RESUMO

Introducción. El clampeo demorado del cordón umbilical aumentaría el depósito de hierro en lactantes. Para comprobar esta hipótesis medimos la ferritina sérica a los seis meses de vida en niños nacidos a término, participantes en un estudio controlado aleatorizado que evaluó el efecto del tiempo de clampeo del cordón en el hematócrito venoso y la evolución neonatal. Métodos. De 276 neonatos incluidos en el estudio original, 255 (92,4%) fueron seguidos seis meses, 86 tuvieron clampeo temprano, 83 al minuto y 83 al tercer minuto. La variable principal de resultado fue la concentración de ferritina sérica a los seis meses. Resultados. Las características de los grupos de madres y niños fueron similares. La ferritina fue significativamente más alta en los niños con clampeo al tercer minuto (33,2 μg/L) que en los de clampeo temprano (20,9 μg/L) (diferencia de medias geométrica: 1,6; IC 95%: 1,2-2,1). No hubo diferencia significativa entre clampeo al minuto (25,5 μg/L) y clampeo temprano. Tampoco hubo diferencia en los valores medios de hemoglobina, entre los grupos temprano [10,6 g/dl (DE 1,11)], al minuto [10,8 g/dl (DE 0,86)] y tres minutos [10,7 g/dl (DE 0,97)], respectivamente. La prevalencia de anemia ferropénica fue tres veces mayor en niños con clampeo temprano (7%) en comparación con los del tercer minuto (2,4%) (diferencias no significativas; RR: 0,30; IC 95%: 0,10-1,60). Conclusión. En niños nacidos a término, el clampeo del cordón umbilical a los tres minutos del nacimiento aumentó significativamente las concentraciones de ferritina a los seis meses de edad. No hubo diferencias significativas en los niveles de hemoglobina.

Background. Delayed umbilical cord clamping could increase iron stores and prevent iron deficieney in infants. To test this hypothesis we measured serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels at six months of age in term infants who had participated in a randomized controlled trial, assessing the effect of cord clamping timing on neonatal hematocrit values and clinical outcome. Main outcome measure. Serum ferritin level at six months of age. Methods. Out of the 276 mothers and their infants that participated in the initial study, 255 (92.4%) were followed up to six months and included in this study. Of these, 86 had their cords clamped within the first 15 seconds (early clamping), 83 at one minute, and 83 at three minutes. The pediatricians in charge of the evaluations during the follow-up period and personnel in charge of the biochemical tests were blinded to the assignment group. In all but 3 infants the ferritin levels and hemoglobin levels were measured at six months of age. Results. Mothers and infants in the three groups had similar baseline characteristics. Serum ferritin levels were significantly higher in the infants of the three minutes group than in the infants of the early group: 33.2 μg/L vs. 20.9 ug/L(geometric mean ratio: 1.6;95%CI: 1.2 to 2.11) but no difference was observed in one minute group (25.5 μg/L) vs. early group. There were no significant differences inmeanhemoglobin values, 10.6 g/dl (SD 1,1); 10.8 g/dl (SD 0.9) and 10.7 g/dl (SD 1.0) between groups early, one minute, and three minutes, respectively. Although there were no significant differences between groups, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin < 10.5 g/dl and ferritin < 9 μg/L) was 3 times more frequent in early clampling group (7.2%) than in three minutes group (2.4%) (RR: 0.30; IC 95%: 0.10-1.60). Conclusions. Delayed umbilical cord clamping at three minutes significantly increases serum ferritin levels in infants at 6 months of age. No significant differences were found between groups in mean hemoglobin levels.

