómico-cultural, hábitos, indicaciones o contraindicaciones terapéuticas y se prevé la evolución esperada. De la maniobra se pueden evaluar los factores de riesgo o pronóstico, tratamiento específico, sintomático y medidas generales. En el desenlace se vigila la evolución temprana y tardía. El modelo también permite determinar las causas de pérdida de seguimiento. Anticipar la evolución del paciente al reconocer su condición, enfermedad y efecto esperado de la decisiones médicas permite actuar anticipadamente, ya que esperar las manifestaciones del proceso evolutivo de la enfermedad resulta en detrimento del paciente.

Abstract Medicine is characterized by the application of the scientific method through clinical judgment, by correct interpretation and use of the clinical course and/or natural history of the disease; its best description is observed in the architecture of clinical research. Through a temporal sequence, this model explains the phenomenon of causality with three sections: baseline status, maneuver, and outcome. The baseline status assesses who the patient is, where does he come from, his general conditions, the diagnosis, stage and aggressiveness of the pathology, complications, previous therapies, socioeconomic-cultural level, habits, therapeutic indications or contraindications and the expected evolution is anticipated. In the maneuver, risk or prognostic factors, specific or symptom treatment, and general measures could be evaluated. In the outcome, early and late evolution are monitored. The model also allows the causes of follow-up loss to be determined. Anticipating patient evolution by recognizing his condition, disease, and expected effect of medical decisions allows acting in advance, since waiting for the manifestations of the evolutionary process of disease results in detriment to the patient.

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RESUMEN Introducción: El diagnóstico de lesiones autoinfligidas con fines no suicidas (NSSI) propuesto por el DSM-5 requiere estudios de validez en poblaciones diferentes de las europeas. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron determinar la frecuencia de este diagnóstico en una muestra de adolescentes mexicanos con autolesiones y examinar las variables asociadas. Métodos: Se revisaron 585 expedientes clínicos de adolescentes con historia de autolesiones que acudieron a un hospital público en la Ciudad de México entre los arios 2005 y 2012. Un grupo de expertos estableció el diagnóstico según el DSM-5. Se compararon las características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes con y sin NSSI. Resultados: Se diagnosticó NSSI en 351 pacientes con autolesiones (60%). Las razones principales de que no se diagnosticaran fueron haber realizado un intento suicida -criterio A, 158 sujetos (26,87%)- o que otro diagnóstico explicara las autolesiones -criterio F, 60 sujetos (10,25%)-. El grupo con NSSI incluyó una mayor proporción de varones (el 26,5 frente al 16,2%) y de pacientes con trastornos de conducta (el 28,5 frente al 13,7%); también se observó que estos pacientes solicitaban atención psiquiátrica debido a las autolesiones con mayor frecuencia (el 31,9 frente al 14,1%). Las características clínicas asociadas incluyeron trastorno de conducta (OR = 2,51; IC95%, 1,62-3,90), trastorno de personalidad (OR = 0,56; IC95%, 0,33-0,97), hospitalización (OR = 0,23; IC95%, 0,16-0,33), síntomas depresivos (OR = 0,60; IC95%, 0,42-0,85), síntomas de ansiedad (OR = 2,08; IC95%, 1,31-3,31) y autolesionarse para influir en otros (OR = 2,19; IC95%, 1,54-3,11). Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los adolescentes con autolesiones de la población clínica cumplen los criterios diagnósticos de NSSI del DSM-5. Existen características clínicas y demográficas que pueden asociarse con este diagnóstico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) needs to be validated in non-European populations. The aims of this study were to determine how common NSSI was in a sample of self-harming Mexican adolescents and examine the associated variables. Methods: We examined the medical records of 585 adolescents with a history of self-injurious behaviour who attended a public hospital in Mexico City from 2005 to 2012. A group of experts established the diagnosis according to the DSM-5. The clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with and without NSSI were compared. Results: NSSI was diagnosed in 351 patients (60%) with evidence of self-harm. The main reasons for not being diagnosed were a previous suicide attempt (criterion A, 158 subjects [26.87%]) and another diagnosis that better explained the self-injurious behaviour (criterion F, 60 subjects [10.25%]). The NSSI group had a higher proportion of males (26.5% vs 16.2%) and patients with behavioural disorders (28.5% vs 13.7%). These patients were also found to seek psychiatric support in relation to their self-harm more frequently (31.9% vs 14.1%). The associated clinical characteristics included behavioural disorder (OR=2.51; 95% CI, 1.62-3.90), personality disorders (OR=0.56; 95% CI, 0.33-0.97), hospital admission (OR=0.23; 95% CI, 0.16-0.33), depressive symptoms (OR=0.60; 95% CI, 0.42-0.85), anxiety symptoms (OR=2.08; 95% CI, 1.31-3.31) and self-harming to influence others (OR=2.19; 95% CI, 1.54-3.11). Conclusions: More than half of the adolescents in the clinical sample with self-injury met DSM-5 criteria for NSSI. There are clinical and demographic characteristics which may be associated with this diagnosis.

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INTRODUCTION: The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) needs to be validated in non-European populations. The aims of this study were to determine how common NSSI was in a sample of self-harming Mexican adolescents and examine the associated variables. METHODS: We examined the medical records of 585 adolescents with a history of self-injurious behaviour who attended a public hospital in Mexico City from 2005 to 2012. A group of experts established the diagnosis according to the DSM-5. The clinical and demographic characteristics of patients with and without NSSI were compared. RESULTS: NSSI was diagnosed in 351 patients (60%) with evidence of self-harm. The main reasons for not being diagnosed were a previous suicide attempt (criterion A, 158 subjects [26.87%]) and another diagnosis that better explained the self-injurious behaviour (criterion F, 60 subjects [10.25%]). The NSSI group had a higher proportion of males (26.5% vs 16.2%) and patients with behavioural disorders (28.5% vs 13.7%). These patients were also found to seek psychiatric support in relation to their self-harm more frequently (31.9% vs 14.1%). The associated clinical characteristics included behavioural disorder (OR=2.51; 95% CI, 1.62-3.90), personality disorders (OR=0.56; 95% CI, 0.33-0.97), hospital admission (OR=0.23; 95% CI, 0.16-0.33), depressive symptoms (OR=0.60; 95% CI, 0.42-0.85), anxiety symptoms (OR=2.08; 95% CI, 1.31-3.31) and self-harming to influence others (OR=2.19; 95% CI, 1.54-3.11). CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the adolescents in the clinical sample with self-injury met DSM-5 criteria for NSSI. There are clinical and demographic characteristics which may be associated with this diagnosis.

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