RESUMO

The appropriate supply of nutrients in pregnant cows has been associated with the optimal development of foetal tissues, performance of their progeny and their meat quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate supplementation effects of grazing cows in different stages of gestation on skeletal muscle development and performance of the progeny. Thereby, 27 Nellore cows were divided into three groups (n=9 for each group) and their progeny as follows: UNS, unsupplemented during gestation; MID, supplemented from 30 to 180 days of gestation; LATE, supplemented from 181 to 281 days of gestation. The percentage composition of the supplement provided for the matrices was the following: ground corn (26.25%), wheat bran (26.25%) and soya bean meal (47.5%). The supplement was formulated to contain 30% CP. Supplemented matrices received 150 kg of supplement (1 and 1.5 kg/day for cows in the MID and LATE groups, respectively). After birth, a biopsy was performed to obtain samples of skeletal muscle tissue from calves to determine number and size of muscle fibres and for messenger RNA (mRNA) expression analysis. The percentage composition of the supplement provided for the progeny was the following: ground corn grain (30%), wheat bran (30%), soya bean meal (35%) and molasses (5%). The supplement was formulated to contain 25% CP and offered in an amount of 6 g/kg BW. Performance of the progeny was monitored throughout the suckling period. Means were submitted to ANOVA and regression, and UNS, MID and LATE periods of supplementation were compared. Differences were considered at P0.10). Similarly, no differences were observed between calves for nutrient intake (P>0.10). However, greater subcutaneous fat thickness (P=0.006) was observed in the calves of LATE group. The ribeye area (P=0.077) was greater in calves born from supplemented compared with UNS cows. The supplementation of pregnant cows did not affect the muscle fibre size of their progeny (P=0.208). On the other hand, calves born from dams supplemented at mid-gestation had greater muscle fibre number (P=0.093) compared with calves from UNS group. Greater mRNA expression of peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor α (P=0.073) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (P=0.003) was observed in the calves born from MID cows. Although strategic supplementation did not affect the BW of offspring, it did cause changes in carcass traits, number of myofibres, and mRNA expression of a muscle hypertrophy and lipid oxidation markers in skeletal muscle of the offspring.

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RESUMO

A grazing trial was carried out to evaluate the inclusion of three feed additives in supplements (crude protein, CP 230 g/kg dry matter, DM) on the performance, voluntary intake, and digestibility of beef heifers grazing Brachiaria decumbens (CP 81 and neutral detergent fiber, NDF 615 g/kg DM). Thirty-five Nellore heifers (21 months of age and 383 ± 6.29 kg of body weight, BW) were used in a completely randomized design. The treatments were as follows: no supplement (control); supplement fed at 1 kg/animal/day without additives (S); supplement with monensin (S + M); supplement with yeast culture (S + YC); and supplement with enzyme complex (S + EC). All of the supplemented heifers had greater (P < 0.1) average daily gain (∼0.186 kg/day) compared to the control treatment (0.014 kg/day). Average daily gain and final BW were similar (P > 0.1) among supplemented heifers. Monensin inclusion in the supplement decreased (P < 0.1) forage DM (expressed as g/kg BW) and NDF intake (expressed as kg/day and as g/kg BW). All of the feed additive inclusions decreased (P < 0.1) NDF digestibility. In conclusion, the heifers' performance was improved by concentrate supplementation. However, the inclusion of additives did not enhance this effect.

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RESUMO

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplements with different crude protein (CP) contents on grazing cattle intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation pattern, and nitrogen (N) metabolism characteristics during the rainy season. Five ruminal and abomasal cannulated Holstein×Zebu steers (296 kg body weight, BW) were used in a 5×5 Latin square design. The animals grazed five signal grass paddocks (0.34 ha). The five treatments evaluated were: Control (no supplement) and 1.0 g of supplement/kg BW with 0, 330, 660, and 1,000 g of CP/kg as-fed. The supplement was composed of starch, soybean meal, urea, and ammonium sulphate. There was a positive linear effect (p≤0.033) of the CP content in the supplements on the organic matter (OM), CP, and digested OM intakes. The provision of supplements did not increase (p≥0.158), on average, total and ruminal digestibilities of OM and CP. However, the increase in CP content in the supplements caused a positive linear effect (p≤0.018) on ruminal digestibilities of OM and CP. Additionally, a quadratic effect of the CP contents of the supplements were observed (p = 0.041) for the ruminal digestibility of neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein, with the highest estimate obtained with the CP content of 670 g/kg. The supply of supplements increased (p<0.001) the ruminal ammonia N concentration, which also changed linearly and positively (p<0.001) according to increase in CP content in the supplements. The apparent N balance and relative N balance (g/g N intake) were not, on average, changed (p≥0.164) by the supplements supply. However, both showed a tendency of a linear increase (p≤0.099) with increasing supplement CP content. The supplements increased (p = 0.007) microbial N production in the rumen, which also changed linearly and positively (p = 0.016) with increasing supplement CP content. In conclusion, protein supplementation in grazing cattle during the rainy season, while stimulating voluntary forage intake, results in higher efficiency of N utilization when compared to energy supplementation. This is a possible response to increased microbial protein synthesis in the rumen and improved N status in the animal body.