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Delayed umbilical cord clamping could increase iron stores and prevent iron deficiency in infants. To test this hypothesis we measured serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels at six months of age in term infants who had participated in a randomized controlled trial, assessing the effect of cord clamping timing on neonatal hematocrit values and clinical outcome. Main outcome measure. Serum ferritin level at six months of age. METHODS: Out of the 276 mothers and their infants that participated in the initial study, 255 (92.4%) were followed up to six months and included in this study. Of these, 86 had their cords clamped within the first 15 seconds (early clamping), 83 at one minute, and 83 at three minutes. The pediatricians in charge of the evaluations during the follow-up period and personnel in charge of the biochemical tests were blinded to the assignment group. In all but 3 infants the ferritin levels and hemoglobin levels were measured at six months of age. RESULTS: Mothers and infants in the three groups had similar baseline characteristics. Serum ferritin levels were significantly higher in the infants of the three minutes group than in the infants of the early group: 33.2 microg/L vs. 20.9 microg/L (geometric mean ratio: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2 to 2.11) but no difference was observed in one minute group (25.5 microg/L) vs. early group. There were no significant differences in mean hemoglobin values, 10.6 g/dl (SD 1,1); 10.8 g/dl (SD 0.9) and 10.7 g/dl (SD 1.0) between groups early, one minute, and three minutes, respectively. Although there were no significant differences between groups, the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (hemoglobin < 10.5 g/dl and ferritin < 9 microg/L) was 3 times more frequent in early clampling group (7.2%) than in three minutes group (2.4%) (RR: 0.30; IC 95%: 0.10-1.60). CONCLUSIONS: Delayed umbilical cord clamping at three minutes significantly increases serum ferritin levels in infants at 6 months of age. No significant differences were found between groups in mean hemoglobin levels.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción. El clampeo demorado del cordón umbilical aumentaría el depósito de hierro en lactantes.Para comprobar esta hipótesis medimos la ferritina sérica a los seis meses de vida en niños nacidos a término, participantes en un estudio controlado aleatorizado que evaluó el efecto del tiempo de clampeo del cordón en el hematócrito venoso y la evolución neonatal.Métodos. De 276 neonatos incluidos en el estudio original, 255 (92,4 por ciento) fueron seguidos seis meses, 86 tuvieron clampeo temprano, 83 al minuto y 83 al tercer minuto. La variable principal de resultado fue la concentración de ferritina sérica a los seis meses. Resultados. Las características de los grupos de madres y niños fueron similares. La ferritina fue significativamente más alta en los niños con clampeo al tercer minuto (33,2 μg/L) que en los de clampeo temprano (20,9 μg/L) (diferencia de medias geométrica: 1,6; IC 95 por ciento: 1,2-2,1). No hubo diferencia significativa entre clampeo al minuto(25,5 μg/L) y clampeo temprano. Tampoco hubo diferencia en los valores medios de hemoglobina,entre los grupos temprano [10,6 g/dl (DE 1,11)], al minuto [10,8 g/dl (DE 0,86)] y tres minutos [10,7 g/dl (DE 0,97)], respectivamente.La prevalencia de anemia ferropénica fue tres veces mayor en niños con clampeo temprano(7 por ciento) en comparación con los del tercer minuto (2,4 por ciento) (diferencias no significativas; RR: 0,30;IC 95 por ciento: 0,10-1,60).Conclusión. En niños nacidos a término, el clampeo del cordón umbilical a los tres minutos del nacimiento aumentó significativamente las concentracionesde ferritina a los seis meses de edad.No hubo diferencias significativas en los niveles de hemoglobina.

