RESUMO
The prevalence of HIV in Chile predominately affects the male population with the primary mode of transmission (99%) through sexual contact. In order to engage in safe sexual practices, men must have high sexual self-efficacy and perceived risk of infection, however, little research examines these variables with respect to HIV prevention. The purpose of this article is to review existing literature on self-efficacy and its connection with perceived HIV risk among Hispanic men, in order to direct future HIV prevention interventions among Chilean men. A literature search was conducted to identify studies for this review using three databases. A combination of keywords was used to conduct the search and a total of 34 articles were analyzed. All of the articles reviewed examined the Hispanic male population with respect to either self-efficacy or perceived risk, or a combination of the two. Major themes emerging from the review include: substance use, condom use, cultural norms, relationship communication, negotiation, and homonegativity. The existing studies provide evidence for preventing future HIV infection among low socioeconomic status Chilean males and begin to establish a positive relationship between self-efficacy and perceived HIV risk. While additional studies are needed to provide further support, self-efficacy and perceived risk should be integral aspects of future prevention interventions.
RESUMO
The prevalence of HIV in Chile predominately affects the male population with the primary mode of transmission (99%) through sexual contact. In order to engage in safe sexual practices, men must have high sexual self-efficacy and perceived risk of infection, however, little research examines these variables with respect to HIV prevention. The purpose of this article is to review existing literature on self-efficacy and its connection with perceived HIV risk among Hispanic men, in order to direct future HIV prevention interventions among Chilean men. A literature search was conducted to identify studies for this review using three databases. A combination of Sullivan C., Ferrer l., Irarrázabal L., Villegas C., Cianelli R., Peragallo N. 43 2017, Horiz Enferm, 28,1,42-50 keywords was used to conduct the search and a total of 34 articles were analyzed. All of the articles reviewed examined the Hispanic male population with respect to either self-efficacy or perceived risk, or a combination of the two. Major themes emerging from the review include: substance use, condom use, cultural norms, relationship communication, negotiation, and homonegativity. The existing studies provide evidence for preventing future HIV infection among low socioeconomic status Chilean males and begin to establish a positive relationship between self-efficacy and perceived HIV risk. While additional studies are needed to provide further support, self-efficacy and perceived risk should be integral aspects of future prevention interventions.
La prevalencia del VIH en Chile afecta predominantemente a la población masculina con el principal modo de transmisión (99%) a través del contacto sexual. Para practicar el sexo seguro, los hombres deben teneruna alta autoeficacia sexual y la percepción del riesgo de infección, sin embargo, poca investigación examina estas variables con respecto a la prevención del VIH. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la literatura existente sobre la autoeficacia y su relación con el riesgo de VIH percibida entre los hombres hispanos, a dirigir las futuras intervenciones de prevención del VIH entre los hombres chilenos. Una búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó para identificar los estudios para esta revisión utilizando tres bases de datos. Una combinación de palabras clave se utiliza para llevar a cabo la búsqueda y se analizaron un total de 34 artículos. Todos los artículos revisados examinaron la población masculina hispana con respecto a auto-eficacia y percepción de riesgofrente al VIH. Los temas principales que surgieronde la revisión incluyen: el uso de sustancias, el uso del condón, las normas culturales, la comunicación y la relación de negociación, y homonegatividad. Los estudios existentes proporcionan evidencia para prevenir una futura infección por VIH entre los hombres de estado socioeconómico bajo chilenas y comenzar a establecer una relación positiva entre la autoeficacia y el riesgo de VIH percibido. Se necesitan estudios adicionales para proporcionar más apoyo, autoeficacia y el riesgo percibido debe ser parte integrante de las intervenciones de prevención para el futuro.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Risco , Percepção , Comportamento Sexual , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Preservativos , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/prevenção & controle , Autoeficácia , Sexo Seguro , Populações VulneráveisAssuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Educação em Saúde/métodos , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Estudantes , Adulto , Chile , Avaliação Educacional , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Ocupações em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , AutoeficáciaRESUMO
