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South America is a vast territory; its people were made from all parts of the world. The miscegenation made a unique population comprised of Indian, Asian, Caucasian, African, Mestizo, Mulatto, and Zambo. The South American patients tend to have a wider face with a skin-soft tissue envelope (S-STE) that is thicker, heavier, and has less elasticity than the Caucasian patient. Upper eyelids may hood easily. In the same way, malar eminences and round face look are more prominent. The chin can be a little retracted. With aging, the S-STE tends to sag more, making nasolabial folds and jowl area more prominent, and redundant neck skin will appear loose and heavy. Facelift is popular in South American patients. They have peculiar characteristics like heavy dark sebaceous skin which lead to peculiarities in face lifting. It is usually a procedure designed to rejuvenate all thirds of the face. In the forehead, skin excision in temporal incisions is usually necessary. Midface subperiosteal lift is a possibility for heavy skin patients who need great improvement in the center of the face. The neck lift is almost indispensable to the rejuvenation of the lower third. Extended superficial muscular aponeurotic system or deep plane dissection is commonly performed so the soft tissues of the midface, the jowls, and the neck can be lifted to reestablish their youthful relationship with the underlying skeleton.

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Forehead rejuvenation goals are to raise the eyebrow, attenuate forehead wrinkles, and decrease glabellar frown lines. Endoscopic forehead lift represents a significant progress, even replacing the classic coronal and pretriquial techniques. The transpalpebral eyebrow lift allows safe direct visualization of anatomic structures comparable to the allowed by the endoscopic-assisted technique but dispenses the endoscopic instrumentation, is less expensive, and takes less time to learn. Transpalpebral eyebrow lift is a technique that produces satisfactory results in mild-to-moderate eyebrow ptosis improving eyebrow lateral third ptosis and glabellar wrinkles.

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INTRODUCTION: Leprosy, whose etiologic agent is M. leprae, has its clinical manifestations correlated with distinct immunologic forms. The mechanism of infectivity and dissemination of the disease are not completely known, although the nasal mucosa is supposed to have an important role in pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE: To correlate the clinical and bacteriological parameters with that of nasal biopsy and immunological tests, such as lepromin and ML-Flow results, in untreated leprosy patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Two hundred and twenty-two patients were evaluated, clinically classified and subjected to skin smear, nasal biopsy, ML-Flow, and Mitsuda test. RESULTS: 689% of the cases were borderline cases. Nasal biopsy revealed 91.4% positivity in those who had specific antibodies against M. leprae on blood sample. Lepromatous leprosy cases were 100% positive on ML-flow test, had a large involvement in the nasal mucosa (91%), positive skin smears (100%) and negative Mitsuda test. Nasal bacillary index showed a good correlation with ML-Flow and had similar results when compared to skin smear. The tests agreement was good, revealing that nasal biopsy can be reliable in the diagnosis of multibacillary clinical forms and in the evaluation of the immunological status of leprosy patients. CONCLUSION: The presence of disseminated bacilli in the nasal mucosa was similar to skin involvement, when correlated with Mitsuda test and ML-Flow. As a result, the role of nasal bacillary index may play an important role in the clinical and immunologic characterization of leprosy patients.

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UNLABELLED: Complications in blepharoplasty are uncommon and, when they occur, they are usually mild and transient, such as hematomas and chemosis. However, sometimes they can be severe, such as blindness, or they might require surgical correction, such as ectropion. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and complications of transcutaneous blepharoplasty performed in the same procedure, discussing how to treat and how to avoid them. METHODS: A retrospective study of 200 medical records of consecutive patients that underwent transcutaneous blepharoplasty from January 2007 to January 2009. The variables analyzed were age, gender, complications, clinical outcome, patient satisfaction, and photographic documentation. RESULTS: The incidence of complications was 9.5% (19 patients). The complications were 1 hematoma, 12 cases of chemosis and 13 patients who underwent canthoplasty, 6 patients with malposition of the lower eyelid (5 retractions and 1 ectropion). Medical treatment was performed in 12 patients and revision surgery in 7 cases of all the patients who had complications. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that blepharoplasty is a procedure with a high satisfaction and a low complication rate, and it is an excellent surgical procedure, when properly indicated.

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Complications in blepharoplasty are uncommon and, when they occur, they are usually mild and transient, such as hematomas and chemosis. However, sometimes they can be severe, such as blindness, or they might require surgical correction, such as ectropion. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and complications of transcutaneous blepharoplasty performed in the same procedure, discussing how to treat and how to avoid them. METHODS: A retrospective study of 200 medical records of consecutive patients that underwent transcutaneous blepharoplasty from January 2007 to January 2009. The variables analyzed were age, gender, complications, clinical outcome, patient satisfaction, and photographic documentation. RESULTS: The incidence of complications was 9.5 percent (19 patients). The complications were 1 hematoma, 12 cases of chemosis and 13 patients who underwent canthoplasty, 6 patients with malposition of the lower eyelid (5 retractions and 1 ectropion). Medical treatment was performed in 12 patients and revision surgery in 7 cases of all the patients who had complications. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that blepharoplasty is a procedure with a high satisfaction and a low complication rate, and it is an excellent surgical procedure, when properly indicated.

