RESUMO
Estimating the population attributable fraction (PAF) of melanomas due to sun exposure is challenging as there are no unexposed population nor reliable exposure data. In high incidence countries, a historic cohort of the South Thames cancer registry was used as a minimally exposed population using the formula PAF = (observed incidence-incidence in minimally exposure)/observed incidence. In this study, we apply this method, constructing a minimally exposed cohort for Colombia and also using the historical South Thames data, using melanoma incidence data from the population-based cancer registry of Cali, Colombia for the period 1967-2012. The historic cohort incidence rates were very similar to those of Thames, but cohort effects were smaller for women and nonexistent for men. Age-specific incidence rates of these minimally exposed cohorts were applied to recent population numbers. For females, PAFs were 19% using the historic Thames cohort and 25% using the historic Cali cohort, corresponding numbers for males were 62% (vs. Thames) and 0% (vs. Cali). Taking into account the incidence rates of acral melanomas, which are not sun related, the PAF increased in women to 26% (vs. Thames) and 34% (vs. Cali) and for men 77% (vs. Thames). This exercise shows the modest contribution of exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the burden of melanoma in low-incidence countries, as well as the importance to take into consideration the acral lentiginous melanomas.
Assuntos
Melanoma/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/epidemiologia , Luz Solar/efeitos adversos , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Melanoma/etiologia , Melanoma/patologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sistema de Registros , Caracteres Sexuais , Neoplasias Cutâneas/etiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Melanoma Maligno CutâneoRESUMO
The introduction of eye-preserving therapies for uveal melanoma in the 1970s complicates time trend analyses of the uveal melanoma incidence because the proportion of morphologically verified uveal melanoma has been decreasing over the decades. We carried out incidence trend analyses, based on data from internationally accredited population-based cancer registries throughout the world that take missing data on topography, morphology and basis of diagnosis of eye tumours into account. We selected incidence data of cancer registries that were included in Cancer Incidence In 5 Continents, Volumes VI-VIII covering a registration period of at least 15 years (usually 1983 to 1997) and classified each eye cancer as morphologically verified uveal melanoma, clinically diagnosed uveal melanoma, uveal melanoma identified as DCO case (Death certificate only), possibly uveal melanoma, other eye tumour or unclassifiable eye tumour and calculated age-standardized incidence rates by 3-year calendar periods using the World Standard Population as the reference. The uveal melanoma incidence decline in the United States SEER Caucasian population is due mainly to an incidence decline in the early registration period (from 1974-76 to 1986-88). The data from France and Italy suggest a recent increase in incidence. Uveal melanoma diagnosed clinically increasingly contribute to the overall uveal melanoma incidence over time. Combining all registries, the proportion of morphologically verified uveal melanoma decreased from 82% in 1983-87 to 75% in 1993-97. Uveal melanoma incidence rates remained quite stable during the period 1983-97. The interpretation of uveal melanoma incidence trends is complicated by missing data on topography within the eye, morphology and basis of diagnosis.
Assuntos
Melanoma/epidemiologia , Melanoma/patologia , Neoplasias Uveais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Uveais/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Austrália/epidemiologia , Canadá/epidemiologia , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Programa de SEER , Distribuição por Sexo , Singapura/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Cervical cancer incidence and mortality estimates for 2000 are presented for the 21 Latin American countries, using estimates from the statistical package GLOBOCAN 2000. Additional data on time-trends are also presented, using the WHO mortality database. By the year 2000, some 76,000 cervical cancer and almost 30,000 deaths were estimated for the whole region, which represent 16% and 13% of the world burden, respectively. Thus, Latin American countries are among those with highest incidence rates in the world, together with countries from Sub-Saharan Africa, South and South East Asia. Variation in incidence among countries is large. Very high rates are found in Haiti (ASR 93.9 per 100,000), Nicaragua (ASR 61.1 per 100,000) and Bolivia (ASR 58.1 per 100,000). It seems unlikely that differences in risks in the region can be explained as the result of screening activities. Several descriptive studies carried out to evaluate the screening programmes in Latin America have pointed out problems related to insufficient coverage and frequency of screening. Other related problems include inadequate collection and reading of cytological samplings as well as incomplete follow-up of women after the test. The main challenge for Latin America countries remains on how to organize effective screening programmes, and for this, a real and urgent commitment from public health services and decision-makers in the region is needed. This paper is available too at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Previsões , Humanos , Incidência , América Latina/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mortalidade/tendências , Fatores de Risco , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/mortalidadeRESUMO
Se presentan estimaciones de la incidencia y de la mortalidad por cáncer cervical para los 21 países latinoamericanos en el año 2000. Se utilizaron el paquete estadístico GLOBOCAN 2000 y las bases de datos de mortalidad de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. En el año 2000, al menos 76 000 casos incidentes de cáncer cervical y 30 000 muertes se estimaron para la Región en general, lo cual representa 16 y 13 por ciento del total del mundo, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, los países de América Latina se encuentran en un área geográfica con tasas de incidencia de las más altas en el mundo, junto con países del Sub-Sahara, en Africa, y del sureste de Asia. La variación de la incidencia entre los países es grande; existen tasas muy altas en Haití (93.9 por 100 000), Nicaragua (61.1 por 100 000) y Bolivia (58.1 por 100 000). Es poco probable que las diferencias en los riesgos entre las regiones sean explicadas como resultado de las actividades de tamizaje. Varios estudios descriptivos se han llevado a cabo para evaluar programas de tamizaje en América Latina, señalando problemas relacionados con la frecuencia y la difusión insuficiente del tamizaje. Otro problema relacionado incluye la inadecuada colección y lectura de muestras citológicas, así como el seguimiento incompleto de las mujeres después de la prueba. El principal cambio para los países de América Latina se encuentra en cómo organizar programas efectivos de tamizaje y, para esto, es necesaria una real y urgente integración entre los servicios de salud pública y los tomadores de decisiones en la Región.