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate if socio-demographic factors, religiosity, HIV-related knowledge, Marianismo, history of having been tested for HIV, knowing someone who died of AIDS and HIV risk perception were predictive factors to HIV enacted stigma predictors among Chilean women. BACKGROUND: HIV infection is the number one cause of death among women during their reproductive years. In Chile, studies with people living with HIV demonstrate the existence of HIV-related stigma. However, limited evidence is available about the underlying causes of HIV enacted stigma that results in stigmatisation and discrimination. DESIGN: The current cross-sectional study is a secondary analysis of data collected to assess the impact of an HIV prevention intervention (Mano a Mano-Mujer) designed for Chilean women. A quasi-experimental design was used in the original study. METHODS: This study was conducted in two communities in Santiago, Chile. The sample for this study consisted of 496 Chileans between ages 18-49. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression were used for the analysis. RESULTS: Participants in the study reported high levels (77·8%) of HIV enacted stigma. Higher levels of HIV-related knowledge were associated with lower levels of HIV enacted stigma. Women with higher education had lower levels of HIV enacted stigma than women with elementary education. In addition, greater levels of marianismo (cultural belief that women should be passive, faithful, and devoted to family) were associated with higher HIV enacted stigma scores. CONCLUSIONS: The findings reflected the presence of HIV enacted stigma among Chilean women. Identifying the significant predictors of HIV enacted stigma can help the nursing community to design HIV prevention interventions that include the reduction in HIV enacted stigma. HIV evidence-based prevention interventions should incorporate contents related to stigma to contribute to prevent HIV enacted stigma at individual and community levels in accordance with the bioecological model. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The results of this study could serve to develop HIV prevention interventions that target the reduction in HIV enacted stigma.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Estigma Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Chile/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/enfermagem , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Psicometria , Características de Residência , Saúde da Mulher , Adulto JovemRESUMO
PURPOSE: The incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is high among young Chilean women, and there are no STI or HIV prevention interventions available to them that incorporate technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the preliminary efficacy of an Internet-based STI and HIV prevention intervention (I-STIPI) for Chilean young women on measures of STI- and HIV-related information, motivation, behavioral skills, and preventive behaviors. DESIGN: This is a pretest-posttest study. Forty young Chilean women between 18 and 24 years of age participated in an investigation of the I-STIPI's preliminary efficacy on STI and HIV prevention-related outcomes between baseline and a postintervention assessment. The intervention consisted of four online modules. Data collection was conducted in Santiago, Chile. Paired-samples t test analysis was used to determine whether there were significant differences in each of the outcome variables. FINDINGS: After receiving I-STIPI, women reported a significant increase in levels of STI- and HIV-related knowledge, attitudes toward the use of condoms and perceived self-efficacy, and a reduction of risky sexual behaviors with uncommitted partners. CONCLUSIONS: The I-STIPI showed promise as an Internet-based intervention that can reduce barriers to accessing preventive interventions and increase STI and HIV preventive behaviors in young Chilean women. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The study provided important information about the ability of an Internet-based intervention to reduce young women's risk factors and to provide positive preliminary efficacy on STI- and HIV-related outcomes. Internet-based interventions can eliminate many barriers to receiving prevention interventions and may prove to be cost effective.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Internet , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde/métodos , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Adulto , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Chile , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Incidência , Motivação , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Prospectivos , Assunção de Riscos , Autoeficácia , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Maternal and neonatal mortality in Haiti are among the highest in the world. This study investigated maternal-child health needs in Haiti, using a mixed method approach including qualitative and quantitative data collection. Participants (n=119) comprised of 39 healthcare workers and 80 Haitian women. The focus group centered around three major themes: difficult access to healthcare; health issues affecting mothers-child; and healthcare workers training. The interviews revealed that 60% of the deliveries happened at home, 52.5% of them were assisted by a lay birth attendant, 42% of the women gave their newborn a drink other than breast milk within the first week of birth, 70% of the women had not been, or did not know, if they had been tested for HIV, 92% did not use condoms during sexual encounters, and 47.5% justified violence against themselves from their partner. Considering the dearth of research concerning maternal-child health in Haiti that incorporates the opinions of healthcare workers and Haitian women, identifying their needs is essential to developing programs, such as the following that contribute to improving their health: nurse-midwife programs, training for lay birth attendants, obstetric-pediatric training, breastfeeding training, and programs to prevent intimate partner violence and HIV.