As complicações em blefaroplastia não são comuns e quando ocorrem são geralmente discretas e transitórias, como hematoma e quemose. Entretanto, algumas vezes podem ser definitivas, como cegueira, ou necessitarem de novas abordagens cirúrgicas para correção, como ectrópio. OBJETIVO: Avaliar resultados e complicações das blefaroplastias transcutâneas realizadas em um mesmo serviço, demonstrando como tratá-las e evitá-las. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Estudo retrospectivo de 200 prontuários de pacientes consecutivos submetidos à blefaroplastia transcutânea entre o período de janeiro de 2007 a janeiro de 2009 em um mesmo serviço. As variáveis analisadas foram: idade, sexo, complicações, evolução clínica, grau de satisfação e documentação fotográfica. RESULTADOS: A incidência de complicações foi de 9,5 por cento (19 pacientes). As complicações encontradas foram: 1 hematoma, 12 casos de quemose, sendo que esta ocorreu em 61,5 por cento dos 13 pacientes que realizaram cantoplastia, 6 pacientes com mau posicionamento de pálpebra inferior, sendo que, destes, 5 correspondem à retração e 1 ao ectrópio. Foi realizado tratamento clínico com acompanhamento ambulatorial em 12 pacientes e cirurgia revisional em 7 casos do total de pacientes com complicações. CONCLUSÕES: Demonstrou-se que a blefaroplastia é uma cirurgia com alta taxa de satisfação e baixo número de complicações, sendo um excelente procedimento cirúrgico, quando corretamente indicada.

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BACKGROUND: The nasal mucosa plays the main role as the entry and the exit of leprosy bacilli and the nasal involvement may precede the skin lesions by several years. Nasal biopsy has been used in research but its clinical application has not been described. We evaluated the contribution of the nasal biopsy for the diagnosis of leprosy and its correlation to skin biopsy and skin smear in untreated patients. METHODS: We evaluated changes in nasal biopsy in 227 leprosy patients. Patients were clinically classified and skin and nasal biopsies and skin smear were performed. RESULTS: Nasal biopsy showed positivity in 100% of the lepromatous spectrum decreasing toward the tuberculoid (TT) pole. Patients with TT or indeterminate forms did not present any nasal alterations, showing that they are the true paucibacillary forms. Also, the nasal biopsies of two patients were the only exam to show positivity. The bacillary index of the nasal biopsy was strongly correlated to skin biopsy and slit-skin smear. Additionally, the agreement among the exams was good, revealing the reliability of the nasal biopsy in leprosy diagnosis. CONCLUSION: The present study showed a rate of 48% of positivity in nasal biopsy of untreated patients, correlating well with skin biopsy and skin smear. Thus, the method in leprosy diagnosis and clinical form classification has shown great reliability.

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Introdução: Condroblastoma é uma rara neoplasia benigna cartilaginosa, altamente destrutiva, que caracteristicamente surge na epífise de ossos longos em pacientes jovens. Sua ocorrência é extremamente rara na base do crânio, normalmente ocorrendo no osso temporal. Objetivo: Descrever um raro caso de um paciente apresentando um condroblastoma de osso esfenóide que invadia a fossa média, submetido a ressecção cirúrgica com sucesso, sem recorrência após 2 anos. Relato do Caso: W.J.S., 37 anos, masculino, encaminhado ao ambulatório de otorrinolaringologia com otalgia persistente e de forte intensidade há 3 meses. Apresentava otoscopia normal e sem tumorações visíveis. Tomografia computadorizada evidenciou massa tumoral em fossa infra-temporal à esquerda, invadindo fossa cerebral média. Biópsia sugeria tumor de células gigantes. Realizada ressecção ampla por abordagem anterior via osteotomia orbito-zigomática. Durante a cirurgia, confirmando achados tomográficos, não foi encontrado envolvimento do osso temporal. Exame histopatológico evidenciou condroblastoma. Após 18 meses da cirurgia, não apresenta queixas, sem déficits motores, sensitivos ou de nervos cranianos e sem sinais tomográficos de recorrência. Conclusão: Destaca-se a importância do diagnóstico diferencial do condroblastoma nas lesões da base do crânio e sua abordagem terapêutica, cujo objetivo sempre deve ser a maior ressecção possível com a máxima preservação de função.

Introduction: Chondroblastoma is an uncommon cartilaginous benign neoplasm, highly destructive, which specifically appears in the epiphysis of long bones in young patients. Its occurrence is extremely rare in the cranial base, normally occurring in the temporal bone. Objective: To describe a rare case in a patient presenting with a sphenoid bone chondroblastoma that invaded the middle cranial cavity, submitted to a successful surgical resection, without recurrence after 2 years. Case Report: W.J.S, 37 years old, male, forwarded to the otorhinolaryngology service with persistent and strong otalgia for 3 months. He had normal otoscopy and without visible tumorations. The computerized tomography confirmed tumor mass in the left infra-temporal cavity, invading the middle cranial cavity. The biopsy suggested giant cells tumor. After wide resection by frontal approach via orbitozygomatic osteotomy. During the surgery, we confirmed tomographic statements and didn't find temporal bone involvement. The histopathological exam confirmed chondroblastoma. After 18 months after the surgery, he doesn't present with complaints, without motor, sensitive deficits or of cranial nerves and without recurrence tomographic signals. Conclusion: The importance of differential diagnosis of chondroblastoma is remarkable in the cranial base lesions and its therapeutic approach, whose objective must always be the major possible resection with the maximum function conservation.

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