RESUMO

The objective of this work was to evaluate the nutritional parameters of young bulls supplemented with different ratios of protein: carbohydrate on tropical pastures from 4 until 18 months old. Fifty-five non-castrated beef calves (138.3±3.4 kg, 90 to 150 d of age) were used. The calves (young bulls) were subjected to a 430-d experimental period encompassing 4 seasons. The treatments were as follows: control, only mineral mixture; HPHC, high protein and high carbohydrate supplement; HPLC, high protein and low carbohydrate supplement; LPHC, low protein and high carbohydrate supplement; and LPLC, low protein and low carbohydrate supplement. The amount of supplement was adjusted every 28 d. Dry matter (DM) intake was higher in the dry-to-rainy transition and rainy seasons for all nutritional plans. Non-supplemented animals had lower intakes of DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) than supplemented young bulls in all seasons. Although differences in DM intake were not observed between supplemented animals, the supplements with high carbohydrate (HPHC and LPHC) had lower forage intake during suckling (rainy-to-dry transition season) and in the rainy season. However, the HPHC treatment animals had higher intake and digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. It can be concluded that supplementation with high protein levels (supplying 50% of the crude protein requirement) provide the best nutritional parameters for grazing young bulls in most seasons, increasing intake and digestibility of diet, and these effects are more intense when associated with high carbohydrate levels level (supplying 30% TDN requirement).

RESUMO

This study was conducted to develop equations to predict carcass and body fat compositions using biometric measures (BM) and body postmortem measurements and to determine the relationships between BM and carcass fat and empty body fat compositions of 44 crossbred bulls under tropical grazing conditions. The bulls were serially slaughtered in 4 groups at approximately 0 d (n = 4), 84 d (n = 4), 168 d (n = 8), 235 d (n = 8), and 310 d (n = 20) of growth. The day before each slaughter, bulls were weighed, and BM were taken, including hook bone width, pin bone width, abdomen width, body length, rump height, height at withers, pelvic girdle length, rib depth, girth circumference, rump depth, body diagonal length, and thorax width. Others measurements included were total body surface (TBS), body volume (BV), subcutaneous fat (SF), internal fat (InF), intermuscular fat, carcass physical fat (CFp), empty body physical fat (EBFp), carcass chemical fat (CFch), empty body chemical fat (EBFch), fat thickness in the 12th rib (FT), and 9th- to 11th-rib section fat (HHF). The stepwise procedure was used to select the variables included in the model. The r(2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) were used to account for precision and variability. Our results indicated that lower rates of fat deposition can be attributed to young cattle and low concentration of dietary energy under grazing conditions. The BM improved estimates of TBS (r(2) = 0.999) and BV (r(2) = 0.997). The adequacy evaluation of the models developed to predict TBS and BV using theoretical equations indicated precision, but lower and intermediate accuracy (bias correction = 0.138 and 0.79), respectively, were observed. The data indicated that BM in association with shrunk BW (SBW) were precise in accounting for variability of SF (r(2) = 0.967 and RMSE = 0.94 kg), InF (r(2) = 0.984 and RMSE = 1.26 kg), CFp (r(2) = 0.981 and RMSE = 2.98 kg), EBFp (r(2) = 0.985 and RMSE = 3.99 kg), CFch (r(2) = 0.940 and RMSE = 2.34 kg), and EBFch (r(2) = 0.934 and RMSE = 3.91 kg). Results also suggested that approximately 70% of body fat was deposited as CFp and 30% as InF. Furthermore, the development of an equation using HHF as a predictor, in combination with SBW, was a better predictor of CFp and EBFp than using HHF by itself. We concluded that the prediction of physical and chemical CF and EBF composition of grazing cattle can be improved using BM as a predictor.