Assuntos

RESUMO

Introducción. El clampeo demorado del cordón umbilical aumentaría el depósito de hierro en lactantes.Para comprobar esta hipótesis medimos la ferritina sérica a los seis meses de vida en niños nacidos a término, participantes en un estudio controlado aleatorizado que evaluó el efecto del tiempo de clampeo del cordón en el hematócrito venoso y la evolución neonatal.Métodos. De 276 neonatos incluidos en el estudio original, 255 (92,4 por ciento) fueron seguidos seis meses, 86 tuvieron clampeo temprano, 83 al minuto y 83 al tercer minuto. La variable principal de resultado fue la concentración de ferritina sérica a los seis meses. Resultados. Las características de los grupos de madres y niños fueron similares. La ferritina fue significativamente más alta en los niños con clampeo al tercer minuto (33,2 μg/L) que en los de clampeo temprano (20,9 μg/L) (diferencia de medias geométrica: 1,6; IC 95 por ciento: 1,2-2,1). No hubo diferencia significativa entre clampeo al minuto(25,5 μg/L) y clampeo temprano. Tampoco hubo diferencia en los valores medios de hemoglobina,entre los grupos temprano [10,6 g/dl (DE 1,11)], al minuto [10,8 g/dl (DE 0,86)] y tres minutos [10,7 g/dl (DE 0,97)], respectivamente.La prevalencia de anemia ferropénica fue tres veces mayor en niños con clampeo temprano(7 por ciento) en comparación con los del tercer minuto (2,4 por ciento) (diferencias no significativas; RR: 0,30;IC 95 por ciento: 0,10-1,60).Conclusión. En niños nacidos a término, el clampeo del cordón umbilical a los tres minutos del nacimiento aumentó significativamente las concentracionesde ferritina a los seis meses de edad.No hubo diferencias significativas en los niveles de hemoglobina.(AU)

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RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The umbilical cord is usually clamped immediately after birth. There is no sound evidence to support this approach, which might deprive the newborn of some benefits such as an increase in iron storage. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the effect of timing of cord clamping on neonatal venous hematocrit and clinical outcome in term newborns and maternal postpartum hemorrhage. METHODS: This was a randomized, controlled trial performed in 2 obstetrical units in Argentina on neonates born at term without complications to mothers with uneventful pregnancies. After written parental consents were obtained, newborns were randomly assigned to cord clamping within the first 15 seconds (group 1), at 1 minute (group 2), or at 3 minutes (group 3) after birth. The infants' venous hematocrit value was measured 6 hours after birth. RESULTS: Two hundred seventy-six newborns were recruited. Mean venous hematocrit values at 6 hours of life were 53.5% (group 1), 57.0% (group 2), and 59.4% (group 3). Statistical analyses were performed, and results were equivalent among groups because the hematocrit increase in neonates with late clamping was within the prespecified physiologic range. The prevalence of hematocrit at <45% (anemia) was significantly lower in groups 2 and 3 than in group 1. The prevalence of hematocrit at >65% was similar in groups 1 and 2 (4.4% and 5.9%, respectively) but significantly higher in group 3 (14.1%) versus group 1 (4.4%). There were no significant differences in other neonatal outcomes and in maternal postpartum hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed cord clamping at birth increases neonatal mean venous hematocrit within a physiologic range. Neither significant differences nor harmful effects were observed among groups. Furthermore, this intervention seems to reduce the rate of neonatal anemia. This practice has been shown to be safe and should be implemented to increase neonatal iron storage at birth.

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RESUMO

A pesquisa realizada com 345 desenhos de criancas, de ambos os sexos, entre cinco e 12 anos, de varios niveis socio-culturais, provindas das varias regioes geoeconomicas do pais, teve por objetivo: avaliar as diferencas evolutivas de expressao grafica infantil no que se refere a sua visao prospectiva sobre 'como viverei no ano 2000', analisando o conteudo tematico num horizonte temporal configurado em espaco. Foi utilizada grade de indicadores dos principais elementos da representacao grafica infantil e diagrama de distribuicao espacial para avaliacao dos conteudos. Como resultado final verificou-se que a crianca, apesar de sofrer influencias socio-culturais provindas na sua maior parte dos meios de comunicacao, consegue filtra-las e individualizar uma visao de mundo futuro, configurada em razao de suas necessidades psicologicas, integrando experiencias presentes e passadas nos seus limites evolutivos. Na capacidade antecipatoria infantil aparecem componentes cognitivos que contracenam com os afetivos, alem da realizacao imaginaria e da projecao de seus desejos, medos e fantasias.

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