RESUMO
The purpose of this study was to explore variations in demographics, culture, self-esteem, and intimate partner violence among Hispanic women according to birthplace, and to identify factors associated with these differences in intimate partner violence (IPV). Baseline data from a randomized control trial testing the efficacy of an HIV prevention program were used. Path analyses identified differences in IPV between Colombian women and women from other Central/South American countries. Self-esteem was the only factor associated with these differences. Interventions addressing the unique needs of Hispanic women from different subgroups are needed.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas , Cultura , Hispânico ou Latino , Relações Interpessoais , Características de Residência , Autoimagem , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/etnologia , Adulto , América Central , Colômbia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Parceiros Sexuais , América do Sul , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Simulated patients (SPs) have participated successfully in nursing and medical education. The SPs portraying stressful situations may have psychological or physiological effects for several days after their performance; however, long-term effects have not been well documented in the literature. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of interpreting roles related to HIV among SPs. A qualitative descriptive approach was used for this study. Questionnaires with open-ended questions were conducted immediately after the interpretation of HIV-related roles and a year later by 10 SPs. In addition, a focus group was run a year later using a preestablished interview guide. As a result of direct content analysis, 2 major themes emerged: effects of interpreting roles relating to HIV and complexity of the roles. The findings of this study stress that interpreting an HIV-related role produces emotional, behavioral, and physical effects in SPs, at any stage during the training or performance, and has a long-term impact on their perception of their personal health and risk.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Simulação de Paciente , Papel (figurativo) , Adulto , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , Pesquisa Qualitativa , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The impact of a professionally facilitated peer group intervention for HIV prevention among 400 low-income Chilean women was examined using a quasiexperimental design. At 3 months postintervention, the intervention group had higher HIV-related knowledge, more positive attitudes toward people living with HIV, fewer perceived condom use barriers, greater self- efficacy, higher HIV reduction behavioral intentions, more communication with partners about safer sex, and decreased depression symptoms. They did not, however, have increased condom use or self-esteem. More attention to gender barriers is needed. This intervention offers a model for reducing HIV for women in Chile and other Latin American countries.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Comportamento Sexual , Adulto , Chile , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Infecções por HIV/psicologia , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Grupo Associado , Pobreza , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Autoeficácia , Parceiros Sexuais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Las mujeres Hispanas de 50 años y más (MHC) son una minoría en Estados Unidos, presentan un elevado riesgo de adquirir VIH y son el grupo menos estudiado en lo que respecta a salud, características sociales y de comportamiento sexual. Objetivo: Investigar los factores que incrementan el riesgo de VIH en las MHC con el propósito de desarrollar o adaptar una intervención apropiada para la edad y la cultura de este grupo de mujeres. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con una muestra de 50 MHC, sexualmente activas y que residían en Miami, Florida, Estados Unidos. Se utilizó un cuestionario estructurado administrado por entrevistadores entrenados y bilingües (inglés/español). Las participantes fueron reclutadas en diferentes lugares en el sur de Florida. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó estadística descriptiva, tanto medidas de tendencia central como medidas de dispersión. Resultados: La edad promedio de las MHC fue de 55,7 +/- 6 años (rango 5 - 76 años). Todas las MHC estaban en la menopausia. Prevención del VIH: Las MHC reportaron niveles medios de conocimientos sobre VIH y comunicación con la pareja. En la muestra se reportó la presencia de síntomas depresivos, violencia en la pareja, actitudes negativas hacia las personas viviendo con VIH y baja percepción de riesgo de adquirir VIH. Las MHC mencionaron necesidades de aprendizaje en tópicos relacionados con prevención de VIH y cambios de la edad. Conclusión: Las MHC están a riesgo de adquirir VIH y tienen necesidades especiales en términos de educación sobre prevención de VIH.
Introduction: Hispanic women aged 50 and over (OHW) are a minority in the U.S. at high risk of acquiring HIV and the least studied group of population in relation to health, social characteristics and sexual behavior. Objective: To investigate the factors that increase HIV risk among OHW with the purpose of developing or adapting an intervention appropriate for their age and culture. Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study with a sample of 50 OHW, sexually active and who residing in Miami, Florida, U.S. A structured questionnaire was administered by trained bilingual interviewers (English/Spanish). Participants were recruited from different locations in South Florida. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including central tendency and dispersion measures. Results: OHWs mean age was 55.7 +/- 6 years old (range 50-76 years old). All the OHW were in the menopause. HIV Prevention: OHW reported average levels of HIV knowledge and partner communication. In the sample OHW reported depression symptoms, intimate partner violence, negative attitudes towards people living with HIV and low perceived risk of acquiring HIV. OHW mentioned learning needs in topics related to HIV prevention and age changes. Conclusion: OHW are at risk of acquiring HIV and they have special needs in terms of HIV prevention.