Assuntos

RESUMO

The objectives of this study were to compare visual observation and an electronic grazing time method and to evaluate the effects of nutritional plans on intake, grazing behavior and horizontal and vertical locomotion of young bulls in a tropical pasture. Thirty-nine Nellore young bulls with an average body weight of 345±9.3 kg kept in pasture were used. The experimental treatments consisted of: restricted: animals kept in a plot with a low mass of forage receiving mineral mixture only; control: animals receiving mineral mixture only; HPHC: a high protein and high carbohydrate supplement; HPLC: a high protein and low carbohydrate supplement; LPHC: a low protein and high carbohydrate supplement; LPLC: a low protein and low carbohydrate supplement. GPS collars equipped with activity sensors were used. Information about head position, latitude, longitude and altitude were recorded. Daytime grazing behavioral patterns monitored by a continuous focal animal recording method was compared to behavior estimated by the activity sensor. Feed intake was estimated by a marker method. The Restricted group presented lower (p<0.05) intake of dry matter and TDN. However, difference in dry matter intake was not found (p>0.05) between non-supplemented and supplemented animals. Difference was not found (p>0.05) in daytime grazing time obtained by visual observation or the activity sensor method. The restricted group showed longer (p<0.05) grazing time (9.58 h/d) than other groups, but difference was not found (p>0.05) in the grazing time between Control (8.35 h/d) and supplemented animals (8.03 h/d). The Restricted group presented lower (p<0.05) horizontal locomotion distance (2,168 m/d) in comparison to other groups (2,580.6 m/d). It can be concluded that the use of activity sensor methods can be recommended due to their being similar to visual observation and able to record 24-h/d. While supplements with high carbohydrates reduce pasture intake, they do not change grazing behavior. Moderate supplementation (until 50% of protein requirement and 30% of energy requirement) of beef cattle on tropical pasture has no effect on daily locomotion.

RESUMO

Avaliou-se o efeito dos níveis de suplementação sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça, a composição corporal e as exigências de energia e proteína de bovinos de corte sob pastejo. A área experimental constituiu-se de cinco piquetes formados com Brachiaria decumbens. Utilizaram-se 22 bovinos não castrados, com peso corporal médio inicial de 320kg e idade de 18 meses. Três animais foram abatidos ao início do experimento para servirem como referência. Dos 19 animais restantes, três foram designados ao grupo mantença (MT), os outros 16 foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: controle ou mistura mineral (MM), 1kg, 2kg e 3kg de suplemento ao dia. Observou-se aumento linear no consumo de matéria seca (CMS), energia digestível (CED) e energia metabolizável (CEM); o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (CNDT) foi máximo para o consumo de 2,88kg de suplemento. O ganho médio diário (GMD) máximo, 0,91kg/dia, foi observado para o consumo de suplemento de 2,69kg/dia. Verificou-se aumento linear no peso corporal em jejum (PCJ), no peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) e no peso da carcaça para os animais suplementados. Não foi observado efeito da suplementação sobre o rendimento da carcaça. Verificou-se aumento sobre a área de olho de lombo (AOL) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), quando os animais não suplementados foram comparados com os suplementados. Não foi observado efeito para o comprimento da carcaça (CCA), nem para os rendimentos dos cortes comerciais. As exigências líquidas de energia e proteína apresentaram, respectivamente, aumento e redução com o aumento do PC dos animais. As exigências de energia líquida para mantença (ELm) foram de 85 kcal/PCVZ0,75. As exigências de energia metabolizável para mantença foram estimadas em 130,08 kcal/PCVZ0,75. A suplementação de bovinos no período de transição águas-seca aumenta o consumo de MS e energia, promovendo aumento do ganho de peso dos animais.(AU)

This experiment aimed to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics, body composition, and energy and protein requirements of beef cattle under grazing conditions. The experimental area constituted of 5 paddocks with Brachiaria decumbens as forage source. Twenty two steers (Zebu) with mean body weight and ages of 320kg and 18 months, respectively, were used. Three animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment and used as standard. Of the nineteen remaining animals, three were designated for maintenance group and the others were randomly submitted to one of four treatments: mineral mixture (MM), 1, 2 or 3kg of supplement daily. There was a linear increase in dry matter intake (DMI), digestible energy (DEI) and metabolizable energy (MEI), and total digestible nutrients intake (TDNI) was maximum consumption of 2.88kg of supplement. The maximum average daily gain (ADG), 0.91kg/day, was observed for supplement intake of 2.69kg/day. Linear increase was observed in shrunk body weight (SBW), EBW and carcass weight. There was no effect on the carcass allowance, however, it was observed on the ribeye area and back fat thickness. No effect was observed on carcass length and commercial cuts. The requirement of net energy (NE) and net protein (NP) increased and decreased as the animals BW increased. The maintenance requirement for net (NEm) and metabolizable energy were 85 kcal/EBW0.75 and 130 kcal/EBW0.75. Supplementation of cattle in the period of transition between rainy and dry seasons increased the dry matter and energy intake, promoting an increase in animal weight gain.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Avaliou-se o efeito dos níveis de suplementação sobre o desempenho, as características de carcaça, a composição corporal e as exigências de energia e proteína de bovinos de corte sob pastejo. A área experimental constituiu-se de cinco piquetes formados com Brachiaria decumbens. Utilizaram-se 22 bovinos não castrados, com peso corporal médio inicial de 320kg e idade de 18 meses. Três animais foram abatidos ao início do experimento para servirem como referência. Dos 19 animais restantes, três foram designados ao grupo mantença (MT), os outros 16 foram distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: controle ou mistura mineral (MM), 1kg, 2kg e 3kg de suplemento ao dia. Observou-se aumento linear no consumo de matéria seca (CMS), energia digestível (CED) e energia metabolizável (CEM); o consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (CNDT) foi máximo para o consumo de 2,88kg de suplemento. O ganho médio diário (GMD) máximo, 0,91kg/dia, foi observado para o consumo de suplemento de 2,69kg/dia. Verificou-se aumento linear no peso corporal em jejum (PCJ), no peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) e no peso da carcaça para os animais suplementados. Não foi observado efeito da suplementação sobre o rendimento da carcaça. Verificou-se aumento sobre a área de olho de lombo (AOL) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS), quando os animais não suplementados foram comparados com os suplementados. Não foi observado efeito para o comprimento da carcaça (CCA), nem para os rendimentos dos cortes comerciais. As exigências líquidas de energia e proteína apresentaram, respectivamente, aumento e redução com o aumento do PC dos animais. As exigências de energia líquida para mantença (ELm) foram de 85 kcal/PCVZ0,75. As exigências de energia metabolizável para mantença foram estimadas em 130,08 kcal/PCVZ0,75. A suplementação de bovinos no período de transição águas-seca aumenta o consumo de MS e energia, promovendo aumento do ganho de peso dos animais.

This experiment aimed to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics, body composition, and energy and protein requirements of beef cattle under grazing conditions. The experimental area constituted of 5 paddocks with Brachiaria decumbens as forage source. Twenty two steers (Zebu) with mean body weight and ages of 320kg and 18 months, respectively, were used. Three animals were slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment and used as standard. Of the nineteen remaining animals, three were designated for maintenance group and the others were randomly submitted to one of four treatments: mineral mixture (MM), 1, 2 or 3kg of supplement daily. There was a linear increase in dry matter intake (DMI), digestible energy (DEI) and metabolizable energy (MEI), and total digestible nutrients intake (TDNI) was maximum consumption of 2.88kg of supplement. The maximum average daily gain (ADG), 0.91kg/day, was observed for supplement intake of 2.69kg/day. Linear increase was observed in shrunk body weight (SBW), EBW and carcass weight. There was no effect on the carcass allowance, however, it was observed on the ribeye area and back fat thickness. No effect was observed on carcass length and commercial cuts. The requirement of net energy (NE) and net protein (NP) increased and decreased as the animals BW increased. The maintenance requirement for net (NEm) and metabolizable energy were 85 kcal/EBW0.75 and 130 kcal/EBW0.75. Supplementation of cattle in the period of transition between rainy and dry seasons increased the dry matter and energy intake, promoting an increase in animal weight gain.

RESUMO

Avaliaram-se fontes proteicas em suplementos para novilhos em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., durante a transição seca-águas, sobre as características nutricionais. Utilizaram-se quatro animais Holandês x Zebu, não castrados, com média de peso de 300kg, fistulados no esôfago, rúmen e abomaso, distribuídos em delineamento em quadrado latino 4x4. Avaliaram-se suplementos isoproteicos, balanceados para 38 por cento de proteína bruta (PB), sendo um tratamento controle mistura mineral (MM); e três suplementos à base de grãos de milho moído + ureia (MU); grãos de milho moído + farelo de soja (MFS) e farelo de algodão 38 por cento PB (FA), fornecidos na quantidade de 0,17 por cento do peso vivo (PV). O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro pelos animais do tratamento MU, de 12,1g/kg PV, foi maior em 19,9 por cento do que o observado para os dos tratamentos MM e MFS, 10,2g/kg PV, e semelhante ao observado para os do tratamento FA, 11,0g/kg PV. Foram observados valores mais altos de digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca (MS) para os tratamentos MU e MFS em relação aos demais. Os valores de pH ruminal, produção de nitrogênio microbiano e eficiência de síntese microbiana não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A suplementação com MU proporciona maior consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da MS em relação ao tratamento MM.(AU)

This study was conducted to evaluate protein sources in supplements for bulls grazing Brachiaria decumbens Stap., in the dry-rainy transition season, regarding nutritional characteristics. Four Holstein x Zebu bulls (300kg of body weight - BW) fitted with esophageal, ruminal, and abomasal cannulas, allotted in a latin square experimental design 4x4. The treatments were protein supplements with 38 percent of crude protein (CP) based on grounded corn grain + urea (GCU); grounded corn grain + soybean meal (GCSB); and cotton seed meal (38 percent CP) (CSM), supplied at a level of 0.17 percent BW, and a mineral mix control treatment (MM). The animals fed diets of GCU treatment showed neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake of 12.1g/kg of BW, 19.9 percent greater than the observed on animals fed diets of MM and GCSB, 10.2 g/kg of BW, and similar to the NDF intake found for animals fed CSM treatment, 11.0g/kg of BW. The dry matter (DM) total apparent digestibility (TAD) was higher for GCU and GCSB treatments. The ruminal pH, microbial nitrogen production (MNP), and microbial synthesis efficiency (MSE) were not influenced by the treatments. The supplementation with corn and urea provides greater DM intake and digestibility when compared to the mineral mix.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Avaliaram-se fontes proteicas em suplementos para novilhos em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens Stapf., durante a transição seca-águas, sobre as características nutricionais. Utilizaram-se quatro animais Holandês x Zebu, não castrados, com média de peso de 300kg, fistulados no esôfago, rúmen e abomaso, distribuídos em delineamento em quadrado latino 4x4. Avaliaram-se suplementos isoproteicos, balanceados para 38 por cento de proteína bruta (PB), sendo um tratamento controle mistura mineral (MM); e três suplementos à base de grãos de milho moído + ureia (MU); grãos de milho moído + farelo de soja (MFS) e farelo de algodão 38 por cento PB (FA), fornecidos na quantidade de 0,17 por cento do peso vivo (PV). O consumo de fibra em detergente neutro pelos animais do tratamento MU, de 12,1g/kg PV, foi maior em 19,9 por cento do que o observado para os dos tratamentos MM e MFS, 10,2g/kg PV, e semelhante ao observado para os do tratamento FA, 11,0g/kg PV. Foram observados valores mais altos de digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca (MS) para os tratamentos MU e MFS em relação aos demais. Os valores de pH ruminal, produção de nitrogênio microbiano e eficiência de síntese microbiana não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A suplementação com MU proporciona maior consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da MS em relação ao tratamento MM.

This study was conducted to evaluate protein sources in supplements for bulls grazing Brachiaria decumbens Stap., in the dry-rainy transition season, regarding nutritional characteristics. Four Holstein x Zebu bulls (300kg of body weight - BW) fitted with esophageal, ruminal, and abomasal cannulas, allotted in a latin square experimental design 4x4. The treatments were protein supplements with 38 percent of crude protein (CP) based on grounded corn grain + urea (GCU); grounded corn grain + soybean meal (GCSB); and cotton seed meal (38 percent CP) (CSM), supplied at a level of 0.17 percent BW, and a mineral mix control treatment (MM). The animals fed diets of GCU treatment showed neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake of 12.1g/kg of BW, 19.9 percent greater than the observed on animals fed diets of MM and GCSB, 10.2 g/kg of BW, and similar to the NDF intake found for animals fed CSM treatment, 11.0g/kg of BW. The dry matter (DM) total apparent digestibility (TAD) was higher for GCU and GCSB treatments. The ruminal pH, microbial nitrogen production (MNP), and microbial synthesis efficiency (MSE) were not influenced by the treatments. The supplementation with corn and urea provides greater DM intake and digestibility when compared to the mineral mix.

Assuntos